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	Object Relations Theory
		Object relations theory is an offshoot of psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes interpersonal relations, primarily in the family and especially between mother and child.
		Object relations theorists are interest in inner images of the self and other and how they manifest themselves in interpersonal situations.Kohut's "self psychology" is an offshoot of object relations.
		Object representation is the mental representation of an object.
	www.sonoma.edu /users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html (3720 words)

	Object relations theory -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		(Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)) Freud invented the concept object relation to describe, or rather to put emphasis on the fact, that bodily ((computer science) a device that writes data onto or reads data from a storage medium) drives satisfy their need through a medium, an object, on a specific loci.
		Leading object relations theorists were (United States psychoanalyst (born in Austria) who was the first to specialize in the psychoanalysis of small children (1882-1960)) Melanie Klein, Michael Balint and (Click link for more info and facts about Donald Winnicott) Donald Winnicott.
		Thus, the objects can be receivers of both (A strong positive emotion of regard and affection) love and (The emotion of hate; a feeling of dislike so strong that it demands action) hate, the affective effects of the ((psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire) libido and the death drive.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/ob/object_relations_theory.htm (246 words)

	Object Relations Theory and Psychotherapy
		Object relations theory is a modern adaptation of psychoanalytic theory that places less emphasis on the drives of aggression and sexuality as motivational forces and more emphasis on human relationships as the primary motivational force in life.
		Object relations theorists believe that we are relationship seeking rather than pleasure seeking as Freud suggested.
		Modern object relations theorists believe that humans have an innate drive to form and maintain relationships, and that this is the fundamental human need which forms a context against which other drives such as libidinal and aggressive drives gain meaning.
	www.objectrelations.org /orkey.htm (707 words)

	Attachment
		Attachment theory is a psychoanalytic theory developed by John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, and Joseph D. Lichtenberg (and similar to object-relations theory developed by Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott) that is critical of Sigmund Freud's "drive theory." Freud viewed the psyche as an energy system dominated by a particular drive.
		Freudian theory suggested that as libidinal drives fixed on different objects, former attachments would be broken; failure to break an attachment effectively would constitute a sort of trauma that could lead to later mental illness.
		Attachment theory, however, suggested that growing children did not break former attachments, but rather (1) learned to become more active (or sovereign) within previously established attachments, and (2) added new attachments, which did not necessarily require a break with (and are not necessarily substitutes for) previous attachments.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/a/at/attachment.html (454 words)

	Sample text for Library of Congress control number 2001040587
		Object relations and self psychological treatment approaches have moved traditional psychoanalytically informed treatment beyond its earlier rigidity and narrowness of focus and in some ways, they have provided a theoretical basis for many of the tried and true principles that have been characteristic of clinical social work practice.
		Object relations theory is a broad term that encompasses diverse concepts, and it has generated different and sometimes conflicting treatment approaches.
		Object relations theory and self psychology are holistic frameworks that are consistent with the humanistic stance, values, and person-environmental focus of the social work profession and fit well with the existing body of clinical social work theory and practice.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/samples/simon031/2001040587.html (3582 words)

	[No title]
		Object Relations Theory was originated in England by a group of British psychoanalysts, including Klein, Balint, Fairburn, Winnicott, and Guntrip.
		Object relations theory was a break from Freud's drive model, and differs from it as follows: Freud's model held that a newborn infant is driven by animal instincts, such as hunger, thirst, and pleasure, but cannot relate to others.
		In contrast, object relations theory maintains that the infant can relate to others at a very early age and that relationships with others are, therefore, primary.
	www.object-relations.com /Projid.doc (3000 words)

	Object Relations Theory and Practice Program
		The summer institute takes place in July, On even years, the focus is on the integration of infant studies and object relations theory in application to clinical work and on the use of countertransference.
		While supervision and therapy are not required for the two-year Object Relations Theory and Practice Program, supervision is recommended and available individually or in groups in the local program cities or anywhere by telephone or videolink.
		Participants are mental health professionals or students who are accepted on the basis of interest in object relations theory and commitment to group learning.
	www.theipi.org /Pages/Programs/ortheoryandpractice.html (963 words)

	LOVE: FROM LIBIDO THEORY TO OBJECT RELATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first stage requires, in essence, that primitive dissociation or lack of integration of the self and of object representations be overcome in the context of establishing ego identity and the capacity for object relations in depth.
		I think that mature love relations are not “postambivalent”, but remain ambivalent with the predominance of love over hatred, and remain ambiguous, with a combination of intimacy and secrecy, growing freedom, mutual sexual experience, and a persistent mystery of the ever-changing nature of private fantasy life.
		The foundations of their object relations will have to be re-laid or at least importantly reconstructed, and in my experience this is a very slow process with an uncertain outcome.
	human-nature.com /rmyoung/papers/pap136h.htm (7092 words)

