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Topic: Nuremberg Military Tribunals

Related Topics

International Military Tribunal

Flick Trial

Ministries Trial

High Command Trial

Hostages Trial

Milch Trial

IG Farben Trial

RuSHA Trial

Pohl Trial

Krupp Trial

Nuremberg Trials

Einsatzgruppen Trial

Judgment at Nuremberg

Lothar Rendulic

ICCt

	Nuremberg Trials - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Nuremberg Trials were the trials of officials involved in World War II and the Holocaust during the Nazi regime.
		The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany, from 1945 to 1949, at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice.
		Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia - Tribunal for Rwanda - Tribunal for Sierra Leone
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuremberg_Trials (3029 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Nuremberg Trials
		Nuremberg (German: NÃ¼rnberg) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia.
		Nuremberg Palace of Justice is a building complex in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany which is most famous for being the location of the famous Nuremberg Trials that were held after the Second World War for the henchmen of Adolf Hitler, between 1945 and 1949 for those who were still presumed to...
		At the most famous of these, the Nuremberg Trial, 22 individual Nazi officials, and seven groups that had been organized to carry out the Nazi programs, were placed on trial for their crimes.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Nuremberg-Trials (817 words)

	Subsequent Nuremberg Trials - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Based on this law, the U.S. authorities proceeded after the end of the initial Nuremberg Trial against the major war criminals to hold another twelve trials in Nuremberg.
		The judges in all these trials were American, and so were the prosecutors; the Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Brigadier General Telford Taylor.
		The twelve U.S. trials before the NMT took place from December 9, 1946 to April 13, 1949.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_Trials (328 words)

	Nuremberg trial records, papers of William Donovan
		William J. "Wild Bill" Donovan during the Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminals are now housed in the Cornell Law Library, where they will be accessible to researchers, thanks to the efforts of New York lawyer and Cornell alumnus Henry Korn.
		The OSS was designated as the U.S. investigatory unit for the International Military Tribunal (IMT).
		The Donovan papers are an important record of the Nuremberg process and offer a valuable historical perspective of the trial itself and Donovan's unique role in it.
	www.news.cornell.edu /Chronicle/98/10.29.98/Nuremberg.html (1105 words)

	tribunals
		The tribunals would be convened and conducted by the military.
		Yet the rules created for the tribunals fall egregiously short of the rules used by the military in standard court martial proceedings.
		Under the Administration’s military tribunals, only a two-thirds majority would be required to impose a sentence of death.
	www.ncadp.org /html/tribunals.html (652 words)

	CNN.com - Key tribunals - December 6, 2001
		Military tribunals have a long history in the United States: Some legal scholars say the first tribunal was held in the United States in 1780.
		The tribunal, which stemmed from the London Agreement of August 8, was adopted by the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and France.
		The international tribunals for the Far East in Tokyo for Japanese war crimes stemming from World War II were conducted from 1946 to 1948.
	www.cnn.com /2001/LAW/12/06/inv.tribunals.timeline (604 words)

	William A. Schabas, Sentencing By International Tribunals: A Human Rights Approach, 7 Duke J. of Comp. & Int'l L. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The United States Military Tribunal considered as mitigating factors the fact that Flick sheltered a conspirator in the attempt to murder Hitler, and that Steinbrinck attempted to respect the laws of war by rescuing survivors of a sinking ship.
		At Nuremberg and Tokyo, and in the various successor trials of the national military tribunals, retribution played a major role in fixing sentences, as shown by widespread use of the death penalty.
		The Statute of the tribunals provides for the possibility of pardon or commutation, "[i]f, pursuant to the applicable law of the State in which the convicted person is imprisoned, he or she is eligible for pardon or commutation of sentence."
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/djcil/articles/djcil7p461.htm (15907 words)

	Robert H. Bork on Military Courts on National Review Online
		We should be wary of international tribunals in any event since their establishment seems part of a more general move to erode U.S. sovereignty by subjecting our actions to control by other nations.
		But they were procedures unknown to military tribunals which are not courts in the sense of the Judiciary Articles" of the Constitution.
		We remember the Nuremberg trial, with many of the trappings of a civilian court, as an attempt (failed in my view) to establish an international rule of law in open proceedings.
	www.nationalreview.com /17dec01/bork121701.shtml (1121 words)

	FindLaw's Writ - Dean: Military Tribunals
		As I discussed at greater length in a previous column on critiques of the tribunals, I am baffled why the critics (particularly those who support the war) want to change the rules of warfare when enemy combatants are captured.
		Military commissions (interchangeably called tribunals) are not the legal equivalent of kangaroo courts, nor are they odious star chambers incapable of administering justice.
		Military commissions were used with both volunteer American troops who went out of control once below the Rio Grande, and to deal with the offenses of Mexican guerrilla fighters, and the fractious local populace, in Mexico.
	writ.news.findlaw.com /dean/20011207.html (1277 words)

