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	Objectivist poets - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The basic tenets of Objectivist poetics as defined by Louis Zukofsky were to treat the poem as an object, and to emphasise sincerity, intelligence, and the poet's ability to look clearly at the world.
		Although these poets generally suffered critical neglect, especially in their early careers, and a number of them abandoned the practice of writing and/or publishing poetry for a time, they were to prove highly influential for later generations of writers working in the tradition of modernist poetry in English.
		The poets of the Beat Generation, a group of American bohemian writers to emerge at the end of the 1940s that included Allen Ginsberg, Gary Snyder and Jack Kerouac, owed much to Pound and Williams, and were led, through them, to the Objectivists.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Objectivist_poets (2743 words)

	Encyclopedia: Objectivist poets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He was co-founder of the Objectivist group of poets and was to be an important influence on subsequent generations of poets in America and abroad.
		Zukofsky considered Ezra Pound to be the most important living poet, and in 1927 he sent his poem Poem beginning "The" to the older man. The poem, most of which figure of is addressed to the poet's mother, was a kind of parody of T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land.
		Zukofsky was one of the founders of the Objectivist group of poets and of To Publishers, later the Objectivist Press, along with Charles Reznikoff and George Oppen.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Objectivist-poets (738 words)

	Objectivist poets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Objectivist poets were a loose-knit group of second-generation Modernist s who emerged in the 1930s.
		The Objectivist Center Institute seeking to promote the Objectivist values of reason, individualism, freedom, and achievement through public advocacy, research, seminars, and publications.
		Poets Corner An open forum for poets; features the works of amateur and professional poets, news and links.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Objectivist_poets.html (410 words)

	British Poetry Revival - Gurupedia
		Although these poets had effectively been written out of official histories of 20th century British poetry, by the beginning of the 1960s a number of younger poets were starting to explore poetic possibilities that the older writers had opened up.
		O'Sullivan explores a view of the poet as shaman in her work, while Randell and Riley were among the first British women poets to marry feminist concerns with experimental poetic practice.
		Freeman is another British poet influenced by the Objectivists, and he has written on both George Oppen and Niedecker.
	www.gurupedia.com /b/br/british_poetry_revival.htm (1573 words)

	George Oppen - RecipeFacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		George Oppen (April 24, 1908 - July 7, 1984) was an American poet, best known as one of the founders of the Objectivist group of poets.
		"Objectivist" poetics, self-consciously referred to in quotations by its chief instigator, Louis Zukofsky, was essentially an attempt to give Imagism formal aim.
		Oppen's early poems were therefore an attempt to create poems by strictly ahdering to the principles of "Objectivist" poetics as described by Zukofsky and interpreted by Oppen.
	www.recipeland.com /encyclopaedia/index.php/George_Oppen (1909 words)

	George Oppen's Life and Career
		Zukofsky's "Objectivist" issue of Poetry (Feb. 1931) established the three of them along with William Carlos Williams and Carl Rakosi as Objectivists, but like Zukofsky, Oppen denied they formed a movement, insisting that objectivism referred to the necessity of form in a poem.
		The Objectivist Press issued its last book in 1936, but in response to the rise of fascism and the depression, Oppen had given up poetry and joined the Communist party a year earlier.
		Oppen and his fellow objectivists may be seen as the followers or a well-established modernist tradition, a view best expressed by Hugh Kenner: "They are the best testimony to the strength of that tradition: to the fact that it had substance separable from the revolutionary high spirits or its launching.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /MAPS/poets/m_r/oppen/life.htm (2360 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Manecke, Keith
		I argue that these poets seek a poetics that can incorporate both the cultural emphasis of Eliot and Pound’s "high modernism" as well as the material emphasis espoused by modernism’s avant-garde and Objectivist poets, such as Gertrude Stein and Louis Zukofsky.
		The poets of my study seek to disassociate their work from the ideological appeals to tradition made by Eliot and Pound, thus lessening the influence of cultural traditions on contemporary experience.
		The locations that these poets consider are varied: the Brooklyn Bridge in New York; the Passaic Falls in Paterson; the cities of New Haven and Gloucester; or the coast of Nova Scotia and the foreign locales of Brazil.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?osu1070218804 (279 words)

	Ginsberg accuses neo-conservatives of political correctness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nonagenerian Rakosi, one of the objectivist poets of the ¹20s and ¹30s who were ignored by publishers until much later, said he was more concerned that true innovators today will get lost in what may be a flood of poetry.
		Poets also use the term academic to mean "dead" writing, she said.
		He spoke of "communities of poets who disappear from view because their work is not regularly published, distributed or reviewed by critics.² Sometimes they are represented by a token, he said.
	www.stanford.edu /group/news/relaged/950214Arc5375.html (1578 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		When we refer to "political" poetry, we most often mean the poetry that explicitly takes up the most urgent questions of its time, with the poet in the role of solitary prophet or moral scourge.
		As both a participant in the Gaelic Revival's work of unearthing a mythic Irish past and a Senator in the new Irish Free State, Yeats was faced with the irreconcilable difference between a despised Ireland of fact and an ideal Ireland of dreams.
		We will end at the close of the century with the "Language Poets" - contemporary writers who imagine poetry to offer a radical practice of freedom in an age when not just action but thought itself is increasingly administered by forces beyond our control.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~english/courses/english90rp_include.html (233 words)

