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Topic: Null subject language

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	Michael Snyder - [RFA] Reverse debugging, part 2/3: core interface
		This is the core gdb part of reverse debugging: mainly the infrun/infcmd part.
		printf_filtered (_("Run till exit from ")); print_stack_frame (get_selected_frame (NULL), 1, LOCATION); } /* If running asynchronously and the target support asynchronous execution, set things up for the rest of the finish command to be completed later on, when gdb has detected that the target has --- 1303,1333 ---- source.
		We won't be done + until we've done another reverse single-step.
	sourceware.org /ml/gdb-patches/2006-03/msg00389.html (1379 words)

	Null subject language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A null subject language, in linguistic typology, is a language whose grammar permits a null subject, that is, the omission of an explicit subject in main clauses.
		English, on the other hand, requires an explicit subject, which in the translation is supplied by the pronoun "she".
		In null subject languages that have verb inflection in which the verb inflects for person, the grammatical person of the subject is reflected by the inflection of the verb, and likewise for number and gender.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Null_subject_language (565 words)

	Topic-prominent language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A topic-prominent language is one that organizes its syntax so that sentences have a topic-comment (or theme-rheme) structure, where the topic is the thing being talked about (predicated) and the comment is what is said about the topic.
		This structure is independent of the syntactic ordering of subject, verb and object, and may be marked by word order (typically mentioning the topic first thing in the sentence, and then the comment), or by explicit morphology (as in Japanese with the clitic particle wa).
		Since topic-prominent languages do not consider the subject, but the topic, to be the most important part of the sentence, it may not matter if there is no apparent subject (see also null subject language, pro-drop language).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Topic-prominent_language (427 words)

	Contemporary Perspectives on the Acquisition of Spanish: Introduction
		However, the adult acquisition of a non-null subject language (e.g., English) by learners from a null subject native background (e.g., Spanish) has been dealt with in hundreds of studies, while the bibliography on parameter resetting in the opposite direction is limited to little more than two dozen articles.
		The study of first and second language acquisition evolved separately, the former as a sub-field of developmental psychology, the latter under the auspices of language pedagogy.
		By a gradual process the lexical, morphological, and syntactic system of the target language is built, and by the time children reach elementary school they possess a grammatical system as sophisticated as that of their parents.
	www.cascadilla.com /cpasintro.html (1936 words)

	Martina Lindseth (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Slavic languages are surprisingly diverse from the perspective of null-subject phenomena.
		The division of Slavic languages with respect to their null-subject properties can be formalized in terms of an inconsistency in the functional projections of the Russian verb.
		However, overt expletive subjects in Czech are 'functionally charged', despite the fact that they are void of semantic content, and should be subsumed under the generally possible occurrence of overt subject pronouns in marked contexts in null-subject languages.
	aatseel.org /dissertations/linguistics/lindsethm.html (319 words)

	Negrao, ANAPHORA IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE COMPLEMENT STRUCTURES: Abstract
		In this context, the study of BP is very revealing because, not only is this language a null subject language, and therefore, allows empty categories in the subject position of tensed sentences, but it also exhibits a second very important property, namely, overt lexical NP's can occur in the subject position of non-tensed sentences.
		The problems arise from the fact that the distribution and interpretation of NP's in the subject position of embedded clauses in BP cannot be predicted from the type of clause which those complements, represent, and therefore cannot be derived from the distribution of the features which constitute their INFL node.
		Since the distribution and interpretation of NP's in the subject position of the complement clauses of BP proves to be dependent on the meaning of matrix verbs, a semantic analysis for the data is proposed, assuming the framework offered by the semantic theory known as Situation Semantics (Barwise and Perry, 1983).
	ling.wisc.edu /abstracts/negrao.htm (315 words)

	Ikalanga, a virtually unstudied Bantu language spoken in Botswana has optionally overt preverbal subjects and ...
		It shows detailed evidence that a) Ikalanga preverbal subjects are not in the IP domain; b) Ikalanga is a null subject language (NSL) and SAs represent standard subject verb agreement, contrary to what has been proposed for different Bantu languages.
		The only reading of (3a) is one where the quantified subject NP ngwana nngwe (some child) has wide scope over the universally quantified NP thathobo ingwe ne ingwe (every examination) suggesting that the subject NP ngwana nngwe (some child) does not reconstruct, precisely because it did not undergo from a VP internal position.
		The latter is consistent with the argument that overt preverbal subjects in NSLs may actually be in a clitic left dislocated (CLLD) position (see AandA 1998, Cinque 1990).
	www.ling.upenn.edu /Events/PLC/plc26/64.htm (1028 words)

	Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics - Annual Report 98 - Chapter 11
		Since Inuktitut is a null subject language, it provides an interesting avenue for investigation of this question.
		However, analysis of some 40 verbal utterances from one SLI Inuktitut-speaking child aged 5;4 showed that only 53% of her verbal utterances were correctly inflected; 26% were uninflected and 21% were inflected with a filler form that is not used in typical child or adult Inuktitut.
		Since the SLI child in our study is learning a language for which an OI stage in acquisition is not usual, her language shows deviation from typical patterns of development rather than delay.
	www.mpi.nl /world/anrep/98/anrep-98-11.html (3174 words)

