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	Nyaya
		Nyaya is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika Hindu schools of Philosophy - specifically the history of logic.
		The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on a text called the Nyaya Sutra.
		In this sense, Nyaya is probably the closest Indian equivalent to contemporary Western analytical philosophy.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ny/Nyaya.html (265 words)

	Nyaya Summary
		Nyaya (IPA: [nja:jə]) is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika schools of Hindu philosophy — specifically the school of logic.
		The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on texts known as the Nyaya Sutras, which were written by Aksapada Gautama from around the 6th century BC.
		In Nyaya terminology for this example, the hill would be called as paksha (minor term), the fire is called as sadhya (major term), the smoke is called as hetu, and the relationship between the smoke and the fire is called as vyapti(middle term).
	www.bookrags.com /Nyaya (3728 words)

	Nyayavali
		A man cuts off the head, the torax, the wings and the lower limbs of a hen, leaving the abdomen intact with the hope that she might lay the eggs that are in her.
		It is used to denote that a measure must be taken for controlling one must be sufficiently strong in consideration of the particular case in question, just as the slap administered to a man must be tight enough in consideration of his physique and strenght to produce the intended effect.
		It takes its origin from a daughter being turned out of doors for fear of the lice that infested her hair; and is used to denote the folly of a coward who is preapared rather to part with a valuable possession than to bravely meet and successfully grapple with a difficulty or danger.
	www.philosophy.ru /library/asiatica/indica/nyaya.html (18452 words)

	nyaya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		The Nyaya Sutras attributed to Gautama, which are the traditional basis for the school, begin by asserting that right knowledge of the means of knowledge and their elements brings one supreme happiness.
		The primary cause for all of this is "wrong notions," hence the Nyaya attention to the investigation of the pramanas.
		Their philosophical perspective is sometimes described as the "ordinary person's conception." Philosophically speaking, the Nyayas and Vaisheshikas are realists--that is, they think that the world is made up of many different things, and that these things actually exist as perceived, except in cases of perceptual error.
	www2.carthage.edu /~lochtefe/nyaya.html (559 words)

	Astika Schools Orthodox Schools,
		Nyaya was composed of two branches, the debate on religion and the theory of logic and debate.
		The Nyaya Vaisesika school is a pluralistic system which neither tries to reduce the diversity of experience to any universal principle nor dismiss patent facts of experience on the basis of the need for logical coherence of abstract thought.
		The Nyaya, Vaisesikha and Yoga believe in anyatakhyati or viritakhyati: that ignorance steam from the faulty connection between observation of only the similarities between the object perceived and the object it is thought to be.
	www.indiaprofile.com /religion-culture/astikaschools.htm (1730 words)

	20th WCP: Cognitive Scepticism Of Nagarjuna
		For a Nyaya cognitivist, all logical queries are to be preceded by some psychological factors like 'dubiousness' about the exact character of the knowable and this state of doubt is to be eradicated by the application of a pramana (s) that can causally justify the truth of a specific cognitive episode as devoid of doubt.
		For the Nyaya, the psychological sense of use is satisfied by the element of 'pragmatic success' (arthakriyakaritva) and the logical sense of use is satisfied by introducing the casual justificatory grounds (pramanas).
		However, the Nyaya cognitivists in later days have tried to develop a casual theory of knowledge with many technicalities where a pramana is operative as intrumental case of generating knowledge (prama) and there is no room for getting knowledge (as something 'non-dubious and truth hitting mental episode') from a faulty pramana or pseudo-pramana.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/TKno/TKnoMoha.htm (5113 words)

	Hindu philosophy - HinduWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on texts called the Nyaya Sutras.
		Nyaya scholars (Naiyanikas) identified, in each case, what it took to make knowledge valid and, in the process, came up with a number of explanatory schemes.
		In this school of thought, all objects in the physical universe are reducible to a certain number of atoms, and God is regarded as the fundamental force who causes consciousness in these atoms.
	www.hinduwiki.com /index.php/Hindu_philosophy (1887 words)

	Classical Yoga: Yoga as 1 of 6 views
		Nyaya, translated as "that by which the mind is led to a conclusion" or "logic", is the way utilized to reach this position.
		Traditionally, Nyaya and Vaishesika are paired together because logic and analysis are two halves of the same circle.
		Nyaya, Vaishesika and Samkhya utilize analysis to arrive at the transformative realization that the material and the temporal rest upon a yet deeper reality, and Yoga is the practise of witnessing this within oneself.
	www.lotus-medicine.com /pages/y-sixviews.html (1405 words)

	Uttaranchal/Uttarakhand Information Centre
		Nyaya is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika schools of Hindu philosophy - specifically the school of logic.
		The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on texts known as the Nyaya Sutras, which were written by Aksapada Gautama, in the second century B.C. The most important contribution made by the Nyaya school to modern Hindu thought is its methodology.
		The Nyaya philosophy's another most important conribution was proving the existance of God (one Supreme God, called Ishwara), mostly by logic, in answer to repeated attempts by Buddhists (which is an atheistic or agnostic philosophy) to disprove the existance of God.
	www.4dham.com /go2/Nyaya.html (296 words)

