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Topic: Nucleus accumbens

Related Topics

Ventral tegmentum

Striatum

Substantia nigra

Basal ganglia

Raphe nucleus

Mesolimbic pathway

Dopamine

Nigrostriatal pathway

Neurogenesis

Mesocortical pathway

Functional MRI

Drug addiction

Norepinephrine

Brain

Cocaine

	Nucleus accumbens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The nucleus accumbens (also known as the accumbens nucleus or nucleus accumbens septi) is a collection of neurons located where the head of the caudate and the anterior portion of the putamen meet just lateral to the septum pellucidum.
		The name “nucleus accumbens septi” is derived from the Latin phrase meaning “nucleus leans against the septum”.
		The output neurons of the nucleus accumbens send axon projections to the ventral analog of the globus pallidus known as the ventral pallidum (VP).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nucleus_accumbens (424 words)

	Gestational Nicotine Exposure Attenuates Nicotine-Stimulated Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell of ...
		accumbens dopamine response to 0.07 mg/kg nicotine i.v.
		Nucleus accumbens dopamine release in response to 0.105 mg/kg i.v.
		nucleus accumbens dopamine responses to 0.07 mg/kg nicotine
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/308/2/521 (5072 words)

	Sexual Behavior Induction of c-Fos in the Nucleus Accumbens and Amphetamine-Stimulated Locomotor Activity Are ...
		nucleus accumbens, dorsal caudate nucleus, and cingulate cortex
		in the nucleus accumbens, dorsal caudate nucleus, and cingulate
		the dorsal nucleus accumbens, dorsal caudate nucleus, and cingulate
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/6/2123 (6074 words)

	INABIS '98 - Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine and the Rate of Operant Lever Pressing: Neurochemical and Behavioral Studies
		Considerable research indicated that nucleus accumbens is the critical brain locus at which DA antagonism or DA depletions decrease lever pressing and increase chow consumption in the concurrent FR5/feeding task (Cousins et al., 1993; Cousins and Salamone, 1994; Salamone et al., 1991).
		Rats with accumbens DA depletions are impaired on operant schedules characterized by high levels of work output, and, on choice procedures, accumbens DA depletions cause animals to shift their relative response allocation in the direction of the task with lower work requirements.
		Although nucleus accumbens may not directly assess reward value, or perform cost/benefit analyses, it is possible that accumbens DA transmission sets constraints on energy expenditure that profoundly influence the relative allocation of instrumental responses toward various alternatives.
	www.mcmaster.ca /inabis98/salamone/salamone0516/two.html (4062 words)

	Dopamine Depletion Reorganizes Projections from the Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral Pallidum That Mediate Opioid-Induced ...
		DAMGO in the accumbens and saline in the VP, (3) saline in the
		Austin MC, Kalivas PW (1989) Blockade of enkephalinergic and GABAergic mediated locomotion in the nucleus accumbens by muscimol in the VP.
		Bourdelais A, Kalivas PW (1992) Apomorphine decreases extracellular GABA in the VP of rats with 6-OHDA lesions in the nucleus accumbens.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/18/19/8074 (5990 words)

	Encyclopedia: Nucleus accumbens
		The caudate nucleus is a telencephalic nucleus, one of the input nuclei of the basal ganglia; involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.
		The putamen is a structure in the middle of the brain, forming the striatum together with the caudate nucleus.
		The mesolimbic pathway is one of the neural pathways in the brain which links the ventral tegmentum area in the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens in the limbic system.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Nucleus-accumbens (798 words)

	NucleusAccumbens/Mania
		Additional evidence for the involvement of the basal ganglia inAdditional evidence for the involvement of the basal ganglia in formalin-induced nociception: the role of the nucleus accumbens.
		Thus, dysfunction of the nucleus accumbens core may be a key element in the neuropathology of impulsivity.
		Basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens were increased after chronic imipramine (12.7 +/- 1.5 fmol/20 microl per 30 min, P = 0.019), and moderately decreased after chronic fluoxetine (6.5 +/- 0.6, P = 0.047), as compared to the vehicle controls (9.1 +/- 0.7), determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
	www.thensome.com /stormybrain/nucleusaccumbens.htm (2804 words)

	Nucleus accumbens -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The (Transmits nerve impulses across a synapse) neurotransmitter produced by these neurons is gamma amino butyric acid, more commonly known as (An amino acid that is found in the central nervous system; acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter) GABA.
		The output neurons of the nucleus accumbens send axon projections to the ventral analog of the (The inner pale yellow part of the lenticular nucleus) globus pallidus known as the ventral pallidum (VP).
		Major inputs to the nucleus accumbens include the prefrontal cortex and dopaminergic neurons located in the (Click link for more info and facts about ventral tegmental area) ventral tegmental area (VTA) which connect via the (Click link for more info and facts about mesolimbic pathway) mesolimbic pathway.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/nu/nucleus_accumbens.htm (332 words)

