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Topic: Nur Mohammad Taraki

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	Hafizullah Amin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the death of Mohammed Daoud Khan in 1978 the PDPA gained power with Nur Mohammad Taraki becoming President of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and secretary general of the PDPA while Amin and Babrak Karmal became deputy prime ministers.
		It was in that meeting between Taraki and Leonid Breznev that the decision of removing Amid took place.
		Amin knew however what Taraki's intentions were and the demand for his safety being guaranteed by the Soviet ambassador was probably a shrewd ploy on the part of Amin to mislead Taraki.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hafizullah_Amin (917 words)

	Nur Mohammad Taraki
		Nur Mohammad Taraki was a Shabikhel Taraki Ghilzay Pashtun from the Sur Kelay village in the Nawa Valley in the Muqur District of Ghazni Province.
		Mohammad Na’eem, foreign minister in the new government of Premier Mohammad Daoud, recalled Taraki because of his poor knowledge of English (G. Zurmulwal, personal communication, 1993).
		In Kabul, Taraki was unemployed, and toward the end of the premiership of Mohammad Daoud, he made a trip to the Soviet Union, where the KGB is believed to have recruited him.
	www.afghanan.net /biographies/taraki.htm (1151 words)

	The Afghan Civil War
		Nur Mohammad Taraki was elected president of the Revolutionary Council, prime minister of the country, and secretary general of the combined People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA).
		Hafizullah Amin became prime minister on March 28, 1979, although Taraki retained his posts as president of the Revolutionary Council and secretary general of the PDPA.
		Taraki was killed in a confrontation between Taraki and Amin supporters on Sept. 14, 1979.
	www.geocities.com /hawcaa/acivilwar.htm (1090 words)

	The Communist Regime in Afghanistan 1978-1989
		Nur Muhammad Taraki was another prominent leftist of the period.
		Taraki was later a key figure in the communist movement in Afghanistan after his return to Afghanistan from India.
		Taraki and Amin imposed extreme reforms to be carried out in a short period time with little concern for the Afghan culture.
	www.applet-magic.com /afghancom.htm (1178 words)

	CQ Press : Current Events In Context : Terrorism
		In July 1973 Mohammad Zahir Shah was overthrown by military officers who, in league which a small but restive middle class, blamed the king for a failing economy, recurrent famine, and insufficient political reforms.
		The coup plotters announced the formation of the Marxist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the appointment of Nur Mohammad Taraki, secretary general of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, as prime minister.
		Taraki, possibly with Soviet backing, almost immediately became engaged in a power struggle with Hafizullah Amin, whose hardline policies toward the increasingly restive Muslim tribes was fueling the organization of antigovernment mujaheddin guerrilla bands.
	www.cqpress.com /context/articles/wepl_afghan.html (818 words)

	Document Six: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Maybe we should invite [Taraki] here and tell him, that we will increase our assistance to you, but we cannot introduce troops, since they would be fighting not against the army, which in essence has gone over to the adversary or is just sitting and waiting it out, but against the people.
		Nur Taraki and member of the Politburo, secretary of CC PDPA, deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs of the DRA comrade Hafizullah Amin.
		Taraki was trying to show, the measures being taken against the leading activists of “Parcham” did not exhibit any negative influence on people’s sentiments.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~aksmith/HY442/Afghanistan-Documents.htm (11442 words)

	List of leaders of Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mohammad Azim Khan (controlled much of the country 1866-1869)
		Nur Mohammad Taraki (April 30, 1978 - September 16, 1979)
		Haji Mohammad Chamkani (November 24, 1986 - September 30, 1987)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Afghanistan (511 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The reform program--which threatened to undermine basic Afghan cultural patterns--and political repression antagonized large segments of the population, but major violent responses did not occur until the uprising in Nurestan late in the summer of 1978.
		On May 4, 1986, Mohammad Najibullah, former head of the secret police, replaced Karmal as secretary general of the PDPA, and in November 1986 Karmal was relieved of all his government and party posts.
		With the fall of the Communist government, Afghanistan appeared to be on a course of Islamicization; the interim government banned the sale of alcohol and pressured women to cover their heads in public and adopt traditional Muslim dress.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/History.CivilWar.shtm (1071 words)