	The Paranoid-Schizoid and Depressive Positions in the Psychogenesis of the Self
		Object Relations Theory offers an articulation of psychoanalytic theory, as inherited from the legacy of Freud, which has become increasingly 'experience near,' descriptive, and even poetic, while, further, it has contributed to a radical reconceptualization of the nature of intersubjectivity.
		Klein arrived at this theory through her work with children in play therapy, wherein she attempted both to understand the mind of the child and interpret what is going on there for the child, while, at the same time, avoiding the pull to educate or give moral influence.
		With her theory of the paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions, Klein offers a creative, innovative, and compelling understanding of the psychological birth of the infant, which is based on sound clinical observations and given life by her valiant efforts to speak the unspeakable, thus giving language to preverbal experience.
	www.mythosandlogos.com /objectrelations.html (11665 words)

	991418
		Object relations theory involves the search for the process and meaning of how and why a person identifies with others, takes in others, and terms feelings about others into ways of feeling about self.
		Theory was originally developed in England and the U.S. during a decade when belief in the existence and value of the nuclear family was at its height.
		Traditional object relations theory assumes the mother-child relationship is both inevitable and necessary and that the father's role is peripheral.
	www.brynmawr.edu /Acads/GSSW/jam/switr/991418.htm (3613 words)

	The Success and Failure of Primal Therapy: A Critical Review by Stephen Khamsi, Ph.D.
		Primal theory and object relations theory are in agreement that infants become neurotic because of "defective relationships," not because of asocial drives (p.
		ORT [Object Relations Theory], Kuhut, Bowlby, and Miller belong to the former, main-stream psychoanalysis and the Kleinians to the latter.
		I agree, for instance, that ORT is superior to primal theory with respect to developmental theory and client-therapist relationships.
	primal-page.com /success.htm (5661 words)

	Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory
		As anyone knows who has tried to follow the twists and turns of Freud's theory as it evolved over his lifetime, the journey can be an odyssey of reversals (e.g., seduction theory), less than explicable retractions (e.g., ego instincts, ego ideal) and revisions (e.g., death instinct, superego, function of ego and anxiety).
		Both emerged from the interpersonal movement (relational vs. drive orientation) as it has been initiated in the U.S. by H. Sullivan: Mitchell went on to establish the relational school derived from interpersonal, British object relationalists such as Fairbairn, and post-modern perspectives while Greenberg came to a view that allowed for an essential role for drives.
		The final chapter, which is both a summary and critical commentary, is decidedly pulling for the relational perspective but will likely stimulate the reader to think more deeply about these positions and begin the process of coming to their own view.
	www.onlinemerchantaccountnow.com /BookStore/isbn0674629752.html (750 words)

	Review of Jessica Benjamin's: Shadow of the Other
		Benjamin does not entirely shun the classical intrapsychic formulae; rather she argues that the individual's psyche oscillates with, shapes, and is shaped by the psyche of the other, and that this oscillation is the basis of intersubjectivity.
		As an example, the issue in the seventies that divided object relations theory and Lacanian Feminism was whether to analyze the gender divide in terms of the relation to the Lacanian phallus or in terms of the object relation to the mother.
		Benjamin proposes here that the object relations "tilt" towards the early mother was necessary to reverse the overvaluation of the oedipal father, and that that tilt can be corrected by her own contributions (1988), which encompass the early father in the separation-individuation phase.
	www.dalpsa.org /papers/wrye.htm (1887 words)

	Theories of Personality \| Chapter Outline
		Object relations theory differs from Freudian theory in at least three ways: (1) it places more emphasis on interpersonal relationships, (2) it stresses the infant's relationship with the mother rather than the father, and (3) it suggests that people are motivated primarily for human contact rather than for sexual pleasure.
		term object in object relations theory refers to any person or part of a person that infants introject, or take into their psychic structure and then later project onto other people.
		Object relations theory shares with Freudian theory an inability to be either falsified or verified through empirical research.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0072316799/student_view0/part2/chapter5/chapter_outline.html (1584 words)

	Melanie Klein
		Object Relations Theory emerges wholly from the profound impact of the work of Melanie Klein (1882-1960).
		The term "object relations" ultimately derived from Klein, since she felt that the infant introjects the 'whole' other with the onset of the depressive position during the ontogenesis of the self.
		Omnipotent denial of the existence of the bad object and of the painful situation is in the unconscious equal to annihilation by the destructive impulse.
	www.mythosandlogos.com /Klein.html (1560 words)

	Object Relations Institute for Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis
		The Object Relations Institute is a New York State Chartered Educational Institution, which has been training and graduating candidates in the study of object relations theory in relation to psychotherapy and psychoanalysis clinical practice since 1991.
		Object relations theory has profoundly influenced the clinical practice of all those practicing psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.
		Freudian theory and current trends in self psychology and relational theory are also understood in relation to the monumental contributions of object relations theorists in both Britain and America.
	www.orinyc.org /about.html (368 words)

