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Topic: OSI model

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Data link layer

Routing protocol

Network protocol

NDIS

Open Systems Interconnection

Application layer

Internet Protocol

Communications protocol

FTAM

Message Transfer Part

Computer network

Session layer

Network layer

DoD model

Transport layer

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	Computer Networks and Protocol - The OSI Reference Model
		OSI is the acronym for Open Systems Interconnection, which was an effort formed by the International Organization for Standardization in 1982 with the goal of producing a standard reference model for the hardware and software connection of digital equipment.
		While OSI Layer 4 protocols may attempt to compensate for this collision by retransmitting packets until they have reached the destination node without issue, this degrades network performance exponentially as the number of nodes on a network grows.
		The OSI Reference Model exists not to make hard rules or to shape the industry, but to provide a logical, well-researched, and tested model after which the world's best communication protocol "stacks" are modeled.
	nsgn.net /osi_reference_model/the_osi_reference_model.htm (2769 words)

	OSI model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The OSI reference model is a hierarchical structure of seven layers that defines the requirements for communications between two computers.
		The OSI model made this layer responsible for "graceful close" of sessions, which is a property of TCP, and also for session checkpointing and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet protocols suite.
		The OSI model has also been jokingly called the "Taco Bell model", since the restaurant chain has been known for their 7 layer burrito.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/OSI_model (1470 words)

	OSI Model Information Page - osi model
		MIME encoding, osi layer model encryption and similar manipulation of osi reference model the presentation of data is done at this layer.
		Having said all that, the model is still the general reference voip and osi seven layer model standard for nearly all networking documentation.
		The OSI model has also on occasion been jokingly called the "Taco Bell model", since the restaurant diagram of osi model and hardware chain has been known for their 7 layer burrito.
	www.infotechloco.com /OSI-Model.htm (2012 words)

	Task-IT.co.uk : Learning Zone : OSI Model (Site not responding. Last check: )
		OSI was developed in 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), a global federation of national standards organizations representing approximately 130 countries.
		The core of this standard is the OSI Reference Model, a set of seven layers that define the different stages that data must go through to travel from one device to another over a network.
		Notes: The OSI Reference Model describes seven layers of related functions that are needed at each end when a message is sent from one party to another party in a network.
	www.task-it.co.uk /learning_osi_model.htm (804 words)

	Understanding the OSI Model
		The model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984, and it is now considered the primary architectural model for intercomputer communications.
		The OSI model provides a conceptual framework for communication between computers, but the model itself is not a method of communication.
		The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means that both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application.
	www.idevelopment.info /data/Networking/Networking_Basics/BASICS_Understanding_OSI_Model.shtml (2317 words)

	OSI reference model definition by The Linux Information Project (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The open systems interconnection reference model, commonly referred to as the OSI reference model, OSI seven layer model or OSI model, is a layered, abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design and is the foundation of modern networking.
		Because of its theoretical approach and despite its greater number of layers, the OSI model is often considered easier for students of networking to comprehend; it is emphasized for this reason and because understanding it first can make it easier to understand the OSI model.
		Another objection to the OSI model was that it was poorly designed because the session eand presentation layers are nearly empty, whereas other layers contain numerous protocols.
	www.bellevuelinux.org /osi_model.html (699 words)

	OSI model \| Topic Definition \| Find the Meaning and Define the Answer of OSI model
		The model divides the functions of a protocol into a series of layers.
		An implementation of several OSI layers is often referred to as a stack (as in IP stack).
		The timing was bad because the model was finished only after a significant amount of research time and money had been spent on the IP model.
	www.thefreeencyclopedia.com /definition/word.aspx?w=OSI_model (1442 words)

	go6 \| OSI Model - go6 Wiki
		The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Model or OSI Reference Model for short) is a layered abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design, developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection initiative.
		The OSI reference model is a hierarchical structure of seven layers that defines the requirements for communications between two computers.
		The OSI model made this layer responsible for "graceful close" of sessions, which is a property of TCP, and also for session checkpointing and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet protocol suite.
	wiki.go6.net /index.php?title=OSI_Model (1328 words)