	[ Afghan Elections 2004-2005 ]
		British forces invade Afghanistan, ousting Dost Mohammad and installing as ruler in Kabul the former Saduza'i monarch, with disastrous consequences as the puppet ruler along with the entire British army is killed by the Afghans.
		After Mohammad Daud, a new era is ushered in, known as the "Decade of Democracy," along with the proclamation of a constitutional monarchy.
		He was succeeded by Mohammad Karim Khalili, while a splinter group of the same name is under the leadership of Mohammad Akbari.
	www.azadiradio.org /en/specials/elections/historical-chronology.asp (2041 words)

	The Invasion of Afghanistan
		Taraki had taken power in April 1978, when army officers had ousted an non-aligned government that had itself ousted the monarchy in 1975.
		Headed by Taraki, this regime was friendly to the Soviet Union, and pursued secularist reforms similar to those once implemented in Soviet Central Asia, including secular education, equal rights for women, land reforms, and other administrative reforms.
		Islamic resistance first aroused by the Taraki reforms was organized and capable of small-scale armed resistance by the time of the invasion.
	www.soviethistory.org /index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1980afghanistan&Year=1980 (511 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		After 1955, with India and Pakistan independent, the Afghan government of Mohammad Daud Khan forged economic and military ties to the U.S.S.R. The monarchy was overthrown by Daud Khan in 1973 and was succeeded by a one-party state.
		Leftists in the Afghan officer corps, perhaps fearing a blow against themselves, murdered Daud Khan in April 1978 and pledged to pursue friendly relations with the U.S.S.R. Thus Afghanistan, under the rule of Nur Mohammad Taraki, was virtually in the Soviet camp.
		When Taraki objected to a purge of the Afghan Cabinet, however, the leader of a rival faction, Hafizullah Amin, had him arrested and killed.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/SovietsinAfghanistan.shtm (530 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Maybe we should invite [Taraki] here and tell him, that we will increase our assistance to you, but we cannot introduce troops, since they would be fighting n ot against the army, which in essence has gone over to the adversary or is just sitting and waiting it out, but against the people.
		Nur Taraki and member of the Politburo, secretary of CC PDPA, deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs of the DRA comrade Hafizul lah Amin.
		It seems to me t hat, in the discussion with Taraki, all these questions must be raised, and in particular, let him explain the state of affairs with the army and in the country generally.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~aksmith/HY442/Afghanistan-Documents.rtf (18225 words)

	It is now or never (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On 1 January 1965 twenty-eight educated Afghans assembled secretly in the residence of Nur Mohammad Taraki in Karta-e-Char in the city of Kabul, and there they founded the PDPA along the lines of the pro-Moscow communist parties.
		In this first party congress they named Nur Mohammad Taraki as general secretary and Babrak Karmal as secretary of the PDPA.
		Taraki, for instance, kissed the hands of the Afghan king, and Karmal, in a parliamentary session, called the king the most progressive monarch in Asia
	www.afghanistanpeoplefree.mywebplus.com /page/page/1485768.htm (932 words)

	Taraki, Nur Mohammad -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		When Mohammad Zahir Shah introduced a more flexible home and foreign policy in 1963, Taraki entered politics and helped found the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), a Marxist party with close ties to the Soviet Union.
		Taraki also found himself on the losing end of a power struggle with Hafizullah Amin, a deputy prime minister and fellow member of the People's faction of the PDPA.
		Mohammad II (Mehmed the Conqueror) (1432–81), Ottoman sultan, born in Adrianople (now Edirne); during rule (1444–46 and 1451–81), captured Constantinople and thus completed the Ottoman destruction of the Byzantine Empire; fourth son of Murad II; restored and repopulated Constantinople after capture in 1453; reorganized Ottoman administration, codified laws, encouraged scholarship...
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9384575 (858 words)

	Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Conditions continued to deteriorate, and on 14 September 1979, Taraki died in a confrontation with Amin's supporters.
		Nur Mohammad Taraki became president of the Revolutionary Council, prime minister of the country and secretary general of party.
		4 May 1986, Mohammad Najibullah, former head of the secret police, replaced Karmal as secretary general of the PDPA (Karmal was relieved of all his posts in November 1986).
	novaonline.nv.cc.va.us /eli/evans/his135/Events/Afghanistan79.htm (1319 words)

	The Soviet Experience in Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Further, Comrade Taraki said that Iran and Pakistan are supplying arms to the insurgents, and that, at the time, Afghans were returning from Iran, but it turned out that they were not Afghans but rather soldiers of the Iranian army dressed in Afghan clothing.
		I think that we should say to Taraki bluntly that we support all their actions and will render the kind of support that we agreed upon yesterday and today, but that in no case will we go forward with a deployment of troops into Afghanistan.
		In the opinion of Comrade Taraki, all who have gathered from the ranks of those dissatisfied with the new regime will then unite and set out for Kabul, and that will be the end of his government.
	www.yirmeyahureview.com /archive/afghanistan/gwu_soviet_experience_in_afghanistan.htm (12938 words)

	Forwardgarden.com
		Nur Mohammad Taraki becomes prime minister, and Babrak Karmal and Hafizullah Amin become deputy prime ministers.
		The Taraki regime announces Marxist-Leninist reforms such as the elimination of usury, equal rights for women, land reforms and administrative decrees.
		He is replaced with Dr. Sayid Mohammad Najibullah, the former head of the secret police.
	www.forwardgarden.com /forward/37075.html (1280 words)

	How U.S. destroyed progressive secular forces in Afghanistan
		The reactionary government of Mohammad Daoud, which was close to both the shah of Iran and the United States, arrested almost the entire leadership of the PDPA on April 26, 1978.
		There had been a huge funeral procession just a week earlier for a murdered member of the party, and the progressive masses in Kabul saw the new arrests as an attempt to annihilate the party just as the military junta had done to the workers' parties in Chile in 1973.
		An uprising by the lower ranks of the military freed the popular party leader, Nur Mohammad Taraki--the soldiers actually broke down his prison walls with a tank.
	www.lafn.org /~cymbala/ww0_911.html (1457 words)

	Untitled Document
		Afghanistan was under the rule of King Mohammad Zahir Shah from 1933-1973.
		Mohammad Taraki, leader of the PDPA, took over the presidency and together with his lieutenant, Hafizullah Amin, slaughtered many
		It is believed that Moscow's hands-on role in Afghan affairs began with the April 1978 coup by the Afghan communist party.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~srmcgann/pol2.html (365 words)

	Amin, Hafizullah -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		He joined the Wikh-e Zalmayan (“Awakened Youth”), a reform-minded brotherhood, and in 1963 became a member of the leftist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), which was headed by Nur Mohammad Taraki.
		As a member of the People's (“Khalq”) faction of the PDPA, he participated with Taraki in removing members of the Banner (“Parcham”) faction from any real positions of power in the government.
		Taraki became president and prime minister, and Amin was named deputy prime minister.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9384572 (677 words)

	PashtunFoundation.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Zahir Shah was in Italy for an eye operation when he was deposed in a palace coup by his cousin, Mohammad Daoud.
		Mohammad Taraki took power as head of the country's first Marxist
		opposed to Taraki, and in October 1979 Taraki was secretly executed,
	en.pashtunfoundation.org /bodytext.php?request=227 (870 words)

	Hafizullah Amin Online Research :: Information about Hafizullah Amin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It was in that meeting between Taraki and Leonid Bresnhev that the decition of removing Amid took place.
		Preceded by: Nur Muhammad Taraki President of Afghanistan September 1979 â“ December 1979 Succeeded by: Babrak Karmal
		Preceded by: Nur Muhammad Taraki Prime Minister of Afghanistan March 1979 â“ December 1979 Succeeded by: Babrak Karmal
	in-northcarolina.com /search/Hafizullah_Amin.html (947 words)