	Project on International Courts and Tribunals
		In order to pressure the conflicting parties to comply with their obligations under international humanitarian law, in October 1992, the Security Council asked the UN Secretary General to establish a Commission of Experts to report on evidence of grave breaches of international humanitarian law in the former Yugoslavia.
		Firstly, all member States of the United Nations are bound to comply with the requests and decisions of the tribunals (which makes them the fora with the largest footing and avoids the issue of States' consent, which cripples fora like the ICJ and the ITLOS).
		Secondly, unlike the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals, neither the ICTY nor the ICTR possess the means to bring an accused to trial of its own.
	www.pict-pcti.org /courts/ICTY.html (875 words)

	Project on International Courts and Tribunals
		Provision was also made for military tribunals of international composition to try ...persons guilty of criminal acts against the nationals of more than one of the Allied and Associated Powers , but such tribunals were never established.
		In the aftermath of the Second World War, two ad hoc international military tribunals (the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East) were established to try individuals who committed war crimes, crimes against peace and crimes against humanity.
		First of all and most obviously, unlike the Yugoslavia and Rwanda tribunals, the ICC is a permanent judicial body, the jurisdiction of which is not limited by any time limits (of course, save the principle of non-retroactivity) and, at least potentially, has universal reach.
	www.pict-pcti.org /courts/ICC.html (921 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Issues: Warfare and Conflict: War Crimes: Nuremberg, International Military Tribunal
		The Einsatzgruppen Case - Military Tribunal II Case 9 - Documents from the trial of individuals involved in Nazi death squads that executed Jews en masse in occupied sections of the Soviet Union.
		Nuremberg Trials Project - The Harvard Law School Library has approximately one million pages of documents relating to the trial of military and political leaders of Nazi Germany before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) and to the twelve trials of other accused war criminals before the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT).
		Nuremberg War Trials: The Ministries Cases (The Nazi Judges Cases) - The trial of sixteen defendants, members of the Reich Ministry of Justice or People's and Special Courts, raised the issue of what responsibility judges might have for enforcing grossly unjust--but arguably binding--laws.
	www.dmoz.org /Society/Issues/Warfare_and_Conflict/War_Crimes/Nuremberg,_International_Military_Tribunal (623 words)

	Nuremberg Trials
		The Nuremberg Trials is the general name for two sets of trials of Nazis involved in crimes committed during the Holocaust of World War II.
		It was also at Nuremberg that the Nazi leaders had proclaimed the Nuremberg Laws, which stripped Jews of their property and basic rights.
		In addition to prosecuting individuals, the International Military Tribunal also issued indictments of such Nazi organizations as the SS, the SA (stormtroopers or brownshirts), and the High Command of the German Army.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1685.html (1588 words)

	Tribunals
		(b) As a military function and in light of the findings in section 1, including subsection (f) thereof, the Secretary of Defense shall issue such orders and regulations, including orders for the appointment of one or more military commissions, as may be necessary to carry out subsection (a) of this section.
		(a) As a military function and in light of the findings in section 1, the Secretary of Defense shall issue such orders and regulations as may be necessary to carry out any of the provisions of this order.
		Bush Order on Military Tribunals is Further Evidence That Government is Abandoning Democracy's Checks and Balances, Statement of Laura W. Murphy, Director ACLU Washington National Office.
	www.nimj.org /documents/tribunals.htm (2469 words)

	Berga. War Crimes. WWII and Its Legacy. WWII Atrocities \| PBS
		At the cessation of hostilities in Asia, a similar tribunal was created for some of the crimes committed by the Axis powers in Asia.
		This absence of law establishing protections for all civilians challenged the Tribunals' ability to hold military and civilian leaders of the Third Reich accountable for the war crimes committed against its own civilian population.
		In addition to the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals, which tried only the top echelon of political and military leaders, thousands of war crimes trials were conducted by more than twenty countries in Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/berga/crimes/mt.html (453 words)

	FindLaw's Writ - Dean: The Critics Are Wrong
		As the Supreme Court stated in Ex Parte Quirin, "military tribunals … are not courts in the sense of the Judiciary Article [of the Constitution]." Rather, they are the military's administrative bodies to determine the guilt of declared enemies, and pass judgment.
		Because these military tribunals are not courts, and because they have been used since before the Constitution was adopted, there are unresolved issues relating to the application of the Constitution.
		At a military trial, such information could be provided the officers hearing the case; it could not, however, be given to a lay jury in a civil trial, due to the security risks.
	writ.news.findlaw.com /dean/20011123.html (2897 words)

	Rumsfeld Gives Details of Rules for Military War Tribunals
		Rumsfeld said, that the military tribunals will function in a manner that differs from both the federal court system and the military court system.
		That view is not a legal certainty, however, and the administration is wrestling with finding a locale that would afford the military the most control and prevent the federal courts from intervening in death penalty cases.
		The suspects can replace their military lawyers with another military lawyer, as well as have their own civilian lawyers, provided that the lawyer is an American citizen and cleared to receive secret information.
	www.deathpenaltyinfo.org /article.php?scid=33&did=223 (1498 words)

