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Topic: Nuclear

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nuclear weapons

nuclear reactor

nuclear fusion

nuclear fission

nuclear power

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nuclear tests

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Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty

Nuclear Test Ban

nuclear proliferation

nuclear warfare

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	World Nuclear Association
		The environmental and human case for the global role of nuclear power
		A concise guide to electricity generation based on the nuclear fuel cycle
		'Promoting the peaceful worldwide use of nuclear power as a sustainable energy resource'
	www.world-nuclear.org (46 words)

	Nuclear Energy is the most certain future source. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The basic energy fact is that the fission of an atom of uranium produces 10 million times the energy produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon from coal.
		A nuclear reactor engine that would provide the right amount of energy for a car could be built and would run fine and would require refuelling only every 5 or 10 years.
		The basic fact about nuclear energy is that the input energy is 4.8 percent of output energy if gaseous diffusion is used to enrich uranium and 1.7 percent if the newer centrifuge technology is used.
	www-formal.stanford.edu /jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html (5270 words)

	Nuclear Energy
		Nuclear reactors are fueled by uranium or plutonium in a solid form.
		Although the radioactive wastes produced by nuclear energy may be dangerous for thousands of years, part of the waste caused by the burning of coal remains dangerous forever.
		Nuclear energy has also proven to be a protector of the environment because of the lack of CO2, greenhouse gasses, and other gases it emits into the atmosphere.
	www.umich.edu /~gs265/society/nuclear.htm (2844 words)

	ITA Energy Division: Nuclear Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Nuclear power companies are defined as companies that: 1) produce power in facilities where heat produced in a reactor by the fissioning of nuclear fuel is used to drive a steam turbine 2) own nuclear technologies; and/or 3) distribute power derived from nuclear sources.
		Nuclear power is produced in a facility where the steam turbines are driven by heat generated in a reactor through the fissioning of nuclear fuel.
		Nuclear facilities, major components of nuclear facilities, and fuel cannot be exported without a pre-existing Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy Agreement between the U.S. and the destination country.
	www.ita.doc.gov /td/energy/nukes.htm (3694 words)

	EIA Energy Kids Page- Nuclear Energy (fusion and fission), Uranium, Atomic Energy
		Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom.
		In nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom.
		Nuclear power accounts for about 19 percent of the total net electricity generated in the United States, about as much as the electricity used in California,Texas and New York, the three states with the most people.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/nuclear.html (960 words)

	Nuclear Energy
		The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Like coal, oil and natural gas, uranium is an energy resource which must be processed through a series of steps to produce an efficient fuel for use in the generation of electricity.
		FEMA Nuclear Power Plant Emergency Fact Sheet: Since 1980, each utility that owns a commercial nuclear power plant in the United States has been required to have both an onsite and offsite emergency response plan as a condition of obtaining and maintaining a license to operate that plant.
		Nuclear Returns From The Dead: Forty years ago, it was hyped as "too cheap to meter," and more than 400 nuclear electric generators were built around the world.
	www.naschools.net /teachers/nuclear/nuclear.htm (1027 words)

	End the nuclear age \| Greenpeace International
		Despite what the nuclear industry tells us, building enough nuclear power stations to make a meaningful reduction in greenhouse gas emissions would cost trillions of dollars, create tens of thousands of tons of lethal high-level radioactive waste, contribute to further proliferation of nuclear weapons materials, and result in a Chernobyl-scale accident once every decade.
		Nuclear power was dealt a further blow when a UN Sustainable Development Conference refused to label nuclear a sustainable technology in April 2001.
		Also nuclear programs based on reprocessing plutonium from spent fuel have dramatically increased the risk of proliferation as the creation of more plutonium, means more nuclear waste which in turn means more materials available for the creation of dirty bombs.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/campaigns/nuclear (1146 words)

	Nuclear Envelope
		The inner membrane of the nuclear envelope lies next to a layer of thin filaments which surrounds the nucleus except at the nuclear pores.
		Nuclear pores are formed at sites where the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are joined.
		The figure to the left illustrates a preparation of nuclear pore complexes that were isolated from an oocyte and spread on plastic.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /cellbio/nuclear_envelope.htm (1744 words)

	FEMA: Nuclear Power Plant Emergency
		Nuclear power plants use the heat generated from nuclear fission in a contained environment to convert water to steam, which powers generators to produce electricity.
		Nuclear power plants operate in most states in the country and produce about 20 percent of the nation’s power.
		The potential danger from an accident at a nuclear power plant is exposure to radiation.
	www.fema.gov /hazard/nuclear/index.shtm (447 words)

	Citizen Works - Issues
		Nuclear energy is too dangerous, too inefficient, too costly, and poses too many long-term hazards.
		High-level nuclear waste will be hazardous for more than 200,000 years—longer than our ability to isolate it from the biosphere.
		· Assure that stored nuclear waste is continuously monitored, with public access to monitoring data, unless and until a method can be found to assure its isolation from the biosphere for the duration of its hazardous life.
	www.citizenworks.org /issues/environment/env-issuepapers-nuclear.php (437 words)

	NRDC: Nuclear Weapons, Waste & Energy
		Our overarching goal is the reduction, and ultimate elimination, of unacceptable risks to people and the environment from the exploitation of nuclear energy for both military and peaceful purposes.
		An analysis of the new nuclear reactor Pakistan is constructing to produce plutonium for weapons.
		At present, nuclear power is saddled with too many security, safety, environmental and cost issues to be a viable alternate energy source.
	www.nrdc.org /nuclear (176 words)

