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Topic: Nurse crop

	Encyclopedia: Nurse crop
		In agriculture, a nurse crop is an annual crop used to assist in establishment of a perennial.
		The widest use of nurse crops is in the establishment of legumaceous plants such as alfalfa, clover, and trefoil.
		Nurse crops reduce the incidence of weeds, prevent erosion, and prevent excessive sunlight from reaching tender seedlings.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Nurse-crop (144 words)

	Cover Crops Summary: Sustainable Agriculture Historical Documents from Kansas
		In 1914, nurse crops are considered useful "where spring rainfall is abundant." Oats, barley, or spring-planted winter wheat are to be sown thinly with the alfalfa.
		In eastern Kansas, a thinly seeded nurse crop of barley or oats was suggested.Interseeding into winter wheat in late winter or early springs was another method.
		In 1916, it was recommended as a substitute for corn or a sorghum crop within the rotation or when used in a longer rotation as a substitute for hay or pasture grasses.
	www.k-state.edu /issa/sare/covercrops (6329 words)

	Nurse crop -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In (The class of people engaged in growing food) agriculture, a nurse crop is an annual (The yield from plants in a single growing season) crop used to assist in establishment of a (A plant lasting for three seasons or more) perennial.
		The widest use of nurse crops is in the establishment of (additional info and facts about legumaceous) legumaceous plants such as (Leguminous plant grown for hay or forage) alfalfa, (A plant of the genus Trifolium) clover, and (An architectural ornament in the form of three arcs arranged in a circle) trefoil.
		(Annual grass of Europe and North Africa; grains used as food and fodder (referred to primarily in the plural: `oats')) Oats are the most common nurse crop, though other annual grains are also used.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/nu/nurse_crop.htm (175 words)

	Elstel Farm & Seeds : USING NURSE CROPS AND COMPANION FORAGES TO ESTABLISH CRABGRASS STANDS
		A thin, but effective, nurse crop can erge and produce a good grazing cycle or a hay cutting prior to and as the crabgrass crop is emerging, getting established and coming into a properly utilizable stand.
		Suggested nurse crop seeding rates are: Piper sudangrases - 5 lbs./ac, foxtail millet - 3 lbs./ac, pearl millet - 4 lbs./ac, hybrid sudangrasses - 7 lbs./ac, southern cowpeas - 10 lbs/ac, soybeans - 10 lbs./ac, mungbeans - 8 lbs./ac, and corn - 12 lbs./ac.
		If a relatively unpalatable nurse crop is used (such as pearl millet), the nurse crop may not be grazed as well as desired and the understory crabgrass will be overgrazed to some degree during the firs tgrazing.
	crabgrass.hypermart.net /factsheets/unc.html (1115 words)

	Establishment of Timothy Hay for Export - Manitoba Agriculture and Food (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		If using a nurse crop, use one that is least likely to lodge or could be harvested early as silage or greenfeed.
		Reduce the nurse crop seeding rate by at least 30% and reduce nitrogen fertilizer application to minimize competition.
		Straw from a nurse crop grown for grain should be baled off the field.
	www.gov.mb.ca /agriculture/crops/forages/timothy/establish.html (521 words)

	Crop Rotations for Central BC - BCMAL
		Two blocks were occupied by preceding crops and a third block by indicator crops sown in the third year.
		During the first 3 years, there was a sharp decline of the indicator crop in the non-legume sequence which was in direct contrast to a steady increase in the yield after legumes.
		Establishing the forage crop with a companion or nurse crop resulted in greater total production of feed over the length of the rotation although the seeding of the forage crop without a nurse crop produced a better hay yield in the first year of production.
	www.agf.gov.bc.ca /forage/crop_rot/crop_rot.htm (1269 words)

	Ground Covers for Mountain Communities
		In some situations a "nurse crop" may be desirable to provide immediate soil stabilization on steep slopes.
		A "nurse crop" of grasses and legumes may be needed to provide immediate soil stabilization on steep slopes.
		Nurse Crops are best planted in early spring or late fall when natural rainfall and snows are most likely.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/garden/07413.html (1173 words)

	SPFS Leguminous Seed
		Alfalfa is used as a permanent cover crop in fields, gardens, or orchards where the entire crop can be cut and left as a mulch.
		A nurse crop of oats or barley can be used if the lowest range of their seeding rate is observed.
		Remove the nurse crop and straw once the alfalfa is established.
	www.snow-pond.com /SoilSeed/legume.html (1831 words)

	Nurse suckering: a useful banana crop management option (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nurse suckering is also particularly useful in breaking the leaf spot disease cycle in a block.
		When the bunch on the mother plant has been harvested and the nurse is at least 1.5 m tall to the throat, cut down the nurse sucker and gouge out the growing point.
		With the latter two approaches, the subsequent crop is bigger because of a greater boost from the leaf and pseudostem of the nurse.
	www.dpi.qld.gov.au /horticulture/5212.html (1093 words)

