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Topic: Nyaya Sutras

	Nyaya
		The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on texts known as the Nyaya Sutras, which were written by Aksapada Gautama from around the 6th century BC.
		Nyaya is thus a form of epistemology in addition to logic.
		In Nyaya terminology for this example, the hill would be called as paksha (minor term), the fire is called as sadhya (major term), the smoke is called as hetu, and the relationship between the smoke and the fire is called as vyapti(middle term).
	www.wikipedia-mirror.co.za /wiki/Nyaya (2380 words)

	Astika Schools Orthodox Schools,
		Nyaya was composed of two branches, the debate on religion and the theory of logic and debate.
		The Nyaya Vaisesika school is a pluralistic system which neither tries to reduce the diversity of experience to any universal principle nor dismiss patent facts of experience on the basis of the need for logical coherence of abstract thought.
		The Nyaya, Vaisesikha and Yoga believe in anyatakhyati or viritakhyati: that ignorance steam from the faulty connection between observation of only the similarities between the object perceived and the object it is thought to be.
	www.indiaprofile.com /religion-culture/astikaschools.htm (1730 words)

	Nyaya Summary
		Nyaya (IPA: [nja:jə]) is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika schools of Hindu philosophy — specifically the school of logic.
		The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on texts known as the Nyaya Sutras, which were written by Aksapada Gautama from around the 6th century BC.
		In Nyaya terminology for this example, the hill would be called as paksha (minor term), the fire is called as sadhya (major term), the smoke is called as hetu, and the relationship between the smoke and the fire is called as vyapti(middle term).
	www.bookrags.com /Nyaya (3728 words)

	nyaya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Nyaya Sutras attributed to Gautama, which are the traditional basis for the school, begin by asserting that right knowledge of the means of knowledge and their elements brings one supreme happiness.
		The primary cause for all of this is "wrong notions," hence the Nyaya attention to the investigation of the pramanas.
		Their philosophical perspective is sometimes described as the "ordinary person's conception." Philosophically speaking, the Nyayas and Vaisheshikas are realists--that is, they think that the world is made up of many different things, and that these things actually exist as perceived, except in cases of perceptual error.
	www2.carthage.edu /~lochtefe/nyaya.html (559 words)

	Brahma Sutras : the Nyaya Pasthana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Brahma Sutras along with Upanishads (Sruti Prasthana) and Bhagwad Gita (Smriti Prasthana) constitutes the ‘Prasthan trayi’ or the ‘three canons’ of Vedantic scriptures, which are the pristine springs of Vedantic metaphysics.
		Brahma Sutra is called the Nyaya or Yukti Prasthan, because it logically reconciles and explains the various questions and doubts which may possibly come while going through the Upanishads, the basic pramana granthas.
		The sutras which reveal the fundamentals of Vedanta philosophy or Brahma Vidya are called ‘Brahma Sutras’ or the ‘Vedanta Sutras’.
	www.vmission.org /vedanta/shastras/bsutras.htm (719 words)

	Nyaya Sutras - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ultimate purpose of the Nyaya Sutras is the attainment of salvation, i.e., complete freedom from pain--and salvation is attained by knowledge of the sixteen categories, which are:
		According to the Nyaya Sutras, there are four means of attaining valid knowledge: perception, inference, comparison, and verbal testimony.
		The characteristic feature of the Nyaya syllogism is its insistence on the example, which suggests that the Nyaya logician wanted to be assured not only of formal validity but also of material truth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nyaya_Sutras (348 words)

	Dr. KCV » ELEMENTS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
		Nyaya system accepts two stages in respect of definite knowledge namely the stage of indefinite or indeterminate knowledge and the stage of determinate sense knowledge (savikalpaka) got at by comparison etc. or of full knowledge.
		The Goal of life according to Nyaya is nisreyasa (freedom from consciousness of matter) and the only means to arrive at it is through perfect knowledge and for the sake of that perfect knowledge it is necessary to have a perfect critique of the pramanas.
		Gautama is the author of the Nyaya Sutras, in which he clearly analyses the nature of prakrti, of the soul and the pramanas.
	www.imperience.org /Books/kcv3chap_1.htm (10041 words)

