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Topic: Nuremberg War Trials

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	THE NUREMBERG TRIALS
		The famous trials conducted at Nuremberg between Oct0ber 20, 1945 and October 1, 1946 were not the first or the last trials of Nazi war criminals.
		The first trials were held in the Soviet Union in the city of Krasnodar on the northeastern edge of the Black Sea from July 14 to July 17, 1943.
		Following the trials at Nuremberg, numerous trials of war criminals were held in the British, French, American and Soviet sectors of Germany, on Austria, at Bergen-Belsen, Auschwitz (1947), in many other places where the crimes took place, in France, Italy and in Israel.
	www.mtsu.edu /~baustin/trials.html (477 words)

	Laws of war - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Among other issues, the laws of war address declaration of war, acceptance of surrender and the treatment of prisoners of war; the avoidance of atrocities; the prohibition on deliberately attacking civilians; and the prohibition of certain inhumane weapons.
		It is a violation of the laws of war to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements, among them the wearing of a distinctive uniform or other easily identifiable badge and the carrying of weapons openly.
		During conflict, punishment for violating the laws of war may consist of a specific, deliberate and limited violation of the laws of war in reprisal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laws_of_war (1276 words)

	::Nuremberg War Crime Trials::
		The Nuremberg War Crime Trials were held between 1945 to 1949.
		However, the most famous trials at Nuremberg were those of the major war criminals and these were held from November 20th, 1945 to October 1st, 1946.
		Nuremberg had witnessed the infamous Nazi Party rallies and by holding the trials there, it would emphasise the party's end.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /nuremberg_war_crime_trials.htm (551 words)

	THHP Short Essay: The Trial at Nuremberg
		During World War II the Allies were determined that both Hitler and the men around him should be punished for starting World War II and the crimes they had committed while they were waging it.
		At the most famous of these, the Nuremberg Trial, 22 individual Nazi officials, and seven groups that had been organized to carry out the Nazi programs, were placed on trial for their crimes.
		The trial was held before a panel of judges selected by the Allies called the Tribunal and presided over by a British judge named Lord Lawrence.
	www.holocaust-history.org /short-essays/nuremberg.shtml (1505 words)

	JURIST - The Nuremberg Trials
		For example, the trial of sixteen German judges and officials of the Reich Ministry (The Justice Trial) considered the criminal responsibility of judges who enforce immoral laws.
		On the opening day of the trial, the twenty-one indicted war trial defendants took their seats in the dock at the rear of the sage-green draped and dark paneled room.
		The trials also helped expose many of the defendants for the criminals they were, thus denying them a martyrdom in the eyes of the German public that they might otherwise have achieved.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /trials12.htm (4317 words)

	THE NUREMBERG TRIALS
		According to Telford Taylor (The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials, 1992:25), Churchill made statements at the Yalta Conference in February, 1945, which indicate that he did not consider Hess to be a "major war criminal" and should be given a "judicial trial." Apparently, Churchill was not fully aware of Hess' involvement in Nazi atrocities.
		During his trial, Jodl asserted that it was the Czechs who initiated it by massing troops on the German border, knowing full well that plans for the invasion of Czechoslovakia were in place at least six months prior to the invasion.
		In his absence from the trial, the Bormann investigation proceeded on the basis of voluminous documentary evidence linking him to the expulsion of millions of Jews to Poland, the utilization of Ukrainian women as slave labor.
	www.mtsu.edu /~baustin/trials3.html (4437 words)

	Reconsidering the Nuremberg Trials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		War is a political and not a legal act, and if at the termination of a war, should it be considered that certain of the enemy's leaders are politically too dangerous to be left at large, then, as Napoleon was, they should be banished to some island.
		"The war crimes trials were a reversion to the ancient practice of the savage extermination of a defeated enemy and particularly of its leaders.
		This is especially true when such trials are used to punish the men of the military services who were directing those services in time of war, and thus giving nothing more than an expression of the basic purposes of their whole adult life.
	www.codoh.com /trials/trirecon.html (1554 words)

	The Avalon Project : The International Military Tribunal for Germany
		Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal.
		Reprints of the Trial of the Major War Criminals are available from the Hein Co. at 1-800-828-7571.
		Royal Warrant : Regulations for the Trial of War Criminals; June 18, 1945
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/imt/imt.htm (489 words)

	Directory - Society: Issues: Warfare and Conflict: War Crimes: Nuremberg, International Military Tribunal
		Nuremberg Trials Project · cached · The Harvard Law School Library has approximately one million pages of documents relating to the trial of military and political leaders of Nazi Germany before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) and to the twelve trials of other accused war criminals before the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT).
		Nuremberg Trials Photos · cached · Images and descriptions of the defendants and judges in the tribunal proceedings at the end of WWII.
		Nuremberg War Trials: The Ministries Cases (The Nazi Judges Cases) · cached · The trial of sixteen defendants, members of the Reich Ministry of Justice or People's and Special Courts, raised the issue of what responsibility judges might have for enforcing grossly unjust--but arguably binding--laws.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=1219780 (630 words)