	INABIS '98 - The Nucleus Accumbens Motor-Limbic Interface of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) as Studied ...
		Nucleus accumbens shell and core neurons project to specific areas within the substantia nigra, ventral pallidum, hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, globus palidus and substantia innominata (13).
		Nucleus accumbens neurons have been suggested to regulate the activity of substantia nigra neurons, influencing DA release in the caudate-putamen, and thereby influence the speed or rate at which an action will be carried out via activation of D2 receptors (14-17).
		The alteration of DA release mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens appears to be more subtle than in the caudate-putamen, with evidence suggesting increased efficacy of DA autoreceptors at endogenous DA levels, perhaps involving altered coupling to second messenger systems or their intracellular effectors.
	www.mcmaster.ca /inabis98/sadile/russell0341/two.html (2290 words)

	THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
		The nucleus accumbens is also one of the brain structures that is most closely involved in drug dependency.
		The nucleus accumbens provides liaison between the limbic system, which is the seat of the emotions, and the central grey nuclei, which help in planning movements and reasoning processes.
		But the nucleus accumbens is not isolated from the other brain structures that are also influenced by drugs.
	www.thebrain.mcgill.ca /flash/d/d_03/d_03_cr/d_03_cr_par/d_03_cr_par.html (231 words)

	Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons -- Neurotransmitter.net
		In contrast, the globus pallidus, the entopeduncular nucleus, the ventral pallidum, the subthalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata revealed dense networks of presumable dendrites of resident projection neurons, which were darkly labeled for subunit alpha1-, beta2-, and gamma2-immunoreactivities.
		In the accumbens core, glutamatergic input from its corticolimbic afferents and dopaminergic input from the ventral tegmental area converge onto common dendrites of the medium spiny neurons that populate the accumbens.
		Thus nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex are each potential substrates for the rewarding properties of PCP and related drugs, and the ability of these drugs to disrupt NMDA receptor function seems sufficient to account for their rewarding actions.
	www.neurotransmitter.net /mediumspiny.html (17520 words)

	The Brain's Drug Reward System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		These neurons are connected to the nucleus accumbens and other areas such as the prefrontal cortex.
		GABA is widely distributed in numerous areas of the brain, including the cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, superior and inferior colliculi, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens.
		The VTA and the nucleus accumbens are two structures involved in the reward system for all drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, although other mechanisms might be involved for specific drugs.
	www.nida.nih.gov /NIDA_Notes/NNVol11N4/Brain.html (260 words)

	Addiction: Making the Connection Between Behavioral Changes and Neuronal Plasticity in Specific Pathways -- Wolf 2 (3): ...
		Nucleus accumbens interneurons are shown in these pictures, but the same results were obtained for medium spiny neurons, the projection neurons of the nucleus accumbens (83).
		Cornish, J.L. and Kalivas, P.W. Glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens mediates relapse in cocaine addiction.
		Kombian, S.B. and Malenka, R.C. Simultaneous LTP of non-NMDA- and LTD of NMDA-receptor-mediated responses in the nucleus accumbens.
	molinterv.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/2/3/146 (6416 words)

	[No title]
		Conversely, administration of neurochemicals that decreased dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens were found to cause extinction of the conditioned behaviors.
		It was found that in conditioned rats, activity of dopaminergic efferent neurons to the nucleus accumbens was highest in the time period preceding the bar-lever depression and steadily decreased in activity after the bar-lever was actually depressed.
		According to Berridge, increases of dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens preceding or in anticipation of a reinforcing or conditioned behavior is most closely associated with the craving, appetite, or desire for the object of a reinforcing or conditioned behavior.
	sulcus.berkeley.edu /mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_362.html (2925 words)

	Fentanyl increases dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens: Involvement of mesolimbic mu and d2-opioid receptors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fentanyl increases dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens: Involvement of mesolimbic mu and d2-opioid receptors
		The effects of the m-receptor agonist fentanyl on extracellular levels of dopamine in rat nucleus accumbens were studied in awake animals by in vivo brain microdialysis.
		The effect of fentanyl given into the nucleus accumbens was blocked by systemic administration of the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and by accumbens administration of D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Phe-Thr-NH2 (CTOP: nmol), a m-opioid receptor antagonist, and naltrindole (nmol), a non-selective d-opioid receptor antagonist, in a dose-dependent manner.
	www.nici.kun.nl /Publications/1999/11677.html (320 words)

	Modulation of Cell Firing in the Nucleus Accumbens -- O'DONNELL et al. 877 (1): 157 -- Annals of the New York Academy ...
		mmunohistochemical characterization of the shell and core territories of the nucleus accumbens in the rat.
		Subcortical afferents of the nucleus accumbens septi in the cat, studied with retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase and bisbenzimid.
		The distribution of the projection from the hippocampal formation to the nucleus accumbens in the rat: an anterograde- and retrograde-horseradish peroxidase study.
	www.annalsnyas.org /cgi/content/full/877/1/157?ijkey=Cnplv8orstXlA (5675 words)