	Bitzenbytes.com - OSI Model
		OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model is a basic foundation for people who are new to networking; for them, it is a fundamental structure on which to hang new concepts.
		Each layer of the OSI model is designed so that it performs a well defined function where that function can be clearly exposed by a set of standardized protocols.
		While there have been efforts made to produce real working OSI protocols, the major use of the OSI protocol stack, that we call the OSI model, is to look at it in comparison to the network architecture and the associated protocols being used.
	www.bitzenbytes.com /Content-Arcanum-18-1-31.html (5060 words)

	What is OSI? - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: Open Systems Interconnection
		OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a standard description or "reference model" for how messages should be transmitted between any two points in a telecommunication network.
		Although OSI is not always strictly adhered to in terms of keeping related functions together in a well-defined layer, many if not most products involved in telecommunication make an attempt to describe themselves in relation to the OSI model.
		OSI was officially adopted as an international standard by the International Organization of Standards (ISO).
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci212725,00.html (833 words)

	Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Protocols
		The OSI specifications were conceived and implemented by two international standards organizations: the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunications Standards Sector (ITU-T).
		OSI connectionless network service is implemented by using the Connectionless Network Protocol (CLNP) and Connectionless Network Service (CLNS).
		OSI network layer addressing is implemented by using two types of hierarchical addresses: network service access point addresses and network entity titles.
	www.cisco.com /univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/osi_prot.htm (2500 words)

	OSI - Open Space Institute (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The financial model and baseline analysis were developed in partnership with the Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center at the University of Maine and Industrial Economics, Inc (IEc) and funded with contributions from the Merck Family Fund, Jessie B. Cox Charitable Trust, Horizon Foundation, Sudbury Foundation, Orchard Foundation and Davis Conservation Foundation.
		OSI has developed a new financial model to provide a framework for understanding the development plan, and on March 15th, announced the first independent studies of the Plum Creek development proposal at a meeting of community, conservation, and business leaders in Greenville, Maine.
		The model and analysis of Plum Creek’s development options are the subjects of two discussion papers developed by the Open Space Institute (OSI) in partnership with the Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center and Industrial Economics, Inc. (IEc).
	www.osiny.org /Press_Desc.asp?leftMenue=&RegionID=&leftnav=&ID=141&field=&View=&ActivityName=&CountyID=&ActivityID=&sNameID= (1476 words)

	The OSI Reference Model (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The OSI reference model, sometimes also called ISO or 7 layer reference model for communication, has been developed by the International Standards Organization in early 1980's.
		The general principle which lead to the definition of the OSI standard was to allow connection and communication between any computer systems (from any vendors) as long as they comply to this "OPEN" standard.
		The OSI model is based on 7 distinct layers, each layer describing different function, with is own set of rules.
	www.cs.ntu.edu.au /homepages/jeff/4021.HTM (1257 words)

	OSI/TCPIP Model
		It is important to know both the OSI and TCP/IP models and be able to relate (or map) the layers of one to the other.
		An understanding of the TCP/IP model and the protocols and utilities that operate at each layer is essential when troubleshooting.
		List the 7 layers of the OSI model from the top to the bottom with the proper name for each layer.
	www.hcc.hawaii.edu /~sdunan/cent140/labs/Semester1/L02OSI_TCPIP.html (267 words)

	TmP - Networks
		This model describes the fundamental concepts and the approach used to normalize the interconnection of open systems (a network is made up of open systems when modifying, adding or removing one of these systems does not modify the global working of the network).
		The OSI model is not a real network architecture, because it does not really specify the services and protocols each layer should use.
		They were based on the experience gained in the area of wide area networks and local private networks; the OSI model was indeed supposed to be valid for any type of network.
	www2.themanualpage.org /networks/networks_osi.php3 (1285 words)

