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Topic: Nuclide

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	Radiometric dating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While the moment in time at which a particular nucleus decays is random, a collection of atoms of a radioactive nuclide decays exponentially at a rate described by a parameter known as the half-life, usually given in units of years when discussing dating techniques.
		This predictability allows the relative abundances of related nuclides to be used as a clock that measures the time from the incorporation of the original nuclide(s) into a material to the present.
		When a material incorporates both the parent and daughter nuclides at the time of formation, it may be necessary to assume that the initial proportions of a radioactive substance and its daughter are known.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radiometric_dating (2179 words)

	Nuclides 2000: About Radiactive Decay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A chemical element is completely specified by its symbol X or the atomic number Z. A nuclide is completely specified by the element name X (or proton number Z) together with the neutron number N. Nuclides, however, are commonly specified by the chemical element and the mass number A, e.g.
		In the Nuclide Chart shown in the diagram A below, nuclides are arranged according to the number of protons Z and neutrons N in the nucleus.
		This full set of nuclides, starting from the parent and including all daughters can then be highlighted on the Nuclide Chart to provide a useful way of visualising the decay scheme of the original parent nuclide.
	www.nuclides.net /Applets/about_radioactive_decay.htm (769 words)

	Isotope -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A nuclide is a particular type of atomic nucleus, or more generally an agglomeration of protons and neutrons.
		Strictly speaking, it is more correct to say that an element such as (A nonmetallic univalent element belonging to the halogens; usually a yellow irritating toxic flammable gas; a powerful oxidizing agent; recovered from fluorite or cryolite or fluorapatite) fluorine consists of one stable nuclide rather than that it has one stable isotope.
		The tabulated ((chemistry) the mass (in atomic mass units) of an isotope of an element) atomic masses of elements are averages that account for the presence of multiple isotopes with different masses.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/is/isotope.htm (1446 words)

	SDV Nuclear Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The nuclides fed in the radioactive decay of
		A nuclide with 20 protons is an isotope of calcium and is represented by the symbol Ca.
		Nuclide charts are often colored to visualize a particular property and the nuclide boxes often contain a brief summary of nuclear properties.
	glossary.dataenabled.com /sdvglossary_nuclides.html (1150 words)

	[No title]
		For example, when a physician requires a short-lived radioactive nuclide for his or her diagnosis of a patient, the sample must be manufactured in a nearby facility.
		A nuclide not releasing the excess energy immediately is called an isomer, which is often marked with a letter m after the mass number in the superscript.
		Whether a nuclide decays by emitting an alpha or a beta particle depends on the relative stability of the daughter nuclide.
	www.nuenergy.org /text/lesson_on_radioactive_decay.doc (3866 words)

	Leader nuclide
		For shielding calculations, dispersion calculations or to determine local dose rates, it is often sufficient to consider only a few special radionuclides, the leader nuclides.
		The fact that they are disregarded in calculation therefore does not entail an error in the radiation protection calculations.
		Leader nuclides are also used to calculate the quantity of other nuclides in the case of known history of the material containing the nuclide(s).
	www.euronuclear.org /info/encyclopedia/l/leadernuclide.htm (98 words)

	Modes of Radioactive Decay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		K nuclide the mass number of the parent and daughter nuclides are the same for electron emission, electron capture, and position emission.
		Nuclides with atomic numbers of 90 or more undergo a form of radioactive decay known as spontaneous fission in which the parent nucleus splits into a pair of smaller nuclei.
		For more complex calculations, it is easier to convert the half-life of the nuclide into a rate constant and then use the integrated form of the first-order rate law described in the kinetic section.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch23/modes.html (2923 words)

	Physics 30: Atomic Physics - Half-Life and Radioactive Decay
		Nuclide charts, with atomic number plotted against neutron number, are used in nuclear physics to illustrate a disintegration series.
		The rate of radioactive emissions of a radioactive nuclide is directly proportional to the amount of radioactive material present.
		Recognize that the rate of radioactive decay for a given nuclide is related to the energy change that accompanies the transformation.
	www.sasked.gov.sk.ca /docs/physics/u8b3phy.html (1434 words)

	TransWare - Nuclide Activation and Fluence Determinations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		RAFTER is an advanced nuclide activation and fluence determination code developed by TransWare Enterprises Inc. RAFTER solves the analytical equations that determine nuclide activations and neutron and gamma-ray fluences as functions of plant operating histories.
		RAFTER calculates the activation of nuclides due to the bombardment of neutrons on the material and the subsequent decay of activated nuclides due to the radioactive half-life of the nuclides.
		RAFTER has the capability to account for both the activation of nuclides while the plant is operating and the decay of the nuclides during periods of plant shutdown.
	www.twe.com /nuclear/rafter.html (1085 words)

