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	Lesson 1: Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model
		The OSI reference model represents the seven layers of the process by which data is packaged and transmitted from a sending application through the physical wires to the receiving application.
		A message to be sent across the network enters the OSI reference model at this point and exits the OSI reference model's application layer on the receiving computer.
		Memorizing the layers of the OSI reference model and their order is very important, especially when preparing to take a computer networking exam.
	pluto.ksi.edu /~cyh/cis370/ebook/ch05b.htm (3580 words)

	OSI model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The OSI reference model is a hierarchical structure of seven layers that defines the requirements for communications between two computers.
		A common joke is the 9 layer model, with layers 8 and 9 being the "financial" and "political" layers.
		The OSI model has also on occasion been jokingly called the "Taco Bell model", since the restaurant chain has been known for their 7 layer burrito.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/OSI_reference_model (1227 words)

	Osi reference model Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Osi Reference Model are great for when you're looking to get better at osi reference model for selfish purposes.
		The OSI Reference Model The OSI reference model specifies standards for describing "Open Systems Interconnection" with the term 'open' chosen to emphasise the fact that by using these international...
		The OSI model is a reference model which most IT professionals use to describe networks and network applications.
	reference.6netstorm6.info /reference-site-link-best-favorite/osi-reference-model.html (313 words)

	OSI Reference Model Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The OSI Reference Model is based on a proposal developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).
		Also referred to as the "Protocol Stack", or simply the "The Stack", a basic understanding of the OSI model is essential to understanding data communications.
		Note that OSI is a reference model, meaning that it defines a general description of services that should be provided at each layer, but it does not define any standard protocols.
	online.matc.edu /cis-105/osi_model.htm (721 words)

	OSI_model
		An implementation of several OSI layers is often referred to as a stack (as in TCP/IP stack).
		Strict conformance to the OSI model has not been a common goal in real-world networks, in part because of the negative view of the OSI protocol suite.
		The OSI model has also sometimes been jokingly called the "Taco Bell model", since the restaurant chain has sometimes sold a 7 layer burrito.
	www.tuxedo-shop.com /search.php?title=OSI_model (1580 words)

	Internetworking Basics
		The OSI reference model is a conceptual model composed of seven layers, each specifying particular network functions.
		The OSI model provides a conceptual framework for communication between computers, but the model itself is not a method of communication.
		An OSI layer is not required to attach a header or a trailer to data from upper layers.
	www.cisco.com /univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/introint.htm (6531 words)

	The OSI Reference Model - A Clear and Concise Illustration ! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The OSI model states how the process should be divided and what protocols should be used at each layer.
		While discussing the OSI reference model it is important to understand what the model does not specify as well as what it actually spells out.
		The OSI standards can be grouped into pairs-one defines the services offered by a network component, while the second specifies the protocol used by that component to provide the defined service.
	www.thecertificationhub.com /networkplus/the_osi_ref_model.htm (4456 words)

	OSI Reference Model
		OSI Reference Model is a theoretical but useful description of sending data from one point to another through a network.
		OSI Reference Model was the result of a collaborative effort between most major manufacturers and was first issued in 1978.
		The top four OSI Reference Model layers are used when a packet passes from or to the network user.
	www.inforingpress.com /computer-careers/osi-reference-model.htm (448 words)

	The OSI Reference Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The model was put together by the International Standards Organization in 1980, is that there would be one standard on which are developer could create network systems that could be interchanged among.
		The model consists of seven layers which function independently of one another, yet are dependent upon one another for the operation of the network protocol stack.
		The three upper layers of the OSI model are the application, presentation and session layers.
	www.windsor.k12.il.us /programs/osi.htm (802 words)

	ISO's OSI Reference Model
		The European Community's (EC) decision to use the OSI Model as a basis for integrating the information systems from each member country is an example of the economic impact that can be wielded by a technology definition.
		Understanding the connectivity issues that the OSI model addresses will make you a stronger competitor because you will be able to leverage the available tools and technologies from an end-to-end perspective.
		The OSI 7-layer reference model is an attempt to abstract features common to all approaches to data communications, and organize them into layers or modules such that each layer only worries about the layer directly above it and the one directly below it.
	www.cs.wmich.edu /~yang/tlt/cs555 (247 words)

	osi model
		Notes: The OSI Reference Model describes seven layers of related functions that are needed at each...
		Sometimes a model is required to hold a pose for a long time, while other times the photographer may ask for constant movement.
		Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Model or OSI Reference Model for short) is a layered abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design, developed as part of...
	models-resource.com /Models-Resources/osi-model.html (921 words)