	Uttaranchal/Uttarakhand Information Centre
		Nyaya is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika schools of Hindu philosophy - specifically the school of logic.
		The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on texts known as the Nyaya Sutras, which were written by Aksapada Gautama, in the second century B.C. The most important contribution made by the Nyaya school to modern Hindu thought is its methodology.
		The Nyaya philosophy's another most important conribution was proving the existance of God (one Supreme God, called Ishwara), mostly by logic, in answer to repeated attempts by Buddhists (which is an atheistic or agnostic philosophy) to disprove the existance of God.
	www.4dham.com /go2/Nyaya.html (296 words)

	ATMA JYOTI ASHRAM - Meditation - Essays on the Yoga Sutras - Raghavan Iyer
		Nyaya and Vaishesika are schools primarily concerned with analytic approaches to the objects of knowledge, using carefully tested principles of logic.
		The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is universal in the manner of the Bhagavad Gita, including a diversity of standpoints whilst fusing Sankhya metaphysics with bhakti or self-surrender.
		In general, the affinities of the Yoga Sutras with the texts of Hiranyagarbha suggest that Patanjali was an adherent of the Hiranyagarbha school of Yoga, and yet his own manner of treatment of the subject is distinctive.
	www.atmajyoti.org /essays_yoga_sutras_1.asp (13006 words)

	Philosophy
		The Nyaya, The Vaiseshika, The Sankhya, The Yoga,
		The Nyaya is intended to furnish a correct method of philosophical enquiry into all the objects and subjects of human knowledge, including the process of reasoning and laws of thought.
		The purpose of the Nyaya is a critical examination of the objects of knowledge by means of the canons of logical proof.
	www.hinduism.co.za /philosop.htm (16004 words)

	Ethics of Hindu Philosophy by Sanderson Beck
		The Vaishesika Sutra begins with the idea that virtue (dharma) is the means by which prosperity and salvation are attained, but it acknowledges the authority of the Vedas as the word of God that leads to this prosperity and salvation.
		The Vedanta Sutra, written between the 500 and 200 BC by Badarayana, is also called the Brahma Sutra since it discusses knowledge of Brahman (Spirit) and sometimes Shariraka Sutra because it concerns the embodiment of the unconditioned self.
		The Yoga Sutras begin with the idea that yoga (union) is the control of the modifications of consciousness; this enables the seer to stand in one's own form instead of identifying with the modifications.
	www.san.beck.org /EC11-Hindu.html (6835 words)

	[No title]
		Though the writing of the sutras continued over a long period, the sutras of most of the various darshanas probably were completed between the 6th and 3rd centuries BC.
		The aid of commentaries becomes indispensable for the understanding of the sutras, and it is not surprising that philosophical composition took the form of commentaries and subcommentaries.
		Badarayana's sutras refer to interpreters of Vedanta before him who were concerned with such central issues as the relation between the finite individual (jiva) and the absolute spirit (Brahman) and the possible bodily existence of a liberated individual.
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/inlight/philosophy/indian/indian_philosophy.htm (12174 words)

	Nyaya - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most important contribution made by the Nyaya school to modern Hindu thought is its methodology.
		Nyaya is thus a form of epistemology in addition to logic.
		According to the Nyaya school, there are exactly four sources of knowledge (pramanas): perception, inference, comparison and testimony.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nyaya (2114 words)

	Qwika - similar:Vaisheshika
		Vaisesika espouses a form of atomism and postulates that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to a finite number of atoms.
		Nyaya (pronounced as "nyα:yə") is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika schools of Hindu philosophy - specifically the school of logic.
		The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on texts known as the Nyaya Sutras, which were written by Aksapada Gautama, probably from arund the 5th century BC.
	www.qwika.com /rels/Vaisheshika (1482 words)