	Twentieth Century Literature: A Mater of Fact and Vision: The Objectivity Question and Muriel Rukeyser's "The Book of ...
		Zukofsky's insistence in his 1931 objectivist program that writing should result from "the detail, not mirage, of seeing, of thinking with the things as they exist" (273) is a deceptively realist rationale for the urgent dismantling of existing representational models.
		For the scientific observer as for the poet, what is important is the overriding fact, and fate, of invisibility - the invisibility of occupational disease and its ravages, the social invisibility of a mostly fl, marginalized labor force - which led to the laborers' brutal exploitation and death as well as their erasure from memory.
		This "objectivist" turn, a common direction of left-wing 30s modernists, is always committed, however variably expressed, to a revisionary reformulation of the object as dynamic process or event: the submerged artifact as human tragedy, redeemed from historical obscurity to the detailed, scientific clarity of sight.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0403/is_2_45/ai_57589965 (1218 words)

	Rare Books at Kansas State University
		In the early 1980s, Special Collection began to build a collection of the major Objectivist Poets.
		The poets identified for inclusion were Basil Bunting, Lorine Niedecker, George Oppen, Carl Rakosi, Charles Reznikoff, and Louis Zukofsky.
		All illustrative images, unless otherwise stated, are the property of Morse Dept. of Special Collections and may not be used without written permission from the Rare Books Librarian.
	www.lib.ksu.edu /depts/spec/rarebooks/collections/objectivist.html (190 words)

	CVCCollage
		Where a symbolist poet would concentrate on relations that dramatize meanings beyond the event, the poet in "Western Wynd" wants to make relational forces intensify "the detail, not mirage, of seeing." To do so articulates a field where one can think with things as they exist.
		In order to keep the denotations intensely resonant, the poet marks his or her field --perceptually and musically--by a dense interplay of direct perceptions standing toward one another as planes in a abstract painting.
		Objectivist poetics creates an instrument sufficiently subtle to make attention and care -- to the world and to the corresponding energies the world elicits -- ends in themselves.
	mason.gmu.edu /~stichy/CVCCollage.html (1023 words)

	The Academy of American Poets - William Carlos Williams
		Returning to Rutherford, where he sustained his medical practice throughout his life, Williams began publishing in small magazines and embarked on a prolific career as a poet, novelist, essayist, and playwright.
		Following Pound, he was one of the principal poets of the Imagist movement, though as time went on, he began to increasingly disagree with the values put forth in the work of Pound and especially Eliot, who he felt were too attached to European culture and traditions.
		Continuing to experiment with new techniques of meter and lineation, Williams sought to invent an entirely fresh—and singularly American—poetic, whose subject matter was centered on the everyday circumstances of life and the lives of common people.
	www.poets.org /poet.php/prmPID/119 (359 words)

	Short Schrift: August 2004
		The Objectivist Nexus is an unusual and varied anthology of essays connected with Objectivist poets, poetics, and poetry, some of which appeared as early as 1979 (often in earlier versions), among others published for the first time in this collection.
		Niedecker's double classification as a "folk poet" and "Objectivist," Middleton argues, and her appropriation and re-contextualization by her ex-lover Zukofsky in A Test of Poetry, are key to understanding her own deployment of appropriated "folk" speech.
		The Objectivists' championing of the object, of the particular, and of the discrete is crucial, but I do not think it can be so easily folded into Marxist politics on the one hand and differentiated from the poetic practices of Pound, Eliot, Stein, and Williams on the other.
	short-schrift.blogspot.com /2004_08_01_short-schrift_archive.html (4444 words)

	WarPoetry9
		That the Objectivist poets -- nearly all of whom were Jewish leftists -- took Pound's poetics as their starting place testifies to his extraordinary usefulness to 20th century poets.
		The poet who wanted the end of a symbolist poetics, the end of a hermetic, unrealistic poetry, the end of the poet's ivory-tower seclusion becomes more hermetic, more arcane, and inaccessible than he had ever desired.
		The poet who wished to convert readers and energize them into action ends by sapping the readers' strength or at least preoccupying them permanently in the very consideration of the poem.
	mason.gmu.edu /~stichy/WarPoetry9.html (3153 words)

	'The Objectivist Nexus: Essays in Cultural Poetics' by Rachel Blau DuPlessis & Peter Quartermain, editors \| Jeffery ...
		The Objectivist poets, branded by an editorial demand for a common rubric by Harriet Monroe of Poetry, became associated with a capricious aesthetic practice and philosophy.
		The major poets connected with the term, George Oppen, Lorine Niedecker, Carl Rakosi, Basil Bunting, Charles Reznikoff, and Zukofsky, are the subjects of this book.
		The Objectivist Nexus is an essential tool to understanding a complicated, lively, and enlightened poetic movement of the last century, which will continue to exercise considerable influence in this one.
	www.oysterboyreview.com /archived/13/BeamJ-DuPlessis.html (398 words)