	NZPPS paper - Weed Control In The Establishment Of Limpo Grass (Hemarthria altissima) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nurse crop seed was broadcast onto the soil surface of both areas on 13 April 1992.
		Nurse crop seedling establishment counts were taken 4 weeks after sowing.
		This should include a cropping phase prior to stolon establishment in late spring, ample cultivation, pretreatment of stolons to encourage rapid plant development, use of both pre- and post-planting selective herbicides to suppress annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, and a combination of protective nurse crops and selective herbicides during winter and spring.
	www.hortnet.co.nz /publications/nzpps/proceedings/94/94_44.htm (2191 words)

	Cover Crop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Cover crops such as cereal rye, oats, and winter wheat are planted as soon as possible after harvest on fields where residue will not adequately protect the soil from wind and water erosion during winter and spring.
		Cover crops are best suited to low residue crops such as soybeans or corn silage grown on erodible land.
		Cover crops need 30 - 40 days for good growth before a hard frost, so seeding after harvest normally won't allow time for the crop to grow and survive the winter.
	lwcd.org /covercrop.htm (253 words)

	Crop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A nick name for a presbyterian: from their cropping their hair, which they trimmed close to a bowl-dish, placed as a guide on their heads; whence they were likewise called roundheads.
		A crop is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion that is found in many animals, including earthworms, leechs, insects, and birds.
		Loading a crop duster with grass seed to be used for erosion control in the city of Los Alamos, NM after the Cerro Grande Fire.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /cr/crop.html (2914 words)

	Small Farm Success Project
		Planting phacelia thickly or with an appropriate nurse crop may be one approach to counteract possible germination difficulties under suboptimum conditions.
		A nurse crop such as buckwheat germinates reliably quickly and serves to protect the ground from erosion and shelter the second crop as it germinates more slowly.
		Suitable nurse crops when phacelia is used as an insectary planting would be quick-germinating insect-friendly herbs and flowers such as borage (Borago officinalis), cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus), achillea (Achillea millefolium), and buckwheat.
	www.smallfarmsuccess.com /Phacelia_farmer.cfm (1449 words)

	World War 1 and 2 - Companion planting
		Crops which suffer from greenfly and aphids may benefit from the proximity of marigolds: these attract hoverflies and are also said to deter other pests.
		The use of plants that produce copious nectar and protein-rich pollen in a vegetable garden is a good way to enhance the population of beneficial insects that control pests.
		Companion planting and use of nurse crops are proscribed in Leviticus 19:19.
	www.worldwardiary.com /history/Companion_planting (266 words)

	Crop Profile for Forage Alfalfa in New Jersey
		Nurse crops - Oats and peas are sometimes planted with alfalfa seed in spring plantings in southern New Jersey.
		Nurse crops supposedly reduce weed competition and provide a forage crop harvest from the field earlier than if the farmer depended on alfalfa alone.
		Nurse crops stunt the growth of the alfalfa in the spring, preventing the alfalfa from dropping the older leaves on its stems.
	pestdata.ncsu.edu /cropprofiles/docs/NJalfalfa.html (7624 words)

	Cajanus cajan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is the major pulse crop of the semiarid tropics, has been used for centuries in intercropping systems, and is an ideal source of fodder, food and firewood in agroforestry systems.
		In the north, it is planted as a late-maturing crop (9-11 mos.) at relatively wide spacings (50,000/ha) during the longest summer days.
		Early varieties, which are usually determinate (flowers borne on terminal racemes) and photoperiod insensitive, are sown densely (100,000 plants/ha) as sole crops during the rainy season or the post rainy season, when they use stored soil moisture and benefit from fewer pests and diseases (Sheldrake 1984).
	www.winrock.org /forestry/factpub/FACTSH/C_cajanbckup.html (1620 words)

	Summary of report - Silvicultural management of blackwood - Growth, form and quality
		A study investigated the feasibility of silvicultural intervention in flwood plantations grown with a Pinus radiata nurse crop, to improve stem form and growth rate.
		Altering the canopy structure of the plantations by thinning the P. radiata nurse crop had a positive effect on diameter growth of flwood.
		The manipulation of sidelight using shadecloth showed that sidelight (defined as the daily light conditions measured at midstem height) was not significantly reduced unless the shadecloth height was the same height as the flwood, or taller, at a distance of 50 cm from the flwood.
	www.rirdc.gov.au /reports/AFT/04-046sum.html (1290 words)

	Powell River Project - Revegetation Species and Practices
		These fast-growing annuals are often called "nurse crops" because they provide protection for the perennial species which are typically slower to establish.
		Nurse crops are most beneficial when seeding conditions (either the time of seeding, or soil conditions) are less than ideal.
		When the nurse crop dies back at the end of its annual cycle, the plant remains are decomposed by soil microbes and the released N can be taken up by perennial plant species.
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/mines/460-122/460-122.html (6269 words)