	Webopedia: The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
		Webopedia: The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
		The OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers.
		Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy.
	www.webopedia.com /quick_ref/OSI_Layers.asp (426 words)

	OSI for Libraries: Standards to Services (1992) - UDT Series on Data Communication Technologies and Standards for ...
		An organization that commits to using OSI application protocols to support bibliographic operations must next consider which telecommunication network to select as the carrier of the bibliographic data from the local system to the remote system.
		In the late 1970's, at about the same time as the development of the OSI Reference Model, the U.S. Department of Defense sponsored the development of a set of protocols to connect the various computer systems used to support military research.
		The OSI applications were developed within the international standards arena, and a great deal of effort ensured that these applications provide the full range of services required in an international networking environment.
	www.ifla.org /VI/5/reports/rep3/35.htm (1131 words)

	OSI Reference Model
		The main function of the OSI model's session layer is to control "sessions", which are logical connections between network devices.
		Layer two of the OSI reference model is the data-link layer.
		Layer one of the OSI model is the physical layer.
	www.how2pass.com /CCNA/study_material/osilayers.htm (2663 words)

	Architecture and Structure
		The OSI reference model has a layered architecture, whereby each layer encapsulates a function of the overall complex task.
		Layer 3, the transport layer corresponds to the layer 4 in the OSI model.
		The second reason is that the OSI mode and protocols were flawed; the session layer has little use in most applications, and the presentation layer is practically empty, while the network, data link and network layers are so full that subsequent work has split them into multiple layers.
	www-dse.doc.ic.ac.uk /~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol4/mhl/archi.html (2059 words)

	The OSI Reference Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The OSI reference model, sometimes also called ISO or 7 layer reference model for communication, has been developed by the International Standards Organization in early 1980's.
		The OSI model is based on 7 distinct layers, each layer describing different function, with is own set of rules.
		This layer is sometimes referred to as the communication subnet layer which controls operation of subnets by determining how data (packets) are to be distributed (routed) between the networks (subnets).
	www.cs.ntu.edu.au /homepages/jeff/4021.HTM (1257 words)

	OSI Reference Model Tutorial
		The technicians are referring to the OSI 7 Layer Reference Model.
		The OSI Reference model defines seven layers that describe how applications running upon network-aware devices may communicate with each other.
		Confusingly, the OSI was a working group within the ISO (International Standards Organisation) and, therefore, many people refer to the OSI Reference model as the ISO Reference model.
	www.pcsupportadvisor.com /OSI_7_layer_model_page1.htm (499 words)

	[No title]
		The OSI model is made up of seven layers, with each layer providing a distinct network service.
		Not all of the levels for all types of data are needed--certain transmissions might not be valid at a certain level of the model.
		The OSI model should be used as a guide for how data is transmitted over the network.
	www.laynetworks.com /osi.htm (1030 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The OSI Reference Model
		reference model is a way of talking about and reasoning about networks, which splits different functionality into different layers.
		Not all networks are perfectly modelled by the OSI reference model, the relative sizes of each layer may fluctuate wildly, and there are strong disagreements over where particular functionalities of particular networks should be placed.
		OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection, which is a standards organisation, made up of many different entities.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A593624 (1851 words)

	CodeToad - The OSI Reference Model - A Clear and Concise Illustration !. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The standards and protocols associated with the OSI reference model are the cornerstone of the open systems concept for linking the literally dozens of dissimilar computers found in offices throughout the world.
		While discussing the OSI reference model it is important to understand what the model does not specify as well as what it actually spells out.
		The OSI model has the support of most major computer and network vendors, many large customers, and most governments, including the United States. The OSI model is a concept that describes how data communications should take place.
	www.codetoad.com /html_osi.asp (7362 words)

	A Human Factors Extension to the Seven-Layer OSI Reference Model
		Although it may affect higher layers, it is not within the scope, for example, of a Layer 7 protocol to deal with this. A thorough treatment of the subtleties of the OSI model is beyond the scope of the present paper, and the reader is encouraged to see [10], if required.
		Two additional principles in the specification of the model are that separate layers perform functions that differ in their technology, and, that similar functions are placed in the same layer [10]. This model has proven to be quite successful as a design and teaching tool, as evidenced by its standardization and its longevity.
		The advantages of the present framework are its extension of the OSI model upwards in a fashion consistent with the original OSI vision, and its completeness in capturing all of HCI in the top layers.
	www.andrewpatrick.ca /OSI/10layer.html (1814 words)