	Nuclear Weapons - Israel
		Yet the existence of Israeli nuclear weapons is a "public secret" by now due to the declassification of large numbers of formerly highly classified US government documents which show that the United States by 1975 was convinced that Israel had nuclear weapons.
		Israel could potentially have produced a few dozen nuclear warheads in the period 1970-1980, and is thought to have produced sufficient fissile material to build 100 to 200 warheads by the mid-1990s.
		The number of nuclear weapons that could have been produced by Israel has generally been estimated on the basis of assumptions about the power level of this reactor, combined with estimates for the number of delivery vehicles (aircraft, missiles) assigned a nuclear mission.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/israel/nuke (2500 words)

	Iran’s nuclear program - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The foundations for Iran's nuclear program were laid in the 1960 under auspices of the U.S. within the framework of bilateral agreements between the two countries.
		The Bushehr Nuclear Power Facility is located 17 kilometers south of the city of Bushehr (also known as Bushire), between the fishing villages of Halileh and Bandargeh along the Persian Gulf.
		It was not until 2002 that the USA began to question Iran's nuclear intentions after the MKO (an anti-government guerrilla group) revealed the existence of the Natanz and Arak facilities.
	www.aljazeera.com /me.asp?service_ID=10023 (2015 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Nuclear Bombs Work"
		Nuclear bombs involve the forces, strong and weak, that hold the nucleus of an atom together, especially atoms with unstable nuclei (see How Nuclear Radiation Works for details).
		Nuclear fusion -You can bring two smaller atoms, usually hydrogen or hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, tritium), together to form a larger one (helium or helium isotopes); this is how the sun produces energy.
		The first nuclear bombs were fission devices, and the later fusion bombs required a fission-bomb trigger.
	science.howstuffworks.com /nuclear-bomb.htm (997 words)

	Nuclear-powered Ships
		Nuclear power is particularly suitable for vessels which need to be at sea for long periods without refuelling, or for powerful submarine propulsion.
		Russia built 248 nuclear submarines and five naval surface vessels powered by 468 reactors between 1950 and 2003, and was then operating about 60.
		Nuclear propulsion has proven technically and economically essential in the Russian Arctic where operating conditions are beyond the capability of conventional icebreakers.
	www.uic.com.au /nip32.htm (1736 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism
		In fact, a replica — with proxy nuclear material and conventional explosives in place of the real stuff — was disguised as a briefcase, and actually hand-carried on commercial airline flights from California to Washington in the early 1980s.
		DoE nuclear response teams, known as Nuclear Emergency Search Teams (NEST), are formed in a crisis from nearly 1,000 highly trained and knowledgeable individuals, and could be dispatched to the region to assist in locating and disarming any weapons.
		For a nuclear device, a set of options for disabling the weapon are available including using explosives to wreck the bomb's wiring to prevent the triggering of the nuclear detonators.
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/nuclear.cfm (2515 words)

	Nuclear engineers
		Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation.
		They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle—the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy—or on the production of fusion energy.
		Good opportunities should exist for nuclear engineers because the small number of nuclear engineering graduates is likely to be in rough balance with the number of job openings.
	www.bls.gov /oco/ocos036.htm (455 words)

	Nuclear Terrorism (Index)
		Of all the terrorist threats facing the United States and the world, perhaps the gravest is the possibility of terrorists obtaining a nuclear weapon and detonating it in a city.
		Because there is no effective protection against a nuclear blast, the only real solution is to prevent terrorists from obtaining nuclear weapons and fissile materials in the first place.
		Thousands of so-called tactical nuclear weapons—many of which are quite small and do not have electronic locks to prevent their unauthorized use—are stored in Russia, some in poorly secured locations.
	www.ucsusa.org /global_security/nuclear_terrorism (897 words)

	Greenpeace - Nuclear campaign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Greenpeace yacht Vega, veteran of Mururoa protests against French nuclear testing, is sailing around the Shoalwater Bay military exclusion zone, peacefully bearing witness to joint military exercises between Australia and the USA that may implicate Australia in the USA’s aggressive new nuclear posture.
		On April 26 1986, the nuclear industry was brought to a standstill by the world’s worst nuclear accident in Chernobyl.
		Nuclear and international weapons control experts expressed concern over Australia's secretive research into uranium enrichment on the ABC 7:30 Report on Thursday night.
	www.greenpeace.org.au /nuclear (810 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Information and Issue Briefs \| Glossary
		Burnable poison: A neutron absorber included in the fuel which progressively disappears and compensates for the loss of reactivity as the fuel is consumed.
		Also the exponential decrease in radioactivity of a material as nuclear disintegrations take place and more stable nuclei are formed.
		Nuclear reactor: A device in which a nuclear fission chain reaction occurs under controlled conditions so that the heat yield can be harnessed or the neutron beams utilised.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/inf51.htm (2476 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Physics: Nuclear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Nuclear Data Project (NDP) - Devoted to the collection and evaluation of nuclear structure and astrophysics data.
		Nuclear Physics - Provides an introduction to atoms, radioactivity and the structure of a nuclear bomb.
		Nuclear Science and Technology - Presents information on nuclear science and technology and how our everyday lives are influenced through it.
	dmoz.org /Science/Physics/Nuclear (498 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Nuclear Power Works"
		In France, for instance, about 75 percent of the electricity is generated from nuclear power, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency.
		In the United States, nuclear power supplies about 15 percent of the electricity overall, but some states get more power from nuclear plants than others.
		Have you ever wondered how a nuclear power plant works or how safe nuclear power is? In this article, we will examine how a nuclear reactor and a power plant work.
	www.howstuffworks.com /nuclear-power.htm (146 words)

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