	Des Moines Forage & Turf: Specialty Forages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This high-protein blend of forage triticale and forage field peas is both a high-yielding spring forage and an excellent nurse crop for underseeded alfalfa.
		Featuring low fiber levels, excellent palatability and protein levels of 15 percent to 20 percent, this fast-growing blend is ideal for use in dairy herd lactating rations.
		This versatile forage crop combines the best of selected milo and forage soybean varieties to create a complete forage crop for beef and dairy cattle alike.
	www.dftseed.com /agricultural/specialty_forages.php (220 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Pea Crop Insurance Regulations; and Common Crop Insurance Regulations, Dry Pea Crop Insurance ...
		The commenter recommended deleting the phrase ``that is intended to be harvested separately,'' in the definition of ``nurse crop.'' Response: The primary reason that a nurse crop is planted is to improve the growing conditions of the crop with which it is grown.
		The definition has been revised to specify that the nurse crop is not intended to be harvested with the insured crop.
		A crop planted into the same acreage as another crop, that is intended to improve the growing conditions for the crop with which it is grown and that is not intended to be harvested with the insured crop.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/1997/December/Day-16/i32619.htm (5014 words)

	Metla Project 3247 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This work studied the effects of the density of a pubescent birch nurse crop and fertilization on the height growth of the spruce understorey, as well as the effects of equalizing the height of spruce seedling stand on its annual height growth on a drained peatland.
		The density of the birch nurse crop proved to have a major impact on the height growth of spruce undergrowth, on both the naturally established and the planted seedlings.
		Fertilization alone did not substitute the effect of the nurse crop thinning and the greatest height growths were attained on the fertilized plots where the nurse crop had been removed.
	www.metla.fi /hanke/3247/index-en.htm (342 words)

	Kansas Crop Profiles - Alfalfa
		Fields with high residual herbicides applied to previous crop are avoided to reduce the chance of carry-over herbicide damage to alfalfa seedlings.
		In eastern Kansas, farmers sometimes use a nurse crop or a companion crop, such as spring oats, when planting alfalfa.
		Late-fall plantings may require a nurse crop, such as spring oats or millet to protect seedlings from harsh temperatures and prevent erosion.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /cropprofiles/docs/KSalfalfa.html (6580 words)

	PRINT Ask Jeff: How can I plant a hay crop this spring...
		Hay crops (either grass, alfalfa, or clove) are perennial, so they tend to start slow out of the gate, making them poor competitors.
		The other option would be to grow some other crop (almost anything), then plant wheat again in the fall; then late next winter or early in spring, frost seed the hay crop into the already established wheat.
		The freezing and thawing of the soil pulls the small-seeded hay crop into the soil and the wheat acts as the nurse crop.
	www.newfarm.org /columns/jeff_moyer/ask/0404nosprayhay_print.shtml (489 words)

	Cover Crop Database: Complete Crop Summary of Field Pea
		In an experiment on rotational cash crops ("break crops") for wheat farmers, fertilizer N requirements were increased by 10 kg/ha following winter oat; decreased by 30 kg/ha following winter rape, winter peas, spring faba beans, or cultivated fallow; and decreased by 40 kg/ha following spring peas (McEwen et al., 1989).
		On a sandy soil in New Delhi, India, return of field pea stover (crop minus the seeds) to the soil increased the amount of N available to subsequent maize by 16.2 kg/ha (Seth and Balyan, 1989).
		When the cover crop was mowed and the mowings placed in young citrus trees, significantly increased densities of the predatory mite were observed on the citrus foliage.
	www.sarep.ucdavis.edu /cgi-win/ccrop.exe/show_crop_17 (4497 words)

	UM Extension: Minnesota Crop eNews
		We’ve often used oats or barley as nurse crops to boost seeding-year yields, provide some protection against erosion, and some competition against weeds.
		Note that here the ryegrasses were seeded in monoculture at 30 lb/ac, not as nurse crops.
		We also planted two on-farm nurse crop demonstrations; one in Polk Co. and the other in Fillmore Co. There, we compared annual, Italian, and perennial ryegrass to oats as a nurse crop.
	www.extension.umn.edu /cropenews/2005/05MNCN14.htm (1209 words)

	Cover Crop/Green Manure Plant Seeds from around the world. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It can be sown in the spring as a fast germinating nurse crop to shade and keep the soil cooler for slower germinating clovers and other legumes.
		Medic is an outstanding smother crop, helping to control annual grassy weeds as well as broadleaf weeds such as pigweed and lambsquarter.
		Used for both a spring and fall cover crop, New Zealand White Clover can be sown between row plantings or as a solid seeded cover.
	www.nextharvest.com /gcov.htm (2712 words)

	N (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rotations of crops or pasture cultivars which are not hosts to particular plant diseases or to soil borne parasites.
		Not to he confused with species declared noxious by laws concerned with plants that are weedy in cultivated crops and on sown pastures.
		A temporary crop seeded at or near the time primary plant species are seeded to provide protection and otherwise help to insure establishment of the latter, cf.
	www.ees.adelaide.edu.au /icooper/glossary/n.htm (1337 words)

	Should I Use a Nurse Crop? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One frequently asked question is whether or not to use a nurse crop, such as oats planted in companion with the grasses.
		If your need is to establish permanent pasture, then don't use a nurse crop.
		If you have an economic reason to create a fast food source for your livestock, then a nurse crop can be justified.
	www.modernforage.com /nurscrp.htm (107 words)

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