	From Black Mountain College to St. Mark's Church: The Cityscape Poetics of Blackburn, di Prima, and Oppenheimer - R A I ...
		Yet, beginning in 1966, she worked under another Black Mountain poet, Joel Oppenheimer, who ran the Project and its first workshop in which she was a participant.
		A leader of the Poets Theater, she was instrumental in providing exposure for plays by O'Hara ("An Interview with Diane di Prima" 27), Oppenheimer and many others (Gilmore 124, 125).
		Both poets exhibit, in James Breslin's words on O'Hara, the "[absorption] with a kind of evenly suspended attention that does not permit discrimination, emphasis, or even interpretation" (in Lowney 245-46).
	www.raintaxi.com /online/2002spring/poetryproject.shtml (2764 words)

	A Menorah for Athena : Charles Reznikoff and the Jewish Dilemmas of Objectivist Poetry (Phoenix Poets (Paperback)) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first major Jewish poet in America and a key figure of the Objectivist movement, Charles Reznikoff was a crucial link between the generation of Pound and Williams, and the more radical modernists who followed in their wake.
		He shows that when we regard the Objectivists as modern Jewish poets, we can see more clearly their distinctiveness as modernists and the reasons for their profound impact upon later poets, such as Allen Ginsberg and Charles Bernstein.
		Although Reznikoff has never been and probably never will be a writer with broad mass appeal, his work helps illuminate the United States and the dilemmas faced by the Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe as they assumed their many places in our country.
	www.textkit.com /0_0226261395.html (753 words)

	The Independent Weekly: The Digitized Muse
		It's the curious union of American objectivist aesthetics, whose democratic intent seeks to free the poem's subject from the weight of the author's hand, with a more distant landscape still populated by God and light and spirit.
		As a queer poet, he has a desire that the mainstream world is discomforted by and he lives in a world where his value is openly contested.
		Poets occupy a strange position in our fast, modern life, engaged in the least commercial of arts, bearing the slightest of professional profiles.
	indyweek.com /durham/2002-09-25/ae4.html (1159 words)

	Objectivist Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Beginning in the 1930s, these six poets (five Americans and an Englishman) formed the core of an avant-garde, Leftist poetry movement that combined elements of Imagism, Marxist thought, and their unique understanding of artistic "sincerity" into a style that remains influential among experimental poets to this day.
		Featuring the work of Zukofsky himself, Reznikoff, Rakosi, Oppen, Bunting, William Carlos Williams, Kenneth Rexroth, and many lesser-known poets, this issue will eventually be recognized as the founding document of Objectivist poetics.
		The Objectivist Press publishes Reznikoff's Jerusalem the Golden and In Memoriam: 1933, Williams' Collected Poems, and Oppen's Discrete Series.
	students.washington.edu /dwhunts/objectivism.htm (1236 words)

	Jacket 25 - Kent Johnson: Prosody and the Outside: Some Notes on Rakosi and Stevens
		[3] For Stevens, as with poets like Williams, Zukofsky, George Oppen, Charles Olson, Robert Duncan, Creeley, and Rakosi, poetry is, centrally, an agency of epistemological investigation, where composition moves beyond narrative summaries of personal experience or emotional states, to become a reflexive engagement with the mutual mediations of language and thought.
		If Stevens epitomizes the Coleridgean ideal of the imagination dispensing value and form to an unordered reality, poets in the “anti-Symbolist” tradition see poetic possibility as immanent in what is “other.” As Albert Gelpi puts it, in the one, “consciousness commits object to subject”; in the latter, “consciousness commits subject to object” (Gelpi 13).
		Its justification is that in expressing thought or feeling in poetry the purpose of the poet must be to subordinate the mode of expression, that, while the value of the poem as a poem depends on expression, it depends primarily on what is expressed.
	jacketmagazine.com /25/rak-kent.html (3635 words)

	Columbia College Today
		Now acknowledged as one of the most important American poets of his generation, Zukofsky believed that he could not return to his alma mater because he was a Jew and a Marxist.
		William Carlos Williams claimed that Zukofsky was “the most important and neglected poet of our time.” Like the writing of James Joyce or Gertrude Stein, which he admired, Zukofsky’s writing is hermetic, allusive and challenging.
		He coined the term “Objectivism” to describe his work and theirs; collectively, the Objectivist poets sought to write an unsentimental, socially committed poetry that would feature, in Pound’s terms, “direct treatment of the thing.” Pound became increasingly fascist and anti-Semitic in the 1930s and his growing mental instability exasperated Zukofsky.
	www.college.columbia.edu /cct/jul04/profiles1.php (684 words)

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