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| | Mahmud of Ghazni Summary |
 | | Mahmud's grandfather was Alptigin, a Turkic general from Balkh in Turkestan who crossed the Hindu Kush mountains to seize Ghazni from the Samanids, located strategically on the road between Kabul and Kandahar. |
 | | Alptigin was succeeded in 977 by his slave and son-in-law Sabuktigin, who enlarged upon his Alptigin's conquests, extending his domain north to Balkh, west to Kandahar and Khorasan, and east to the Indus River. |
 | | During this period the Samanid state became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control, cheif being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, Abu Ali, the General Behtuzun as well as the neighbouring Buyid and Qarakhanids. |
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