	Padarthas from the Chapter "Nyaya", in Hindu Dharma : kamakoti.org:
		Nyaya describes the Paramatman alone as jnana that is full since there is nothing that is not known to him.
		Nyaya also says that the Paramatman is all-pervading, but it does not speak of the to being the same, the Atman and the Paramatman.
		The Vedas proclaim the existence of Isvara; Nyaya establishes it with anumana or inference.
	www.kamakoti.org /hindudharma/part13/chap2.htm (1809 words)

	Heart of Hinduism: Doctrine: Vaisheshika and Nyaya
		It is a discipline aimed at reversing the folly and mistaken notions that bind the soul.The Navya-Nyaya (New School of Logic) developed from the twelfth century and specialised in epistemology.
		Nyaya has also developed a sophisticated syllogism that has five stages as opposed to the three of Aristotle.
		Of all the Hindu systems, Nyaya enjoys the greatest respect from Western philosophers, who are beginning to realise the subtleties and intricacies of Indian logic.
	hinduism.iskcon.com /tradition/1104.htm (456 words)

	20th WCP: Professor Matilal’s Nåvya-Naive Realism vis-a-vis Dummett-Putnam-Mimamsa Anti-Realisms—Some ...
		Nyaya apparently disputed the relevance of this residual sensory core, as this is neither error, nor jnana nor even foundation for knowledge.
		What Matilal wants to stress is that Nyaya categorically denies the role, in any significant epistemological analysis, of the core sensory data: it is found to be almost superfluous, as structured thoughts or judgements are not (therefore) interpretations or organisation of these raw data, for we have no conscious verbal access to such data.
		The Nyaya position is, as Matilal has it, that sensations have no core unstructured component: all cognitions worth their Howrah-salt arise structured; linguistic elements attach themselves like yokes, not ploughs, to the farming oxon, and their causal connection with the things of which they are cognitions is indubitably direct.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Asia/AsiaBili.htm (3284 words)

	Philosophy
		The Nyaya, The Vaiseshika, The Sankhya, The Yoga,
		The Nyaya is intended to furnish a correct method of philosophical enquiry into all the objects and subjects of human knowledge, including the process of reasoning and laws of thought.
		The purpose of the Nyaya is a critical examination of the objects of knowledge by means of the canons of logical proof.
	www.hinduism.co.za /philosop.htm (16004 words)

	Welcome to NESA - Nyaya Sangamam
		NESA would like to ensure that ultimately the power of decision making vests in the people and to this end, Nyaya Sangamam was formed.
		Ninety per cent of participants in Nyaya Sangamam are women.
		Nyaya Sangamam focuses on specific campaigns pertaining to Dalit and Adivasis communities.
	www.nesauniverse.org /focusarea/nyayasangamamf (375 words)

	Nyaya, Maharishi University of Management: academic excellence, creativity, Consciousness-Based education, high quality ...
		Nyaya, Maharishi University of Management: academic excellence, creativity, Consciousness-Based education, high quality of life.
		Nyaya is one of the structuring dynamics of Rk Veda.
		With reference to consciousness, Nyaya comprises the specific sets of laws of Nature that are engaged in promoting the quality of Rishi — the observer, the witnessing quality — within the Samhita level of consciousness, providing a structure to the eternally silent, self-referral, self-sufficient, fully awake state of consciousness, which is intimately personal to everyone.
	is1.mum.edu /vedicreserve/nyaya.htm (195 words)

	Nyaya Health \| Home
		Nyaya Health is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization working to improve the health of poor communities in Nepal through the provision of medical and public health services.
		Nyaya Health members Sanjay Basu and C. Brandon Ogbunugafor write about the tuberculosis in prisons in ZNet.
		Nyaya Health awarded grant from the Ford Foundation.
	www.nyayahealth.org (154 words)

	Toward dualism: The Nyaya-Vaisesika way
		I According to Gotama,(n1) the founder of the Nyaya school, desire (iccha), aversion (dvesa), volition (prayatna), pleasure (sukha), pain (duhkha), and cognition (jnana) are the linga of the self (atman).
		The difference between the Nyaya view and the Buddhist view on this point is clear.
		But the latter must hold that actual, and not merely dispositional, internal states are generated continuously even during dreamless sleep, and that each such state is capable of performing the role of being the cause of the succeeding state.
	ccbs.ntu.edu.tw /FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/chakrab.htm (5135 words)