	Mass and Nuclide Stability
		Thus, the masses of nuclides are related to their stability and radioactivity.
		For stable nuclides, the plot of average binding energy against mass number shows the effect of nucleon pairing, magic number, and atomic mass.
		The binding energies of both light and heavy nuclides are lower than nuclides with mass number around 58-60, as shown in a plot of the binding energy as a function of mass number.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /~cchieh/cact/nuctek/nuclideunstable.html (748 words)

	Appendix B
		Gives the decay data for any nuclide occurring in the reaction measured as assumed or measured by the author for obtaining the data given (see note-1).
		The half-life of the nuclide specified, coded as a floating-point number, followed by a unit code with the dimensions of TIME.
		Coded is a nuclide, except that the use of the extension G is optional.
	www.nea.fr /html/dbdata/dictionaries/Basics-B.htm (3046 words)

	Natural Vs. Induced Radioactivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One factor that influences the stability of a nuclide is the ratio of neutrons to protons.
		This nuclide simultaneously undergoes the electron capture and positron emission expected for neutron-poor nuclides and the electron emission observed with neutron-rich nuclides.
		The parent (or target) nuclide and the daughter nuclide are separated by parentheses that contain the symbols for the particle that hits the target and the particle or particles released in this reaction.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch23/natural.html (1270 words)

	Isotopically modified compounds, H-1
		The symbol for denoting a nuclide in the formula or name of an isotopically modified compound consists of the atomic symbol for the element and an Arabic numeral in the left superscript position which indicates the mass number of the nuclide (ref.
		In the nuclide symbol, the atomic symbol is printed in Roman type, italicized atomic symbols being reserved for letter locants, as is customary in organic chemical nomenclature (cf.
		When different nuclides are present, the nuclide symbols are written in alphabetic order according to their symbols, or when the atomic symbols are identical, in order of increasing mass number (see Rules H-2.81 and H-2.82).
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /iupac/sectionH/H1.html (1373 words)

	Model of transferring radionuclides into the environment from nuclear hazardous enterprises. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In all these cases the overdraft of the nuclides output from the enterprises to the environment in various ways can result in an irradiation of the population, finally.
		Nevertheless, the result of influence of nuclide radiation is the same - the nuclides extend the harmful influence on all bodies and fabrics of organism.
		Therefore the removing nuclides will be traveled from the organism of the worker into the atmospheric air and water environments and further in organism of members of his family, objects of household and etc.
	www.laboratory.ru /articl/biol/eab040.htm (1466 words)

	Glossary of Nuclear Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The change of one radioactive nuclide into a different nuclide by the spontaneous emission of alpha, beta, or gamma rays, or by electron capture.
		One of several nuclides with the same number of neutrons and protons capable of existing for a measurable time in different nuclear energy states.
		A radionuclide that decays to another nuclide which may be either radioactive or stable.
	www.lbl.gov /abc/Glossary.html (1297 words)

	[No title]
		Radioactivity is the spontaneous decay or disintegration of an unstable nucleus, usually accompanied by the emission of ionizing radiation.
		Radiation is the process by which a nuclide transforms into another nuclide or to a lower energy state of the same nuclide.
		Gamma decay is not traceable on the chart of the nuclides, since the nuclide stays the same.
	weblaunch.org /Nuclear/radioactivity.html (551 words)

	Apparatus and method for quantitatively evaluating total fissile and total fertile nuclide content in samples - Patent ...
		Solely passive systems which rely on the detection of gamma rays or neutrons from the decay or spontaneous fission of transuranic wastes are generally not suitable because of (1) the attenuation of high density matrix material with the attendant loss of sensitivity, and (2) interference from gamma and alpha emitting contaminants in the matrices.
		Prompt neutrons emitted from the photofission of either fissile or fertile nuclides will not be distinguishable from photoneutrons that are formed in the materials of the chamber containing the sample under investigation and/or the matrix materials which contain these fissile and fertile nuclides.
		Since the fissile nuclides undergo both photofission and thermal neutron fission, the delayed neutron emission is composed of contributions from both the fertile nuclides and the fissile nuclides.
	freepatentsonline.com /4497768.html (4971 words)

	[No title]
		Nuclide decay and transition through reaction channel are also analyzed for emitted particles, which are also scored and appended to the transmutation chain.
		The nuclides that fall into fast decaying group are treated in a simplified manner; they are assumed to decay on prompt of their appearance.
		Particularly, the nuclides that were absent in the irradiated material at the beginning of irradiation, but emerged as a result of transmutations, may not only decay but also can be transmuted due to the irradiation.
	nucleartimes.jrc.nl /Doc/Jerzy_Paper.doc (5762 words)