	Brief Introduction to Psychoanalytic Theory
		In particular, the relation between the subject, on the one hand, and the signifiers, speech, language, on the other, is frequently contrasted with the imaginary relation, that between the ego and its images.
		Another adaptation of psychoanalytic theory known as "object relations theory" starts from the assumption that the psychological life of the human being is created in and through relations with other human beings.
		Thus, the object relations theorist distinguishes between the physical and the psychological birth of the individual.
	homepage.newschool.edu /~quigleyt/vcs/psychoanalysis.html (3286 words)

	OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY: CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
		Nevertheless, as Kanzer (Panel, 1978) reminded us, "object relations theory" has come to be associated with some notions, at least, of interest to clinicians.
		The subject is sometimes associated with primary motivations related to experiences with caretakers (Gedo, in Panel, 1978), and thus contrasted with drive theory.
		New theories must be relevant to, or at least consonant with, the unique understandings provided by the analytic situation.
	www.analysis.com /vs/vs79c.html (893 words)

	Klein, Sullivan, & Erikson
		object refers to any person or part of a person that infants introject onto their psychic structure (taken in) and then later project onto other people.
		Klein agreed with Freud that drives have an object, but she was more likely to emphasize the child's relationship with these objects, which she saw as having a life of their own withing the child's fantasy world.
		Sullivan's theory has proved influential in the development of social-cognitive psychology and is the sole theoretical impetus for group psychotherapy (Yalom).
	comp.uark.edu /~nlwilli/406ho3.htm (2589 words)

	International Institute of Object Relations Therapy -IIORT- (Two Year Core Program)
		On even years, the focus is on the integration of infant studies and object relations theory in application to clinical work and on the use of countertransference.
		Participants are mental health professionals or students who are accepted on the basis of interest in object relations theory and commitment to group learning.
		Knowledge of their own defenses, transferences, and anxieties is fundamental to the object relations therapist's capacity to offer a therapeutic relationship.
	www.iiort.org /two.htm (892 words)

	APA Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Empirical Perspectives on Object Relations Theory traverses the bridge between psychoanalysis and other areas of psychology that is provided by object relations theory.
		It illustrates how object relations theory can be operationalized, tested empirically, and updated on the basis of the relevant studies.
		Empirical Perspectives on Object Relations Theory is Volume 5 of the critically acclaimed series Empirical Studies of Psychoanalytic Theories.
	www.apa.org /books/4316491.html (219 words)

	334wk03
		Object relations are interpersonal relationships as they are represented intrapsychically.
		The term object was used by Freud to refer to that which satisfies a need, or to the significant person or thing that is the object, or target, of one's feelings or drives.
		Thus object relations are interpersonal relationships that shape the individual's current interactions with people, both in reality and in fantasy
	publish.uwo.ca /~pderry/334wk03.htm (1878 words)

	Beyond Ego Psychology; ; Gertrude Blanck and Rubin Blanck
		While their earlier work integrated the structural theory with the ego psychology that flowed from it, here they have extended Freud's concept of the Gesamt Ich, the ego as a whole, which they describe as superordinate to the ego of structure.
		Their work is distinctive because they add new dimensions to theory construction without discarding such basics as drive theory and conflict theory.
		Object relations, the Blancks propose, arise out of the interaction between self and object representations and can be defined as the resultants of that interaction.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/cup/catalog/data/023106/0231062664.HTM (293 words)

	THE LIBIDO THEORY AND OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Since Fairbairn and Winnicott surely are, and since they developed their ideas in relation to hers, this is a silly debate, though the differences among the respective writers are of real interest and significance.
		The splitting of objects into good and bad derives from the interplay between erotic and destructive instincts; they are subject to introjection and projection and to the most primitive phantasies, especially psychotic ones.
		American object relations writers have their own preoccupations, and this includes lots of comparing and contrasting the figures I am stressing with the work of (typically) Kohut, Kernberg, Mahler.
	human-nature.com /rmyoung/lists/list3.html (3096 words)

	The Masterson Institute - Psychotherapy of the Personality Disorders - Disorders of the Self (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		By adding a theory of the self to object relations theory, the author both enlarges and more acutely focuses the therapeutic perspective, thereby enhancing work with patients.
		This theory of the real self enables a shift of the focus in both development and disorder from the object (object relations) to the self; we can think of the self with its objects and ego rather than in terms of only objects and ego.
		The Real Self provides a unique synthesis of theory and clinical expertise that succeeds in filling in the gaps in developmental theory and object relations in the service of a more creative and effective psychotherapy.
	www.mastersoninstitute.org /realself.html (666 words)

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