	Nargarjuna Against the Cognitivist Claims of the Nyaya Philosophers
		A cognitive skeptic of Nargarjunian type might react to such questions by saying that it would be an exercise of dogmatism if something with reference to actual state of practices is introduced as the ultimate resort when somebody is engaged in purely theoretical discourse with his philosophical opponents.
		It is however, true that a Nyaya cognitivist pre-suppositions for pluralistic metaphysics and its description through epistemological frame-work seem to initiate the skeptical approach in Indian Philosophy in order to dismantle the main fabric of many dogmatic assertions.
		The Nyaya cognitivistis on the other hand, developed a cognitivistic attitude and claimed that 'what is existent is knowable, even nameable' But in order to know it, the existence of a pramana or various pramanas must be a priorily admitted.
	www.buddhistinformation.com /nargarjuna_against_the_cognitivi.htm (5648 words)

	Philosophy in Ancient India - Crystalinks
		This is based on a system of logic that has subsequently been adopted by most of the other Indian schools (orthodox or not), much in the same way that Western science and philosophy can be said to be largely based on Aristotelian logic.
		Knowledge obtained through each of these can of course still be either valid or invalid, and the Nyaya scholars (Naiyanikas) again went to great pains to identify, in each case, what it took to make knowledge valid, in the process coming up with a number of explanatory schemes.
		In its classical form, however, the Vaishesika school differed from the Nyaya in one crucial respect: where Nyaya accepted four sources of valid knowledge, the Vaishesika accepted only perception and inference as being such.
	www.crystalinks.com /indiaphilosophy.html (1227 words)

	Central Chronicle--Opinion
		After much dithering and deliberations, a Bill to set up Nyaya Panchayats or rural courts to settle disputes at the local level amicably and without hassles is getting ready for introduction in the winter session of Parliament.
		According to the Union Law Minister, Hans Raj Bhardwaj, the proposed Nyaya Panchayats would be in a position to handle at least 40 of the cases involving civil or criminal offences.
		Kaushal is clear in his perception that the rural court swill be in a position to bring about an amicable settlement of disputes through mutual consent of the contending parties.
	www.centralchronicle.com /20060902/0209303.htm (1045 words)

	Indian Logic and Ontology. A survey of Contemporary Readings
		The New Nyaya began with the work of Gangesopadhyàya (thirteenth century A.D.) and continues to the present day.
		Lack of space prevents discussion of the role of logic in the sciences and of the philosophical schools of the Vedanta, which dealt with logical topics, especially in the later developments within Advaita and Dvaita.
		The Nyaya- Vaisesika categories are seven: substance, quality, motion, universal, particular, inherence and not-being.
	www.formalontology.it /indian-philosophy.htm (2056 words)

	Hindu philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Nyaya school is based on the Nyaya Sutras.
		In this sense, Nyaya is probably the closest Indian equivalent to analytic philosophy.
		Although the Vaisheshika school developed independently from the Nyaya, the two eventually merged because of their closely related metaphysical theories.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hindu_philosophy (1950 words)

	Nyaya - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Nyaya" at HighBeam.
		There's Nothing Wrong with Raw Perception: A Response to Chakrabarti's Attack on Nyaya's Nirvikalpaka Pratyaksa.(response to article by Arindam Chakrabarti, Philosophy East and West, vol.
		Response to Roy W. Perrett's review of Classical Indian Philosophy of Mind: the Nyaya dualist tradition.(response to review in Philosophy East and West, vol.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-X-Nyaya.html (223 words)

	The Hindu : National : Vajpayee blesses `Nyaya Yatra'
		Against this background the blessing of the `Nyaya Yatra' led by Bharatiya Janata Party general secretary Rajnath Singh and former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Varanasi on Wednesday was considered significant by a section of party leaders.
		Rajnath Singh has been leading a `dharna' in Varanasi for the last 15 days to protest against the deteriorating law and order situation in Uttar Pradesh and to focus attention on the murder of BJP MLA Krishnand Rai on November 29.
		The target of attack in the `Nyaya (justice) Yatra' is what he has described as "criminalisation of politics".
	www.hindu.com /2005/12/15/stories/2005121518491600.htm (664 words)

	The Advaita Vedânta Home Page - Indian Philosophies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		Another one of the important features of nyAya thought is that it offers a number of cosmological, teleological and anthropic arguments for the existence of a Creator God.
		The nyAya school makes these texts to be the compositions of a Creator God, but the existence of this Creator is itself established only through the inferential arguments proposed by the logicians.
		When the nyAya authors say that the vedas also offer evidence for the existence of a Creator God, they commit the fallacy of arguing in a circle - the veda is valid because it was composed by a Creator God, and the Creator God exists because the veda says so.
	www.advaita-vedanta.org /avhp/ind-phil.html (1374 words)

	Brahma Sutras : the Nyaya Pasthana
		Study of these three is the basic goal of all the students of Vedanta.
		Brahma Sutra is called the Nyaya or Yukti Prasthan, because it logically reconciles and explains the various questions and doubts which may possibly come while going through the Upanishads, the basic pramana granthas.
		We have sutras of all the basic texts of grammar, dharma, bhakti, yoga, sankhya, nyaya, or vedanta.
	www.vmission.org /vedanta/shastras/bsutras.htm (719 words)

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