	TWD -- Radiometric Dating (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A nuclide of an element, also called an isotope of an element, is an atom of that element that has a specific number of nucleons.
		If an element has more than one nuclide present, and a mineral forms in a magma melt that includes that element, the element's different nuclides will appear in the mineral in precisely the same ratio that they occurred in the environment where and when the mineral was formed.
		Since all three of these nuclides have substantially different half-lives, for all three to agree indicates the technique being used is sound.
	my.erinet.com /~jwoolf/rad_dat.html (5908 words)

	nuclide -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A nuclide is thus characterized by the mass number (A) and the atomic number (Z).
		To be regarded as distinct a nuclide must have an energy content sufficient for a measurable lifetime, usually more than 10
		The term nuclide is not synonymous with isotope, …;
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9056463?tocId=9056463 (78 words)

	VMS Nuclide Identification Software - CANBERRA, An AREVA Group Company
		The nuclide identification software includes programs which allow the user to compute the activities or detection limits of nuclides in a specified nuclide library and compute and print quantitative nuclide identification reports.
		Identification of a nuclide is subject to three tests: the energy tolerance test, the abundance limit test and the half-life test.
		Dose equivalency for a nuclide is defined as the activity of the reference nuclide which would result in the same dose.
	www.canberra.com /Products/858.asp (572 words)

	Isotope : Nuclide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A nuclide is a particular type of nucleus (characterised by A and Z).
		Strictly speaking, we should say that an element such as fluorine consists of one nuclide rather than that it has one isotope.
		Similarly, the tables at the foot of this article are tables of nuclides.
	www.eurofreehost.com /nu/Nuclide.html (392 words)

	Theses from Uppsala University : 959 - Synthesis of biomolecules for nuclide therapy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nuclide therapy for cancer is based on the selective delivery of nuclide bearing compounds to tumour cells.
		With this background in mind, nuclide bearing amino acids, nucleosides, and isoquinolines have been synthesised.
		Synthesis of biomolecules for nuclide therapy: Studies on amino acids, nucleosides and isoquinolines.
	publications.uu.se /theses/abstract.xsql?lang=en&isbn=91-554-4420-2 (322 words)

	North American Scientific - Mixed Nuclide Standards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		All mixed nuclide standards are carefully prepared using gravimetric aliquots of NIST traceable solutions.
		Intercomparisons will be performed within a time frame not to exceed 6 months prior to the calibration of every primary nuclide batch used during sample preparation.
		Nine and Ten Nuclide mixtures are available for delivery in four weeks or less.
	www.nomos.com /page?id=1492 (242 words)

	Table of the Nuclides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The arrangement of this Chart is first presenting map of all known nuclides.
		A vertical column represents the nuclides with same neutron numbers.
		From which you can get idea of life time of nuclides which is distiguished by its color.
	sutekh.nd.rl.ac.uk /CoN (126 words)

	Chapter 9 - Nuclear Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		NUCLIDE – the nucleus of a radioactive isotope
		In a sample of radioactive nuclides, the decay of an individual nuclide is a random event.
		(f) Calculate the energy in kilojoules for the formation of this Po-211 nuclide from the daughter nuclide by the capture of 1 alpha particle.
	pages.prodigy.net /anderhan/Ch28Nuclear.html (3285 words)

	ORTEC Nuclide Navigator III Library
		However, for coincidence summing corrections, the user must include not only information about the certified nuclides, but also comprehensive information about the daughter nuclides of the decay series and the decay path and intensity values of the parent/daughter relationships.
		Nuclide Navigator III streamlines this process by including the daughters for you.
		The library is complete with all daughter nuclides in the decay chains of interest.
	www.ortec-online.com /countlab/nn3library.htm (852 words)

	Darryl Granger's Cosmogenic Nuclide Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cosmogenic nuclides are produced in rocks near the earth's surface by nuclear reactions with cosmic rays.
		The cosmic rays originate in space, and are mostly absorbed in the atmosphere, creating byproducts such as carbon-14, which is the most common radionuclide used for dating organic matter over the past 50,000 years.
		If a rock is first exposed to cosmic rays at the surface, creating cosmogenic nuclides, and is then buried in a cave or by overlying sediment, then we can use the radioactive decay of the cosmogenic nuclides to date the burial event up to 5 million years into the past.
	www.eas.purdue.edu /%7Edgranger/cosmo.htm (247 words)

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