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	Numerus clausus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Numerus Clausus ("closed number" in Latin) is one of many methods used to limit the number of students who may study at a university.
		The numerus clausus is currently used in countries and universities where the number of applicants greatly exceeds the number of available places for students.
		The numerus clausus is currently used in Germany to address overcrowding - while the number of students has increased by 100% to two million since 1980, the number of professors has increased by only 25% in the same time period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Numerus_clausus (1990 words)

	Numerus clausus
		Numerus Clausus ("closed number" in Latin) means limiting the number of students in universities and colleges.
		In the case of the humanities, they generally prefer the first solution, but in the sciences, particularly medicine, they often introduce a numerus clausus, which means that they only accept students with a certain grade point average and students who have been on the waiting list for a certain amount of time.
		In Russia Numerus Clausus was enacted in 1887, stating that the share of Jewish students should be no more than 10% in cities where Jews were allowed to live, 5% in other cities, and only 3% in Moscow and St.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/numerus_clausus (933 words)

	Jewish quota - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Numerus Clausus policies affected a limited number of people, since the number of university students before WWII was very small.
		Imperial Russia: Numerus Clausus was enacted in 1887, stating that the share of Jewish students should be no more than 10% in cities where Jews were allowed to live, 5% in other cities, and only 3% in Moscow and St.
		Hungary: a Numerus Clausus Act was introduced in 1920, as part of the rise of Anti-Semitism under the government of Pál Teleki.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jewish_quota (384 words)

	Numerus clausus -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Numerus clausus is currently used in Germany to address overcrowding, as the number of students has doubled (to two million) since 1980, but the number of (Someone who is a member of the faculty at a college or university) professors has only increased by a quarter in the same time period.
		The numerus clausus is limited to particular universities for many fields, but for the most popular (such as medicine or biology), it is nationwide, with enrolment handled centrally by the.
		Paradoxically, the numerus clausus caused many Jewish students to emigrate from Poland, and therefore saved their lives during (A person of German nationality) German (An act of great destruction and loss of life) Holocaust (see (Click link for more info and facts about Alfred Tarski) Alfred Tarski).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/nu/numerus_clausus.htm (1068 words)

	Numerus clausus
		Numerus Clausus ("closed number" in latin) means limiting the number of students in universities and colleges according to a discriminatory rule.
		In Hungary a Numerus Clausus Act was introduced in 1920, as part of the rise of Anti-Semitism under the government of Miklos Horthy.
		However Numerus Clausus was introduced unofficially by the universities and the share of Jewish students was limited to 10%, much less than the proportion of Jews in the population of Poland.
	news-server.org /n/nu/numerus_clausus.html (404 words)

	Encyclopedia: Numerus clausus
		Abitur (official term in Germany: allgemeine Hochschulreife) is the word commonly used in Germany for the final exams young adults (aged 18 or 19) take at the end of their secondary education, usually after 12 or 13 years of schooling (Britain: A-levels).
		The numerus clausus is limited to particular universities for many fields, but for the most popular (such as medicine or biology), it is nationwide, with enrolment handled centrally by the Zentralstelle fÃ¼r die Vergabe von StudienplÃ¤tzen (ZVS).
		No changes to the financial position of the student is currently being considered (as of the summer of 2005) Tuition means instruction, teaching or a fee charged for educational instruction especially at a formal institution of learning.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Numerus-clausus (3404 words)

	Examination and certification system at the end of the upper secondary general education - Austria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As there is no numerus clausus, the "bottleneck" is shifted from the university entry to the 1st year of studies.
		Answer: The question of numerus clausus is a complicated one as the ministry of science, in charge of the universities, is involved and as the European context has to be considered, where most states have some form of numerus clausus.
		In addition this question is a highly political one as in practice the introduction of a numerus clausus system would mean a further limitation of access to universities for young people who have not too many alternatives these days.
	www.mszs.si /exam/auqa.html (1721 words)

	WUJS - World Union of Jewish Students (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Himself a victim of the Numerus Clausus, a quota system restricting the number of Jewish students at many universities, Lauterpacht traveled from his native Lemberg to Vienna, where he was not only admitted to university but became the leader of the local Jewish student community.
		The Numerus Clausus was enforced either by law or de facto throughout Eastern Europe, and opportunities and finances to study in other countries were limited.
		The Numerus Clausus continued to be enforced in many countries in spite of intensive efforts on the part of Lauterpacht and other activists to appeal to international bodies and student organizations.
	www.wujs.org.il /about/history/orghist.shtml (1376 words)