	Terms, Definitions and the OSI Reference model (Made IT).
		The Open Systems Interconnect Reference Model is a seven layer model defined by the ISO (International Standards Organization) to create an interoperable network.
		The devices active on this layer are called routers and the data units are refered to as packets.
		The OSI talks of gateways, but the OSI is probably the only one, we will refer to routers.
	home.concepts.nl /~pc100476/Alex/Netwerk/osi.html (575 words)

	PSOTEC Administration - Help on Understanding the OSI Reference model
		The OSI reference model describes modular building blocks of various functions that must be provided to have program to program communications between similar or dissimilar hosts.
		The second layer in the OSI reference model is the Datalink Layer.
		The MAC sublayer refers to the Media Access Protocol (how do stations on a network gain access to the media and permission to transmit their data - contention, token passing, polling), and the physical addressing of stations on the network.
	www.psotec.net /osi.html (1911 words)

	OSI Reference Model Lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		On the other end, a diverse set of applications including POS terminals, Macintosh computers, electronic mail, and CICS may co-exist on the higher levels as long as they are all compatible at the Session layer.
		Because of OSI, you may shop for network hardware and software from a variety of vendors and accomodate new services such as document transfer.
		OSI success story: GM's MAP (Manufacturing Automation Protocol) -> an OSI-based network standard for a manufacturing environment and includes specifications for CAD, numerical control machines, and robots.
	www15.brinkster.com /yatendra/ndt/ositut1 (705 words)

	Layer Of The Osi Model Provides
		the layer of the OSI model are purely abstract.
		A reference model used to describe layers of a network and the types of functions expected at each layer.
		This bridging occurs in layer 2 of the OSI model.
	osimodel.mhosmodel.com /layeroftheosimodelprovides (1108 words)

	Of Osi Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The model is known as the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model and represents only a general guideline for developing usable network interfaces and protocols.
		OSI Model MIS 331 The main idea in OSI is that the process of communication between two end points in a telecommunication network can be divided into layers, with each layer adding its own set of...
		OSI is also referred to as the OSI Reference Model or...
	osimodel.mhosmodel.com /ofosimodel (1297 words)

	ISO OSI REFERENCE MODEL
		The OSI model describes seven layers, with each layer intended to provide a well-defined service in order to ensure data has been successfully transmitted between devices.
		The OSI model describes the flow of information through a network as moving down the seven layers on the transmitting device, through the intermediate nodes of a network service, and up through the seven layers on the receiving device.
		As an abstract model, these layers serve the important function of providing a framework and set of terms that allows discussion about data networking without the ambiguity that would result if such a model were not available.
	members.tripod.com /~vshah/osi.htm (2296 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The OSI Reference Model is the tool most commonly used for this purpose.
		The OSI Reference Model is a simplistic breakdown of networking functions, from the physical wiring up to the applications that take specific advantage of the network.
		By using seven "layers" to identify the various functions provided by a network, the OSI Reference Model is flexible enough to accommodate most of the popular network services currently in use.
	www.unoverica.com /documentation/ucm/mt211ah2.html (215 words)

	The TCP/IP Guide - History of the OSI Reference Model
		One interesting aspect of the history of the OSI Reference Model is that the original objective was not to create a model primarily for educational purposes—even though many people today think that this was the case.
		The OSI Reference Model was intended to serve as the foundation for the establishment of a widely-adopted suite of protocols that would be used by international internetworks—basically, what the Internet became.
		The OSI model itself, however, found a home as a device for explaining the operation of not just the OSI protocols, but networking in general terms.
	www.tcpipguide.com /free/t_HistoryoftheOSIReferenceModel.htm (711 words)

	The OSI Reference Model
		In the OSI reference model, each layer is responsible for certain basic functions, such as getting data from one device to another or from one application on a computer to another.
		The OSI reference model is depicted in Table 0.1.
		The OSI reference model definition is intended to neither imply nor constrain the implementation of any communication system.
	www.leapforum.org /published/internetworkMobility/split/node12.html (2978 words)

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