	Nuremberg War Trials: The Ministries Cases (The Nazi Judges Cases)
		The scope of inquiry as to war crimes is, of course, limited by the provisions, properly construed, of the Charter and C.C. Law 10.
		Both indicate by inclusion and exclusion the intent that the term “war crime” shall be employed to cover acts in violation of the laws and customs of war directed against non-Germans, and shall not include atrocities committed by Germans against their own nationals.
		The defendant Lautz testified that according to the provisions of a decree which antedated the war and by reason of the general regulations of the law in every case it had to be pointed out in the indictment if the person was a Jew or of mixed race.
	www.law.umkc.edu /faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/Alstoetter.htm (16113 words)

	War Crimes Trials
		I think the Nuremberg trials are a fl page in the history of the world...I discussed the legality of these trials with some of the lawyers and some of the judges who participated therein.
		To bring them to trial under post facto law, concocted to convict them, is a piece of hideous hypocrisy and humbug.
		Rear Admiral Robert A. Theobald, U.S.N. I am quite clear that any trial of defeated foes by their victors is a mistake and a precedent which should not be followed among what are commonly described as civilised nations.
	www.stormfront.org /revision/ff1warcrimes.html (874 words)

	Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
		After the war was over and the regime toppled, there was still the question of what to do with the leaders of this calamitous campaign.
		The founding of the IMT and the ensuing Nuremberg Trial has been the basis of modern military law which every country must abide by in order to keep peace.
		The Nuremberg Trials: The Defendants and the Verdicts.
	nhs.needham.k12.ma.us /cur/Baker_00/03-04/Baker-scl-cap-3-04/nuremberg_war_crimes_trial.htm (1123 words)

	Your ABA: Q&A with Benjamin Ferencz
		So by the time the Nuremberg trials were on, I was a very experienced man in the field, having been involved in the liberation of many concentration camps and knowing the legal background as well as the factual background.
		The most impressive thing to me at Nuremberg and in my other experiences in Germany was a complete absence of remorse on the part of the defendants.
		The trial in which I was the chief prosecutor against the special extermination squad, the lead defendant there was a general in the SS, Doctor Ohlendorf.
	www.abanet.org /media/youraba/200512/article04.html (1330 words)

	Telford Taylor
		In the decades after the Nuremberg trials, Taylor wrote and lectured extensively on the moral conduct of the United States and other nations and was an early opponent of Senator Joseph R. McCarthy.
		Taylor disclosed nearly 50 years after the war in his book "Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials" (1992) that before he became involved in the trials, he was, like most Americans, ignorant of the mass extermination camps in which millions of innocent civilians were killed.
		From Taylor's perspective, the trials were intended not only to bring closure to the war and to punish those aggressors who were most responsible for crimes against humanity; they were also the first step in bringing Germany back into the family of nations and establishing a framework so that such a tragedy would not recur.
	www.mishalov.com /Taylor,Telford.html (1943 words)

	American Experience \| The Nuremberg Trials \| People & Events \| PBS
		The Geneva and Hague Conventions, intended to protect the sick and wounded in wartime, had defined war crimes, but the Allied powers wanted to go further, seeking to prosecute the waging of aggressive war, the violation of sovereignty, and the perpetration of crimes against humanity.
		The Soviet Union wanted the trial held in Soviet-occupied Berlin, but the trial was held in the American sector of Germany.
		In the city of Nuremberg, a former location of Nazi Party rallies, was a Palace of Justice that had largely escaped damage by Allied bombers.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/nuremberg/peopleevents/e_tribunal.html (878 words)

	Gallery - Nuremberg Trials- Photos
		The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials brought 22 Nazi officials to court in 1945-46.
		Justice Robert Jackson, Chief Prosecutor for the United States at the Nuremberg Trials, presents an argument to the International Military Tribunal in the courtroom in Nuremberg, Germany.
		British Judge Lawrence and American Justice Francis Biddle confer at the opening of the War Crimes Trial in Nuremberg, Germany on November 20, 1945.
	fcit.coedu.usf.edu /holocaust/resource/gallery/N1945.htm (315 words)

	Michael Asimow: Judgment at Nuremberg
		The Nuremberg war crime trials presented many thorny jurisprudential issues, such as the problem of ex post facto criminal law and the issue of how the court obtained jurisdiction over the defendants.
		At the Nuremberg trial, Janning conceded that he had decided to condemn Feldenstein even before the trial began, regardless of what the evidence would show.
		Muller also discusses the Nuremberg trial and domestic German trials against some of the judges—and recounts how all of them, judges and professors alike, were swiftly rehabilitated and got their jobs back.
	www.usfca.edu /pj/articles/Nuremberg.htm (1396 words)