	University of Southampton Libraries Special Collections - MS 200 Papers of the International Military Tribunal and the ...
		The International Military Tribunal (IMT) was established in consequence of the London Agreement of 8 August 1945, which dealt with the punishment of the war criminals of the European Axis.
		Although the trials were military, they were conducted before American civilian judges, on indictments filed by Brigadier General Telford Taylor, United States Chief of Counsel for War Crimes, acting on behalf of the USA.
		The documentation for both the IMT and NMT was reproduced, either as mimeographs or as carbon copies, and was distributed by the Office of the Chief of US Counsel for War Crimes, Document Division.
	www.archives.lib.soton.ac.uk /guide/MS200.shtml (817 words)

	FindLaw Legal News: Special Coverage: War on Terror: Documents
		The Critics Are Wrong: Why President Bush's Decision to Bring Foreign Terrorists to Justice Before Military Tribunals Should Not Offend Civil Libertarians By John Dean, Former Counsel to the President of the United States.
		Appropriate Justice for Terrorists: Using Military Tribunals Rathern Than Criminal Courts By John Dean, Former Counsel to the President of the United States.
		International Military Tribunal for the Far East From the Avalon Project at the Yale Law School.
	news.findlaw.com /legalnews/us/terrorism/documents/tribunals.html (776 words)

	HLS : Harvard Law School Launches Nuremberg Trials Project
		But the documentation relating to the trials of other groups and individuals for medical experimentation on humans, torture of POWs, use of slave labor, plunder and spoliation of private property, mass murder of civilians, and the manufacture of chemical weapons is harder to find.
		Known as the Medical Case or the Doctors' Trial, Case 1 was held in 1946-1947 and involved 23 defendants accused of organizing and participating in war crimes and crimes against humanity in the form of harmful or fatal medical experiments and procedures inflicted on both civilians and prisoners of war.
		The three largest groups of documents are trial documents for the 12 NMT trials and the IMT trial, trial transcripts for the twelve NMT trials and the IMT trial, and evidence file documents (the photostats, typescripts, and evidence analyses from which the prosecution, and occasionally defendants, drew their exhibits).
	www.law.harvard.edu /news/2003/07/31_nuremberg.php (602 words)

	The Mazal Library
		The Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals (NMT) differ from the Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) in a number of different ways.
		The IMT process held between November 14, 1945 and October 1, 1946 was held under the aegis of an international court with judges and prosecutors from the United States, Great Britain, the Provisional Government of France and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
		The NMT process held from October 1946 through May of 1949 focused on many of the actual perpetrators of the war crimes.
	www.mazal.org /NMT-HOME.htm (382 words)

	Harvard Gazette: Harvard Law School website gives access to Nuremberg Trials documents
		To preserve the contents of these documents and to provide expanded access to the material, the library has begun a digital project to create and present images or full-text versions of its Nuremberg documents on the Internet, along with analytical information about each document and general information about the trials.
		The charge of "crimes against humanity" originated in Nuremberg and set a precedent for the ad hoc tribunals to try war crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda.
		In addition, documents relating to the trials of two Nazi officials, NMT 2 (Erhard Milch) and NMT 4 (Oswald Pohl) have been digitized and added to the website.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/daily/0308/06-nuremberg.html (601 words)

	Military History Online
		The Einsatzgruppen were immediately behind the advancing military units and assumed responsibility for the security of the political regime.
		Each stage has to be fully experienced before the subject advances to the next one, a process that can occur cataclysmically in a short period of time or across a period of years.
		Military Tribunal II Case No. 9: Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, Vol.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /wwii/articles/specialmotivation.aspx (4574 words)

	Caring for Refugees and Survivors of Torture; Background
		The legal framework for the Nuremberg Trials was drawn up in 1943 when Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin signed the Declaration of Moscow, which addressed the atrocities being committed by the Nazis and issued a warning to the German government that the Allies were ready to prosecute any individual responsible for war crimes.
		The International Military Tribunal carried out 12 different trials under the mandate of Law No. 10; the Major German War Criminals’ Trial and the Doctors' Trial are the two best known.
		The first one is the Nuremberg Code, a document that delimits the extent of human experimentation and sets forth voluntary informed understanding consent as the key element for human participation in any type of experimentation.
	www.bcrhhr.org /pro/course/background.html (1816 words)

	Tribunals on Trial \| csmonitor.com
		Now, almost 60 years later, the story of the German saboteurs and their trial by military tribunal is at the heart of President Bush's plan to bring Osama bin Laden and his Al Qaeda operatives to justice.
		If a tribunal decided that certain information was of "probative value to a reasonable person" it could permit the introduction of any kind of evidence including, in theory, rumor, hearsay, and even statements obtained under torture.
		One major concern about the fairness of military tribunals is that, at present, there is no requirement that the same due-process rights guaranteed to American soldiers tried in military courts will be accorded to accused terrorists standing trial in military courts.
	www.csmonitor.com /2001/1214/p1s2-usgn.html (1835 words)

	Controversy dogs terror tribunals \| csmonitor.com
		TRIBUNALS ON TRIAL: Afghan Habir Russol (left) was released from Guantánamo Bay on July 20.
		The spark that restarted the military tribunal machinery was a July 15 federal court ruling.
		Tribunals are likely to restart in 30 to 45 days, a Pentagon official told reporters.
	www.csmonitor.com /2005/0726/p02s01-usju.html?s=itm (662 words)

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