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Topic: Nuclear weaponry

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	Issues: Nuclear Weapons
		Despite the end of the nuclear standoff of the Cold War era, nuclear weaponry is again menacing the peoples of the world with catastrophic possibilities.
		The US Nuclear Posture Review, leaked to the press in January 2002, included contingency plans to use nuclear weapons against at least seven countries, five of which are non-nuclear weapons states that are parties to the NPT, in direct contradiction to long-standing security assurances given to countries without nuclear weapons.
		Such defense systems pose a significant obstacle to disarmament efforts because they create a perceived need for adversarial nations to expand their nuclear arsenals so as to be assured of being able to overcome the other's defense capabilities in the case of a nuclear attack.
	www.wagingpeace.org /menu/issues/nuclear-weapons/index.htm (841 words)

	Nuclear weapon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The detonation of a nuclear weapon is accompanied by a blast of neutron radiation.
		Nuclear weapons were symbols of military and national power, and nuclear testing was often used both to test new designs as well as to send political messages.
		Nuclear weapons have been at the heart of many national and international political disputes and have played a major part in popular culture since their dramatic public debut in the 1940s and have usually symbolized the ultimate ability of mankind to utilize the strength of nature for destruction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_weapon (2853 words)

	nuclear weapons and threats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Nuclear weapons are a cost-effective method of national defense.Some have argued that nuclear weapons, with their high yield of explosive power, offer the benefit of an effective defense for minimum investment.
		Nuclear weapons are needed to combat threats from terrorists and “rogue states.” It has been argued that nuclear weapons are needed to protect against terrorists and “rogue states.” Yet nuclear weapons, whether used for deterrence or as offensive weaponry, are not effective for this purpose.
		Nuclear weapons also cannot be relied on as a deterrent against “rogue states” because their responses to a nuclear threat may be irrational and deterrence relies on rationality.
	www.pledgeco.com /techno/nuclear/weapons.htm (2452 words)

	Inside Saddam's secret nuclear program \| thebulletin.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In turn, the nuclear weapon states had pledged to reduce their inventories of nuclear weapons and to help transfer peaceful nuclear technology to the "have-not" states.
		As for the nuclear powers actually reducing their arsenals, few believed reductions were possible in the political climate of the 1970s.
		The nuclear weapons group is still in place; the expertise is still there; and Saddam Hussein and his colleagues are well practiced in the arts of deception.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=so98hamza (5286 words)

	NRDC: Exposing the U.S. Nuclear War Plan
		For the first time, a group outside the "nuclear priesthood" has fashioned an analytic tool that allows them to simulate nuclear war, assess the effects of the use of nuclear weapons, and arrive at their own well-supported conclusions regarding nuclear weaponry and war planning.
		There is no such thing as a surgical nuclear strike; nuclear weapons are simply weapons of mass destruction, and their effects are complex, unpredictable, and ultimately uncontrollable.
		We continue to target Russia with nuclear weapons and devise options and plans for their use, a process that by its nature reduces Russia from flesh and blood to models and scenarios.
	www.nrdc.org /nuclear/nwarplan.asp (1631 words)

	David Krieger, Challenge of Nuclear Weapons, NAPF
		The nuclear policies and actions of the US government have proved to be clearly provocative to countries that have been named by the US president as members of ìthe axis of evilî or that have been otherwise designated by the present US administration to constitute potential threats to the United States.
		The only morally, legally and politically acceptable policy with regard to nuclear weapons is to move rapidly to achieve their universal and total elimination, as called for by the world's leading religious figures, the International Court of Justice in its 1996 opinion, and many other governments and respected representatives of civil society.
		The Nuclear Age Peace Foundation is a non-profit, non-partisan international organization dedicated to the elimination of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, the strengthening of international law and the education of a new generation of peace leaders.
	www.transnational.org /SAJT/forum/meet/2003/Krieger_NAPFStatement.html (1231 words)

	Israel's Nuclear Weapons
		After the devastating American nuclear attack on Japan, the soldier leaders of the empire reevaluated their fight to the death position.
		He pointed out that there was just one nuclear energy, not two, suggesting nuclear weapons were part of the plan.[4] As early as 1948, Israeli scientists actively explored the Negev Desert for uranium deposits on orders from the Israeli Ministry of Defense.
		Their nuclear ambiguity has served their purposes well but Israel is entering a different phase of visibility even as their nuclear capability is entering a new phase.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/israel/nuke/farr.htm (8532 words)

	TRANSCEND articles: Towards the abolition of nuclear weaponry: a theological approach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Nuclear disarmament is possible, but only if alternative weapons inspiring shock and awe, tremendum fascinans, are already developed and possessed by the God-like country.
		In this perspective nuclear proliferation is an effort to preserve and assert civilizations, an existential sine qua non rather than as part of an actio-reactio arms race with one bomb stimulating another across conflict faultlines.
		Even Reagan said that "nuclear arms must never be used", possibly because of the strong opposition from the Catholic church and the Methodists, from 1983, the very same year when Reagan gave his Center of Evil and Star Wars speeches.
	www.transcend.org /t_database/printarticle.php?ida=59 (2530 words)