	Numerus Clausus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Numerus Clausus, a Latin term meaning a restricted number, refers to the practice of setting a quota for the number of persons of some category--usually Jews--who will be admitted to an educational institution, most often a university.
		After World War I, the use of Numerus Clausus was formalized in Hungary, where the number of Jews who could be admitted to the universities was officially designated as no more than five percent of the total enrollment.
		It became a common practice at universities in other European countries as well; in Poland, the quota for Jewish admissions was ten percent.
	www.humboldt.edu /~rescuers/book/damski/dlinks/numclau.html (203 words)

	Physics Today June 2002
		Most telling was the Numerus Clausus Act of 1920, which severely restricted admittance of Jewish students to universities.
		In 1920, the Numerus Clausus Act was passed, which limited the number of Jews who could attend higher education to their proportion of the population.
		Because Jews at that time comprised an extremely disproportionate percentage of the educated population, the competition for "Jewish" entrance positions at Hungarian universities was stiff.
	www.physicstoday.org /pt/vol-55/iss-6/p13.html (440 words)

	Yale Law Journal \| T. Merrill et al., Optimal Standardization in the Law of Property: The Numerus Clausus ...
		The numerus clausus can be seen at work in a variety of areas, including estates in land, concurrent interests, nonpossessory interests, interests in personal property, and intellectual property.
		As it operates in practice, the numerus clausus strikes a rough balance between the costs of frustrating parties' objectives on the one hand and the costs of complicating third-party information-gathering on the other.
		This Article demonstrates that this information-cost theory provides a better account for the numerus clausus than do alternative positive and normative views, including those based on network effects, sufficiency of notice, private standards, antifragmentation concerns, and the increasing importance of contract-based rights.
	www.yalelawjournal.org /archive_abstract.asp?id=341 (371 words)

	FU International - Studienkolleg - Bewerbung
		The admission offices of the universities decide whether your certificates are sufficient in order to apply directly at one of the universities or if you have to join the Studienkolleg first.
		Applicants for a degree programme with a "hard" Numerus Clausus (NC) (see below) need a certificate from the DSH or another equivalent exam as a proof of the required German language skills.
		Numerus Clausus (NC) means that only a limited number of applicants (and among them only a small quota of international students) will be admitted to the degree programme.
	userpage.fu-berlin.de /~aaawww/en/studkoll/studkoll.htm (429 words)

	Judgment 1835 (ILOAT) - Administrative Tribunal
		The complainant points out that the EPO has granted applications for education allowances for students who because of a numerus clausus could not enrol at a university at the employee's duty station.
		The numerus clausus bars the student from the chosen course and is therefore akin to force majeure.
		only in reference to the numerus clausus: it is not saying that force majeure is a condition of payment of the allowance.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/tribunal/fulltext/1835.htm (1334 words)

	Article: NUMERUS CLAUSUS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW REAL RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICAN LAW, vol. 3.3
		In conclusion the treatment of the numerus clausus principle in South African law will be critically assessed, also with reference to one development within the context of recent 'statutory property law'.
		Consequently, a testator or a party to a contract is not restricted to a numerus clausus of real rights but is in principle entitled to establish new, hitherto unrecognized, rights in respect of his or her land.
		In this case, one of the most recent cases on the numerus clausus problem, a number of issues between the parties had to be decided.
	www.ejcl.org /33/art33-1.html (5300 words)

	University - WebArticles.com
		However, in some popular subject fields such as medicine or business administration, students have to pass a certain numerus clausus â” that is, they cannot enroll unless they have scored a minimum grade point average on their Abitur.
		In both Switzerland and Belgium, the medical studies are an exception, which have a numerus clausus system due to overcrowding.
		This liberal admission practice led to overcrowding and high dropout rates in the more popular fields of study like psychology and journalism, as well as high failure rates on exams which are unofficially used to filter out the less-capable students.
	www.webarticles.com /print.php?id=280 (1227 words)

	STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM IN ESTONIA
		Numerus clausus is established at level of institutions.
		Numerus clausus/restrictions: Numerus clausus is established at the level of the institution.
		Definition of foreign student: A student who is studying at an Estonian university and who is the citizen of a foreign country and does not have a permanent permit of residence of the Estonian Republic.
	www.euroeducation.net /prof/estonco.htm (1565 words)

	(Tand)artsen en kinesisten: numerus clausus vanaf '98
		Deze doorbraak hangt nauw samen met de beslissing van Van den Bossche om vanaf het academiejaar '98-'99 een numerus clausus in te voeren voor de opleidingen van artsen, tandartsen en kinesisten.
		In Vlaanderen gaat het om bijna 3.300 studenten, waarvan er dit jaar normaal weer 765 afstuderen.
		Om de federale inperking voor te zijn - naargelang de scenario's zouden vanaf 2002 in Vlaanderen nog 200 tot 300 nieuwe kinesisten erkend wodren, is er volgens Van den Bossche geen andere uitweg meer dan een numerus clausus en een vermindering van de opleidingscapaciteit naar een vijfde tot een zesde in vergelijking met nu.
	www.belgianmedcare.com /kine/art/regui001.htm (703 words)