	Court TV: A Look Back at Nuremberg
		After the Nuremberg trials, Sprecher went on to become vice chairman of the Democratic Party.
		Ohlendorf, considered too minor a figure to be tried at the initial trials, was convicted of war crimes in 1951 and hanged along with three other Einsatzgruppen commanders.
		Hoess was taken to Nuremberg too late to be included in the prosecution's case.
	www.courttv.com /casefiles/nuremberg (1265 words)

	Nuremberg Trials
		The Nuremberg Trials is the general name for two sets of trials of Nazis involved in crimes committed during the Holocaust of World War II.
		Near the end of the war, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked the War Department to devise a plan for bringing war criminals to justice.
		The Doctors’ Trial was the first of the 12 trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone in Nuremberg after the end of the World War II.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1685.html (1588 words)

	The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
		War crimes included actions that violated the traditional laws of war, such as bombing a civilian population center.
		The immediate purpose of the trial was to condemn the actions of the Nazis and to punish the Nazi leaders.
		The Nuremberg Trials were held at the end of ______.
	www.edhelper.com /ReadingComprehension_35_372.html (402 words)

	The Nuremberg Trials: the Defendants and Verdicts
		According to Telford Taylor (The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials, 1992:25), Churchill made statements at the Yalta Conference in February, 1945, which indicate that he did not consider Hess to be a "major war criminal" and should be given a "judicial trial." Apparently, Churchill was not fully aware of Hess’ involvement in Nazi atrocities.
		During his trial, Jodl asserted that it was the Czechs who initiated it by massing troops on the German border, knowing full well that plans for the invasion of Czechoslovakia were in place at least six months prior to the invasion.
		In his absence from the trial, the Bormann investigation proceeded on the basis of voluminous documentary evidence linking him to the expulsion of millions of Jews to Poland, the utilization of Ukrainian women as slave labor.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Holocaust/verdicts.html (4415 words)

	50 years since Nuremberg trials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It ranged over such offenses as torture and murder of prisoners of war and of civilians in occupied territories, killing hostages, forcing people into slave labor, persecuting people on political, racial or religious grounds.
		The accused war criminals "received as fair trials as possible" considering that enemies who had defeated them in war prosecuted them, observed historian Richard Wolin of Rice University.
		The most striking example of this, Taylor conceded, was the offense the tribunal termed "crimes against the peace," basically defined as embarking on aggressive wars.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/world/95/11/12/nuremberg.html (1280 words)

	Nuremberg War Crimes Trial
		It was decided to charge the men and women on four counts: crimes against peace (planning and making war); war crimes (responsibility for crimes during war); crimes against humanity (racial persecution) and conspiracy to commit other crimes.
		Again, individual war crimes have long been recognized by international law as triable by the courts of those states whose nationals have been outraged, at least so long as a state of war persists.
		I have always advocated the observance of the Geneva Convention, I was instrumental in the unshackling of British prisoners of war, I prevented the branding of Russian prisoners, and I intervened decisively against the plan to shoot 10,000 enemy prisoner-of-war, mainly airmen, after the air raid on Dresden.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWnuremberg.htm (3131 words)

	Larry Beinhart: Judgment at Nuremberg: War Crimes - The Huffington Post
		This is the 60th anniversary of the Nuremberg Trials.
		They are the rules under which a country can go to war, how it must conduct itself in a war, what it is responsible for, how it must treat the enemy and how it must treat civilians.
		They must bear the responsibility for all the death and pain and tragedy, for the families left homeless, the children killed, burned and crippled, the cities laid waste, the chaos, the murder, the fires and explosions, all of it.
	www.huffingtonpost.com /larry-beinhart/judgment-at-nuremberg-wa_b_11365.html (1131 words)

	Doctors from Hell : The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans: Current Amazon U.S.A. One-Edition Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		She recounts experiments in which concentration-camp inmates were forced into high-altitude chambers and sent to 68,000 feet without oxygen; the suffering of inmates forced to undergo freezing experiments in tanks of ice water until they died; malaria experiments on 1,200 inmates; and experiments in which inmates were artificially wounded and infected with mustard gas.
		Doctors from Hell includes trial transcripts that have not been easily available to the general public and previously unpublished photographs used as evidence in the trial.
		Spitz was the youngest court reporter during the Nuremberg trials as she transcribed the testimony in the trals of medical personnel.
	www.negative-procreative.biz /stuff-1591810329.html (1386 words)

	Nurnberg trials -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Nürnberg also spelled Nuremberg series of trials held in Nürnberg, Germany, in 1945–46, in which former Nazi leaders were indicted and tried as war criminals by the International Military Tribunal.
		Throughout the war, the Allies had cited atrocities committed by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler and announced their intention to punish those guilty of war crimes.
		Nuremberg is known for its toys, metalware, electrical machinery, vehicles, and office equipment.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9056532 (668 words)

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