	At the Nuclear Precipice - Speaker: Dr. Richard Falk
		And secondly, if nuclear weapons had not been used by the United States, as I think likely, but by no means certain, then the threat, use and possession of nuclear weapons would have been criminalized at the war crimes trials of German leaders at Nuremburg.
		The refusal of the nuclear weapons states to implement this commitment casts a long shadow over any insistence that the non-nuclear states continue to be bound by the treaty.
		Germany and Japan developed a complete nuclear fuel cycle without encountering the slightest opposition, while Iran is being threatened with war because Iran is seeking to possess the kind of peaceful nuclear energy technology that it is promised by Article IV of the NPT.
	www.wagingpeace.org /articles/2006/02/23_falk_nuclear-precipice.htm (1256 words)

	Nuclear Files: Timeline of the Nuclear Age: 1996
		At the Nuclear Safety Summit in Moscow, the Group of Seven (G-7) governments (United States, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) and Russia release a statement affirming their commitment to conclude and sign a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) by September 1996.
		The International Court of Justice hands down an Advisory Opinion in which it found that the threat or use of nuclear weapons would generally be contrary to the rules of international law.
		Insisting that all nuclear weapons states first agree to eliminate their nuclear arsenals, India blocks a consensual agreement on the CTBT by the Conference on Disarmament.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/timeline/1990/1996.htm (1545 words)

	The History of Belarus as Nuclear Power
		One must remember that already in the late eighties some nuclear launchers were masked as simple long range delivery tracks which were circling the roads of the USSR with their nuclear rockets and launch teams.
		Belarus technically became a nuclear power because of the eighty-one SS-25 intercontinental ballistic missiles on its soil, even though the republic's Declaration of State Sovereignty declared Belarus to be a nuclear-free state.
		All tactical nuclear weapons were removed from Belarus by mid-1993, but although the country strove to remove the strategic nuclear weapons (based at Lida and Mazyr) by 1995, there was little hope of meeting this deadline.
	www.belarusguide.com /history1/history_of_belarus_as_nuclear_power.htm (4760 words)

	Welcome to the Nuclear Club!
		Nuclear weapons can't be controlled by saying, in effect, "Do as we say, not as we do." By developing their own nuclear weaponry, one nation after another has replied to the nuclear-armed states: Whatever you say, we'll do as you've done.
		Self-congratulation was in the air, as a statement hailed "our firm commitment to reducing the size of the nation's nuclear weapons stockpile to the lowest levels necessary for national security needs." That's the kind of soothing PR that we've been getting ever since the nuclear age began.
		The denial meant that people and the environment would suffer all along the nuclear fuel cycle, from uranium mining to nuclear waste; and that the 1979 disaster at Three Mile Island would be followed by the continuing horrors of Chernobyl.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article15246.htm (669 words)

	The Ugly Truth » CHINA’S STRATEGIC NUCLEAR WEAPONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The research as well as the development of strategic nuclear weaponry are the foundation for constructing and developing the Second Artillery Corps.
		China’s strategic nuclear weapons were developed because of the belief that hegemonic power will continue to use nuclear threats and nuclear flmail.
		At the same time, the problem of nuclear proliferation and especially the concern of nuclear weapons falling into the wrong hands have become more and more serious, and there is no end to the regional arms race.
	theuglytruth.iblogs.com /2006/04/29/chinas-strategic-nuclear-weapons (1403 words)

	Nuclear Survival - How to Survive a High Yield Nuclear Bomb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Still, the likeliest source of nuclear materials, or of a warhead bought whole, is the vast complex of weapons labs and storage sites that began to crumble with the end of the Soviet Union in 1991.
		In the unlikely (but possible) threat of a true nuclear attack, the two main worries consist of the blast itself, and what are called the ‘thermal pulse effects’.
		Most of the energy released by a nuclear explosion is in the form of blast and shock; the remaining 35% or thereabouts is in the form of heat.
	www.secretsofsurvival.com /survival/surviving_nuclear_war.html (4464 words)

	nuclear weapons policies - FCNL
		The great threat of nuclear confrontation between global superpowers receded and finally, after 50 years under the specter of nuclear war, it seemed that the world was ready for peace and nuclear sanity.
		We are now at the beginning of a second "nuclear age." After surviving the first nuclear age by "dumb luck," the world has fallen into a new and perhaps more dangerous era under the nuclear threat.
		After 50 years of congressional support for a global system of nuclear restraint, norms and agreements, many in Congress and the Administration are rewriting the rules of international security under the pretense of fighting terrorism.
	www.fcnl.org /issues/persp8_nuclear_1.htm (728 words)