	OSI Model - 7 Layers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		OSI is a standard established by International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
		OSI is a reference conceptual model for communication between two computers.
		The OSI model is based on the layered approach with each layer providing a related set of functions and services for the layer above, and calling on the layer below for more primitive functions.
	www.rit.edu /~wmb5704/409/final/osi.htm (150 words)

	Introduction to Internet
		A given layer in the OSI model generally communicates with three other OSI layers: the layer directly above it, the layer directly below it, and its peer layer in other networked computer systems.
		An OSI layer is not required to attach a header or a trailer to data from upper layers.
		Its best-known contribution is the development of the OSI reference model and the OSI protocol suite.
	www.cisco.com /univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/introint.htm (6558 words)

	An Introduction to the OSI Model
		The OSI model depicts different levels of complexity for network services according to what layer in the model a protocol or service falls.
		The OSI model is comprised of seven layers.
		One thing to keep in mind is that this model is a theoretical model, not all layers may be used by all protocol suites.
	www.networknewz.com /2001/0917.html (935 words)

	Understanding Network Models The OSI Model
		Of all the networking topics that I've ever taught, the OSI model is the one that will generate looks of angst and torture on the faces of students.
		The OSI model was designed by the International Organization for Standardization as a model for helping different systems communicate.
		The OSI model actually maps to the packet generation process, and if you always keep that in mind, you'll be well on your way to truly understanding how network communication takes place.
	www.networknewz.com /networknewz-10-20040122UnderstandingNetworkModelsTheOSIModel.html (2704 words)

	Upgrading and Repairing Networks -- Ch 3 -- The OSI Model: Bringing Order to Chaos
		In traveling downward through the layers of the OSI model, the application request undergoes a number of different encoding processes that are designed to allow specific layers of the model to communicate with their counterpart layers in the destination machine.
		One of the main purposes of the OSI reference model, and of this chapter, is to identify the layers at which the most commonly used protocols operate and define the ways in which they interact with the other protocols that may be in use at the same time.
		The upper layers of the OSI model, however, will be required to have a mechanism that can compensate for this, reordering the packets at the end system and verifying that all of the required datagrams for a particular transaction have arrived, before that transaction is processed.
	www.sheetudeep.com /res/net/ch03/ch03.htm (16433 words)

	OSI Seven-Layer Model
		OSI has two major components: an abstract model of networking (the Basic Reference Model, or seven-layer model), and a set of concrete protocols.
		Parts of OSI have influenced Internet protocol development, but none more than the abstract model itself, documented in OSI 7498 and its various addenda.
		OSI protocols will be around, but its most significant contribution is the philosophy of networking represented by its layered model.
	www.freesoft.org /CIE/Topics/15.htm (588 words)

	OSI reference model definition by The Linux Information Project
		The open systems interconnection reference model, commonly referred to as the OSI reference model, OSI seven layer model or OSI model, is a layered, abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design and is the foundation of modern networking.
		Because of its theoretical approach and despite its greater number of layers, the OSI model is often considered easier for students of networking to comprehend; it is emphasized for this reason and because understanding it first can make it easier to understand the OSI model.
		Another objection to the OSI model was that it was poorly designed because the session eand presentation layers are nearly empty, whereas other layers contain numerous protocols.
	www.linfo.org /osi_model.html (699 words)

	OSI Layered Model and Internet Protocol Model
		The OSI Model - A Surviving Remnant of the OSI Protocol Stack
		OSI was meant to be the protocol stack to replace all proprietary protocol stacks — the answer to the proliferation of proprietary protocols (how’s that for alliteration?).
		With this model, the Network Interface Layer would then be defined according to the relevant RFC of the type "IP over...", such as RFC 894 "Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over Ethernet Networks" or RFC 2549 "IP over Avian Carriers with QoS".
	www2.rad.com /networks/introductory/layers/main.htm (889 words)

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