	Creole grammars and acquisition of syntax: The case of Haitian
		The Haitian language emerged around the XVII century from the contact between French and a few African languages (the majority of the latter from West-Africa, the most influential being perhaps Ewe and Fon).
		The main objective of this dissertation is to study various syntactic properties of Haitian within the principles-and-parameters framework.
		Aspects of Haitian syntax receiving scrutiny include its status as a null-subject language, its Tense-Mood-Aspect system, its long-distance subject extraction properties, its serial verb constructions, the patterns through which the language expresses predication, the properties of its sentential negation marker, the presence of a resumptive non-verbal pro-predicate, etc.
	repository.upenn.edu /dissertations/AAI9308555 (252 words)

	LINGUIST List 4.180: Pro-drop Languages
		Dogon (isolate or Gur) is a null subject language.
		There was an attempt in 1961 to treat this subject pronoun as an agreement particle, which required that all Temne pronouns, which were never observed, be obligatorily deleted after the verbs were made to agree with them.
		As I understand, it's controversial whether Tagalog even HAS subjects, which may confound the question of whether it allows null subjects.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/4/4-180.html (1004 words)

	LG620: Models of First Language Acquisition, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		We begin by outlining Chomsky's claim that acquisition is guided by innate Language Faculty incorporating principles of Universal Grammar/UG, and we look at evidence that UG principles operate in child grammars.
		determining whether English is a language (like Italian) which allows omission of subject pronouns or not: we pay particular attention to research by Nina Hyams suggesting that English children may initially misanalyse English as a null-subject language like Italian.
		The second is to provide an introduction to a number of linguistic models of children's acquisition of syntax, and to offer a critical perspective on relevant research.
	privatewww.essex.ac.uk /~radford/Teaching/lg620.htm (1113 words)

	Chapter 6. The SeRQL query language (revision 1.2)
		SeRQL ("Sesame RDF Query Language", pronounced "circle") is a new RDF/RDFS query language that is currently being developed by Aduna as part of Sesame.
		The language tag and the datatype are optional and at most one of these two can accompany a label (a literal can not have both a language tag and a datatype).
		In situations where one wants to query for two or more triples with identical subject and predicate, the subject and predicate do not have to be repeated over and over again.
	www.openrdf.org /doc/sesame/users/ch06.html (5421 words)

	Nieuwe pagina 1
		Second language (L2) acquisition and first language (L1) attrition are two areas where interaction of two languages of a bilingual can be observed.
		The effects of the interaction between two languages are often characterized as language transfer and mostly perceived as a unidirectional process, mainly from the L1 into the L2.
		Within this background, in this study, we investigate the binding properties of overt and null subject pronouns in L2 acquisition and L1 attrition of Turkish.
	www.hw.ac.uk /langWWW/eurosla/abstracts/agurel.htm (427 words)

	KHAWLA ALJENAIE
		In a morphologically rich language like Arabic, verbs always bear inflectional affixes and consistently agree with their subject in person, number and gender.
		The findings of the study are discussed in the light of Optional Infinitive (OI) stage argued by Harris and Wexler (1996) and Wexler (1994, 1996, 1998) that children at some stage between 1;10-2;7 produce finite and non-finite forms.
		Wexler relates the OI stage to null-subject properties and states that “children in a language go through an OI stage if and only if the language is not an INFL-licensed null-subject language” (Wexler 1998:56).
	home.hum.uva.nl /variflex/aljenaie.htm (465 words)

	LINGUIST List 4.112: Null-Subject Languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		(1) The general wisdom is that Finnish drops (unstressed) 1st and 2nd person subjects, but not 3rd person ones.
		Also, many dialects favor a mixed system in the plural: plural 3rd person pronoun subjects together with singular 3rd person verbs alternate with plural 3rd person agreement forms without pronoun.
		(Speaking a language like this, I have always felt a reluctance to see pro-drop as a "deep" property with far-reaching repercussions.) And a more serious question: are there many languages that show similar variation?
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/4/4-112.html (303 words)

	Transfer and Access to Universal Grammar in Adult Second Language Acquisition (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The multiple case studies investigate to what extent the properties of the first language Null Subject Parameter value carry over into the second language.
		Moreover, the data are also searched for evidence of acquisition of the cluster of properties related to the parameter value of the target language.
		Only clustered transfer of the omission of subjects from main and subordinate clauses, subject-verb inversion and placement of the finite verb before the adverb counts as evidence for full transfer of the L1 parameter value.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~hollebr/LabLangAcq/sauter (192 words)

	NULL language types null
		The null type was introduced in PHP 4.
		This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open Publication License, v1.0 or later.
		A copy of the Open Publication License is distributed with this manual, the latest version is presently available at http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/.
	www.chrisranjana.com /php5-manual/language.types.null.html (119 words)

	Directory of open access journals
		Subject: Psychology --- Education --- Social Sciences --- Sociology
		Subject: Psychology --- Philosophy --- Languages and Literatures --- History of arts
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	www.doaj.org /ljbs?cpid=128 (570 words)

	DPrefpor.htm (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Authier, J.-M. Is French a null subject language in the DP?.
		Bernstein, J. On the syntactic status of adjectives in Romance.
		Rizzi, L. Null object in Italian and the theory of pro.
	sweet.ua.pt /~fmart/DPrefpor.htm (237 words)

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