	Philosophy
		It is based on the nyAya sUtras of gautama, and a long tradition of commentaries.
		The nyAya school makes these texts to be the compositions of a Creator God, but the existence of this Creator is itself established only through the inferential arguments proposed by the logicians.
		When the nyAya authors say that the vedas also offer evidence for the existence of a Creator God, they commit the fallacy of arguing in a circle - the veda is valid because it was composed by a Creator God, and the Creator God exists because the veda says so.
	www.ittc.ku.edu /~krsna/AdvaitaVedanta/philosop1.htm (1377 words)

	StarAstrologer Books Nyaya Sutras of Gotama
		The Nyaya Sutra of Gotama is an important treatise on Indian logic and is regarded as the earliest work of Nyaya philosophy.
		That the Nyaya Sutra was an important work is also evident from the numerous commentaries on the texts which were written throughout the centuries.
		The Nyaya Sutra is divided into five blocks, each containing two chapters called ahnikas or Diurnal portions.
	www.starastrologer.com /8121510961/Nyaya_Sutras_of_Gotama.html (177 words)

	f10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		According to nyaya philosophy the goal of life is to understand these aspects of reality, the prameyas, as they actually are.
		Nyaya believes that soul is unconscious by nature but acquires consciousness in the association of mind.
		The peculiarity of Nyaya is that it regards effect as a new beginning, non-existence in cause prior to its appearence.
	mgmt.iisc.ernet.in /~raghavan/searchdir/nyaya.html (1027 words)

	The Darsanas
		A Sutra or an aphorism is a short formula with the least possible number of letters, without any ambiguity or doubtful assertion, containing the very essence, embracing all meanings, without any stop or obstruction and absolutely faultless in nature.
		A Bhashya is an elaborate exposition, a commentary on the Sutras, with word by word meaning of the aphoristic precepts, their running translation, together with the individual views of the commentator or the Bhashyakara.
		The six schools are divided into three groups: (i) the Nyaya and the Vaiseshika, (ii) the Sankhya and the Yoga, and (iii) the Mimamsa and the Vedanta.
	www.sivanandadlshq.org /religions/darsanas.htm (1445 words)

	Education Hundu Philosophy
		This philosophy comprises many diverse schools of thought and perspectives, and includes a substantial body of intellectual debate and argumentation among the various views we have today in the west, and the Greek to some extent of the past.
		Nyaya scholars identify, in each case, what it took to make knowledge valid.
		It is the sutras or Aphorisms which is its chief doctrinal authority, also called Karma-Mimansa because of the doctrine, that teaches one can be more or less freed from the making of new karma.
	www.twinshaman.com /EducationHinduPhilosophy.html (913 words)

	AdvaitaVedanta.co.uk - Science of the Absolute Introduction to Part 2 (b)
		The reason for bracketing the Nyaya and Vaiseshika together does not seem to us to be valid, except for the vague requirement of latter-day authors who seem to think one is incomplete without the other.
		The attempt in the sutra however, is fully scientific as it depends upon visible functional characteristics of the soul.
		Regarding the Purva Mimamsa Sutras (I.1.6-23), the purvapakshin or anterior sceptic questioner is seen used by Jaimini for his initial purpose of revealing the eternal word-sound in all its possible implications.
	www.advaitavedanta.co.uk /content/view/56/0 (18728 words)

	Maharishi University of Management Press - 6 Darshanas
		Roman transliteration is also provided for each verse, or "Sutra," as an aid in pronunciation for those learning Sanskrit.
		The Nyaya Sutras of Maharishi Gautama embody the distinguishing and deciding quality of consciousness.
		The Vedanta Sutras of Badarayana are one of the six Darshanas from Vedic Literature which together unfold the total path to gaining enlightenment...
	www.mumpress.com /p_d090.html (207 words)

	Indian Logic Forum :: View topic - Nyaya Theory of Error (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This topical discussion is preceded by an Introduction to the Nyaya theory of error excerpted from the book of Dr. B.
		The theory of Anyathakhyati, though widely known to be the doctrine held by the Naiyayikas, is often said to be acceptable of some Jainas, and some Mimamsakas.
		The Nyaya account of error has been expounded by a galaxy of thinkers beginning with Gautama (about 3rd century BC).
	nyaya.darsana.org /post57.html (521 words)