	The Basal Ganglia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The basal forebrain area or substantia innominata as it is sometimes referred is a mass of gray matter situated ventral to the lentiform nucleus that extends anterolaterally toward the amygdaloid complex.
		It is more closely related in function to the basal ganglia than to the limbic/olfactory system and has connections similar to the globus pallidus.
		Scattered clusters of cholinergic cells within the basal forebrain area, collectively referred to as the nucleus basalis (of Meynert) project efferents to all areas of the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala.
	www.umanitoba.ca /faculties/medicine/anatomy/bfjb.htm (135 words)

	Chronic Lithium Treatment Decreases Neuronal Activity in the Nucleus Accumbens and Cingulate Cortex of the Rat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We have used a sensitive and quantitative histochemical assay for the determination of cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity, a mitochondrial marker of neuronal activity, to determine the effect of repeated lithium treatment on regional neuronal activity in the rat brain.
		Compared to controls, CO activity in the cingulate cortex and in the core, shell, and cone subterritories of the nucleus accumbens was significantly decreased following lithium administration for 21 consecutive days (Table 1, Figures 2, 3).
		This pattern was altered in animals treated for 5 days with lithium by the loss of significant intra-accumbens correlation for the cone subregion and the strengthening of the relationship between the hippocampus (CA1) and core and shell subregions (Figure 4).
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/dynapage.taf?file=/npp/journal/v21/n2/full/1395300a.html (4206 words)

	Neuroscience-Net - Pharmacology Section Article #10008 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In contrast, the augmentation in the releasability of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is not consistently observed during early withdrawal (Segal and Kuczenski, 1992a,b; Kalivas and Duffy, 1993; Pierce and Kalivas, 1995).
		In a separate group of animals, microdialysis was conducted in the nucleus accumbens to measure the levels of extracellular glutamate on the first day after discontinuing repeated cocaine or saline.
		Figure 4 (bottom panel) depicts a micrograph of dialysis probe placements in the nucleus accumbens core from an animal used in experiment 3 (all placements from experiments 2 and 3 were similarly located in the core).
	www.neuroscience.com /abp09961/htm/main.html (4332 words)

	Adenosine and the nucleus accumbens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Recent studies have suggested that chronic exposure to drugs of abuse may alter adenosine metabolism in the nucleus accumbens, a brain region critically involved in drug addiction and withdrawal.
		It was found that chronic morphine treatment via subcutaneous implantation of morphine pellets in rats for 1 wk did not alter the level of adenosine-mediated tonic inhibition of nucleus accumbens excitatory synapses.
		These experiments suggest that the increase in the sensitivity of nucleus accumbens synapses to the inhibitory effects of adenosine may be due to a decrease in adenosine transport.
	psychiatry.co.uk /adenacc.htm (273 words)

	Clonidine reduces dopamine and increases GABA in the nucleus accumbens: an in vivo microdialysis study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The effects of clonidine, an a2 adrenoceptor agonist, on extracellular concentrations of dopamine and g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the nucleus accumbens of rats were studied by using in vivo brain microdialysis.
		Clonidine (5 mg/kg IV) increased the dialysate concentration of GABA in the nucleus accumbens up to a maximum of 250% at its peak effect, but not in the ventral tegmental area.
		It is hypothesized that GABA-A binding sites in the nucleus accumbens form part of the sequence of events that is triggered by clonidine in an a2-adrenergic-specific manner and that ultimately results in a decreased release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.
	www.nici.kun.nl /Publications/1998/11605.html (303 words)

	mesolimbic pathway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The '''mesolimbic pathway''' is one of the neural pathways in the brain which links the ventral tegmentum area in the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens.
		It is one of the four major pathways where the neurotransmitter dopamine is found.
		It is thought to be involved in producing pleasurable feeling and is often associated with feelings of reward and desire, particularly because of the connection to the nucleus accumbens which has also been associated with these states.
	encyclopedia.mysleepcenter.com /mesolimbic_pathway.htm (233 words)

	CJNS - Selective Sparing of Human Nucleus Accumbens in Aging and Anoxia
		Abstract: Objective: To investigate the effects of aging and anoxia on the nucleus accumbens.
		Methods: The number of neurons in nucleus accumbens and caudate neucleus in 35 patients over 65 and 35 under 65 years, all without neurological or psychiatric diseases were counted.
		There was relative preservation of the nucleus accumbens in 3 patients with anoxic encephalopathy.
	www.cjns.org /22novtoc/selectiv.htm (174 words)

	Roi Alphabetic index
		WOROI: 231 - Ventral posterior medial nucleus (Ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus).
		WOROI: 231 - Ventral posteromedial nucleus (Ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus).
		WOROI: 231 - VPM (Ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus).
	hendrix.imm.dtu.dk /services/jerne/brede/index_roi_alphabetic.html (1597 words)

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