	RFE/RL Afghanistan Report
		On 27 April 1978 -- 7 Saur 1357 in the Afghan calendar -- a number of officers loyal to the banned People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) staged a bloody coup d'etat that overthrew the republican regime of Mohammad Daud, replacing it with a Marxist-ideology-based regime headed by Nur Mohammad Taraki.
		Most likely the coup was not sponsored by foreign countries but executed by members of the PDPA, after Mohammad Daud had arrested most of the top leaders of the party a day earlier.
		During the second and final day of his visit to Pakistan, Karzai warned that both countries face a threat from terrorism and extremism perpetuated by remaining members of the Taliban, some of whom are believed to have fled to Pakistan.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/news/2003/05/15-010503.htm (3549 words)

	New America Media
		The April 1978 Revolution saw Nur Mohammad Taraki at the helm.
		"Taraki instituted drastic social and economic measures, including land reforms, women's rights and education, thus continuing to offend those with vested interests" (Sadat, 1979:6).
		In 1979 Amin, while Taraki was in negotiation with the Soviets in Moscow, seized power, and on Taraki's return had him executed.
	news.ncmonline.com /news/view_article.html?article_id=263§ion_id=3 (1185 words)

	Revolution and counter-revolution in Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On March 20, 1979, Taraki rushed to Moscow soon after a bloody army rebellion in Herat, in which hundreds of Afghan officials and Soviet advisers, who were assisting the women's literacy program there, were massacred.
		Taraki urgently appealed for Soviet ground troops to be sent to help the Afghan army defeat the counter-revolution.
		In his meeting with Taraki, Kosygin agreed to increased military supplies and additional Soviet advisers but again ruled out troops, telling the Afghan leader: ``We must not allow the situation to seem as if you were not able to deal with your own problems and invited foreign troops to assist you...
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/2001/474/474p16.htm (3245 words)

	List of leaders of Afghanistan - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		September 27, 1996 - April 16, 2001 - Mullah Mohammad Rabbani, Head of the Supreme Council.
		September 30, 1987 - November 30, 1987 - Mohammad Najibullah, President of the Revolutionary Council.
		April 30, 1978 - September 16, 1979 - Nur Mohammad Taraki[?], President of the Revolutionary Council.
	www.openproxy.ath.cx /li/List_of_leaders_of_Afghanistan.html (378 words)

	Workers World Sept. 3, 1998: The CIA and the Taliban
		There had been a huge funeral procession just a week earlier for a murdered member of the party, and the progressive masses in Kabul saw the new arrests as an attempt to annihilate the party, just as the military junta had done to the workers' parties in Chile five years earlier.
		An uprising by the lower ranks of the military freed the popular party leader, Nur Mohammad Taraki - the soldiers actually broke down his prison walls with a tank.
		This uprising of the soldiers and the city masses, many of them low-paid civil servants in a country with very little industry, held the promise of breaking down the old traditions based on oppression and fear.
	www.workers.org /ww/1998/afghan0903.php (1208 words)

	Foreign Affairs - America and Russia: The Rules of the Game: Into the Breach New Soviet Alliances in the Third World - ...
		In April 1978, Nur Mohammad Taraki's People's Party launched a successful armed coup in Afghanistan against the military government led by President Mohammad Daoud.
		In Afghanistan, before the Taraki coup, Soviet advisers were well entrenched in the Afghan armed forces; the Soviets were the leading arms suppliers.
		And in South Yemen, before the communist coup, the Soviets were training the South Yemen army, the Cubans were training the "people's militia"-which played a critical role in neutralizing the army that was loyal to President Ali-and the East Germans were training the security services.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19790301faessay9914/donald-zagoria/america-and-russia-the-rules-of-the-game-into-the-breach-new-soviet-alliances-in-the-third-world.html (854 words)

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