	TFF Meeting Point - Articles
		Nuclearism is the ideology of nuclear weaponry and nuclear arms-based security.
		They show that not only the language and ideology, but the entire culture of nuclear weaponry is infiltrated by hard, masculine imageries and those participating in that culture usually suffer from deep fears of emasculation or impotency.
		Nuclearism does not remain confined to the nuclear establishment or the nuclear community.
	www.transnational.org /SAJT/forum/meet/nandy_nuclearism.html (1263 words)

	Asia Times - Asia's most trusted news source
		The report also warns that some analysts conclude the administration presently "foresees the possible preemptive use of nuclear weapons against nations or groups that are not necessarily armed with their own".
		Pike added that nuclear hawks are "basically attempting to renuclearize the military", after the first president Bush, and then president Bill Clinton, made substantive strides away from nuclear deployments.
		In order to pursue such "clean" and "contained" nuclear weaponry, Congress had lifted a ban on research of such low-yield devices that was mandated by a law named Spratt-Furse.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Front_Page/FE06Aa01.html (1833 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism - Book Reviews - New York Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Of special concern is Russia's large supply of suitcase-size nuclear bombs, which terrorists could smuggle into the United States in cargo containers or as airline baggage.
		Allison points out that all signatories to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty are permitted to enrich uranium and reprocess plutonium to make fuel for peaceful power reactors, provided they declare what they are doing and submit to periodic inspections.
		Nuclear dangers come in several forms, those that might be mounted by states and those from terrorists that cannot be contained by treaties alone, no matter how strict.
	www.nuclearterror.org /nyt.htm (1236 words)

	Democratic Underground Forums - The banalization of nuclear weaponry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This is a genuine revolution in attitudes toward nuclear weapons and has far-reaching implications regarding their use.
		In both cases, the administration began formulating a new nuclear policy that was finalized in the document issued last week.
		If nuclear weapons are legitimate weapons that can be used for "preemptive" strikes, then seemingly the nuclear threshold has also been lowered for Israel's commitments.
	www.democraticunderground.com /duforum/DCForumID30/5786.html (647 words)

	Foreign Policy: Apocalypse Soon
		Far from reducing these risks, the Bush administration has signaled that it is committed to keeping the U.S. nuclear arsenal as a mainstay of its military power—a commitment that is simultaneously eroding the international norms that have limited the spread of nuclear weapons and fissile materials for 50 years.
		We have been and remain prepared to initiate the use of nuclear weapons—by the decision of one person, the president—against either a nuclear or nonnuclear enemy whenever we believe it is in our interest to do so.
		If it rang, and he was informed that a nuclear attack of enemy ballistic missiles appeared to be under way, he was allowed 2 to 3 minutes to decide whether the warning was valid (over the years, the United States has received many false warnings), and if so, how the United States should respond.
	www.foreignpolicy.com /story/cms.php?story_id=2829&page=0 (772 words)

	Arms Control
		The obvious dangers associated with this weaponry is that they threaten civilian populations and the global environment.
		Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) This treaty obligates the five nuclear weapon states (Russia, United States, United Kingdom, France and China) not to transfer nuclear weapons, other nuclear explosive devices, or their technology to any non-nuclear weapon state.
		Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1996) This treaty was negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations and prohibits any nuclear explosion whether for weapons or peaceful purposes and includes a system for monitoring adherence to the ban.
	www.newsbatch.com /armscontrol.htm (1351 words)

	Nuclear weaponry in the hands of terrorists must be prevented at any and all costs. - Reader comments at DanielPipes.org
		Nuclear weaponry in the hands of terrorists must be prevented at any and all costs.
		And the nuclear plants in Iran are not neatly in one place as they were in Iraq in 1982 when Israel took out the Iraqi nuclear facility.
		Mark my comment as a response to Nuclear weaponry in the hands of terrorists must be prevented at any and all costs.
	www.danielpipes.org /comments/46309 (761 words)

	Bulletin 23 - New Nuclear Strategy, New Nuclear Weaponry
		With 350 nuclear warheads, two nuclear submarines constantly patrolling the oceans, nearly 80 aircraft bombers, and one aircraft carrier, French politicians claim that French deterrence is currently at the “minimum level.” When comparing with China, which owns more nuclear warheads (400), the basing and range of missiles must also be considered.
		In the case of nuclear fusion, the release of energy in the form of an explosion occurs when the hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium isotopes are maintained at the right temperature and pressure for a minimum confinement time.
		During the Cold War, nuclear weapons were key to maintaining an “equilibrium of terror.” The end of the Cold War signaled a time for “strategizing” a new role for nuclear weapons, which took a decade.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin23/art07.htm (2493 words)

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