	[No title]
		These six systems of orthodox Hindu thought are the Sa@mkhya, the Yoga, the Nyaya, the Vais'e@sika, the Mima@msa (generally known as Purva Mima@msa), and the Vedanta (known also as Uttara Mima@msa).
		The Vais'e@sika and the Nyaya in later times became so mixed up that, though in early times the similarity of the former with Mima@msa was greater than that with Nyaya, they came to be regarded as fundamentally almost the same systems.
		It seems to me almost certain that enormous quantities of old philosophical literature have been lost, which if found could have been of use to us in showing the stages of the early growth of the systems and their mutual relations.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/2/9/5/12956/12956.txt (15591 words)

	VISISTADVAITA VEDANTA HOMEPAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Nyaya Tattva: This book was a treatise on Nyaya (logic) establishing views entirely in harmony with Vedanta and often at variance with Gautama's Nyaya Sutras.
		Both the works are lost and only fragments in the form of quotations in Nyayasiddhanjana, Tattva Mukta Kalapa and Nyaya Parisuddhi (all compositions of Vedanta Desika), in Sri Bhasya of Bhagvad Ramanujacharya and in Srutaprakasika of Sri Sudarsana Suri are known.
		The voluminous comment on the first sutra is comprised of three parts- the laghusiddhanta, the mahasiddhanta and the adhikaranasiddhanta.
	www.hinduweb.org /home/dharma_and_philosophy/vvh/vvhteach.htm (7062 words)

	Alibris: Nyaya
		For the Nyaya, the self is a permanent, immaterial substance to which non-physical internal states like cognition belong.
		Indian theories of sentence and its meaning with special reference to grammar (Vyakarana), logic (Nyaya), and ritualism (Mimamsa).
		The nyaya theory of knowledge a critical study of some problems of logic and metaphysics
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Nyaya (653 words)

	HRIH: Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Language, English
		When Patanjali codified, or compiled the Yoga Sutras, no new system was created, but rather, the ancient practices were summarized in an extremely organized and terse way.
		This presentation of the Yoga Sutras is further described in the Introduction.
		It is very difficult to understand the meaning of the Sutras without the help of a commentary, a gloss or a teacher who is well-versed in Yoga.
	hrih.net /patanjali/english.htm (748 words)

	Science in India: History of mathematics: Indian Mathematicians and Astronomers,
		Baudhayana's Sutra displays an understanding of basic geometric shapes and techniques of converting one geometric shape (such as a rectangle) to another of equivalent (or multiple, or fractional) area (such as a square).
		An early statement of what is commonly known as the Pythagoras theorem is to be found in Baudhayana's Sutra: The chord which is stretched across the diagonal of a square produces an area of double the size.
		Apasthamba's sutra (an expansion of Baudhayana's with several original contributions) provides a value for the square root of 2 that is accurate to the fifth decimal place.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/mathematics.htm (4603 words)

	The Nyaya Sutras of Gotama
		That the Nyaya sutra was an important work is also evident from the numerous commentaries on the text which were written through centuries.
		The Nyaya Sutra is divided into five books, each containing two chapters called ahnikas or Diurnal portions.
		In the present translation of the Nyaya Sutras of Goutama, Mahamahopadhyaya Satisa Chandra Vidyabhusana has not only given an accurate rendering of this difficult text, but has also defined each term along with detailed explanation of the meaning underlying them in modern parlance.
	www.exoticindiaart.com /book/details/IDD829 (236 words)

	Vaisesika
		The Nyaya Sutras, the foundational text of the Nyaya School, deal manly with knowledge and Logic, while the Vaisesika Sutras deal with metaphysics and physics.
		Both schools believed in the existence of a sort of creator God (though he does not create from nothing, but rather rearranges pre-existing souls and material particles in an eternal and uncreated space), of atoms, of a plurality of finite and eternal souls, and of universals.
		For example, according to the Nyaya, color is a necessary quality of fire--every fire is colored and fire cannot exist without having color (in the way water might be thought to be able to).
	personal.stthomas.edu /jdkronen/Vaisesika.html (2193 words)

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