	Numerus Clausus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Mme Corbisier-Hagon - Cette résolution vise deux objectifs : s'adresser au fédéral afin de supprimer le numerus clausus puisque toutes les études montrent que la qualité des soins et le coût de la sécurité sociale n'ont rien à voir avec le nombre des médecins, et l'organisation de la façon dont on doit assumer les choses.
		Le principe du numerus clausus a été imposé par le fédéral.
		Le texte invite le pouvoir fédéral à mettre fin au numerus clausus, rappelle que la Communauté française doit assumer ses responsabilités et indique qu'il convient d'adapter les modalités d'organisation du système dans l'enseignement.
	www.ergosum.be /csmll/divers/numerus/parlem21112000.htm (1088 words)

	Law Web Saarbrücken > Link of the week
		The Numerus Clausus jurisdiction from the years 2001 and 2002 can be downloaded either in chronological or alphabetical order.
		Riehn, definitions of the Numerus Clausus, as well as information about the selection procedures (including random selection) used by several universities.
		Additionally, a PDF data file about the 'Selection and distribution limitations of the ZVS [central institution for the distribution of places in higher education] procedure in the summer semester 2002' is available to download.
	www.jura.uni-sb.de /juripro/link/output.php?link=228&id=2 (197 words)

	Religion in Eastern Europe
		A step in this direction was the Limitation of Admissions Decree (numerus clausus) issued in l982 to all the schools of theology.
		In l977 (before the introduction of the numerus clausus), 40 admissions were recorded; in l983 twenty-five; in l985 and l986 only l6 seminarians were allowed entrance each year in both seminaries.
		With the introduction of the numerus clausus, the number of admissions granted, regardless of need, was made the same in both dioceses.
	georgefox.edu /academics/undergrad/departments/soc-swk/ree/ANDRAS.html (2872 words)

	Higher Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There are numerus clausus regulations for all institutions and courses.
		The number of places available each year is determined by the Ministry in consultation with the relevant institutions.
		EU citizens are not covered by the standard numerus clausus regulations.
	www.pireasweb.gr /education/higher_pl.htm (853 words)

	SR 0.414.1 Anhang Anwendung der Konvention in konkreten Fällen 1. Numerus clausus 2. Besondere Zulassungsbedingungen ...
		Der numerus clausus, der ungeachtet jeglicher materieller Kriterien zur Auswahl der zum Hochschulstudium zugelassenen Bewerber angewendet wird, bedeutet, dass die Zahl der Studenten, die zugelassen werden können, begrenzt ist, da keine ausreichende Anzahl von Studienplätzen für alle Bewerber eigener oder fremder Staatsangehörigkeit zur Verfügung steht.
		Die Konvention, die 1953 unterzeichnet wurde, berücksichtigte die ernsten Folgen des numerus clausus nicht, der besonders in den letzten Jahren in zunehmendem Masse praktiziert wurde.
		Wenn der numerus clausus in dem Land praktiziert wird, in dem der Student seine Hochschulzugangsberechtigung erworben hat und nicht in dem Land, in dem er sich um die Zulassung bewirbt, kann ihn das Gastland nicht ausschliesslich aus dem Grunde abweisen, weil in seinem Heimatland der numerus clausus praktiziert wird.
	www.admin.ch /ch/d/sr/0_414_1/app1.html (2300 words)

	Abstract: A NUMERUS QUASI-CLAUSUS OF PROPERTY RIGHTS AS A CONSTITUTIVE ELEMENT OF A FUTURE EUROPEAN PROPERTY ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		According to the numerus clausus doctrine, the number and content of real rights (rights against the world, distinguished from merely personal rights) is limited.
		As such, the numerus clausus doctrine is a characteristic of civil law systems, although it is not unknown in literature on the common law.
		The question is discussed whether harmonisation of property law in Europe is possible without finding a middle ground between the civil law, which considers the numerus clausus doctrine to be a fundamental part of its property law, and common law, where this doctrine as such is not applied.
	www.ejcl.org /72/abs72-2.html (203 words)

	Yale Law Journal: Optimal standardization in the law of property: The numerus clausus principle.@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Optimal standardization in the law of property: The numerus clausus principle.
		Yale Law Journal; 10/1/2000; Smith, Henry E. In all postfeudal legal systems, the basic ways of owning property are limited in number and standardized, in the sense that courts will enforce as property only interests that are built from a list of recognized forms.
		The numerus clausus can be seen at work in a...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:67330844&refid=holomed_1 (210 words)

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