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Topic: Obligation

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Law of obligations

Delicts

United Kingdom general election, January 1910

The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer

Sue

Good faith

Beneficiary

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Heir

Estate (law)

Rule against perpetuities

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	Obligation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Obligations are generally granted in return for an increase in an individual’s rights or power.
		Common legal obligations for citizens include the need to participate as a juror if called upon and pay taxes, which is granted in return for the right to participate in the electoral process and the financial and physical protection by the state.
		In biology, the opposite of obligate is facultative, meaning a species is able to behave in a certain way and may do so under certain circumstances, but that it can survive without having to preform this certain behavior.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Obligation (341 words)

	OBLIGATION - LoveToKnow Article on OBLIGATION
		In English law obligation is used in at least four senses(I) any duty imposed by law; (2) the special duty created by a vinculum juris; (3) not the duty, but the evidence of the dutythat is to say, an instrument under seal, otherwise called a bond; (4) the operative part of a bond.
		A perfect obligation is one which is directly enforceable by legal proceedings; an imperfect or moral obligation (the naturalis obliga~tio of Roman law) is one in which the vinculum juris is in some respects incomplete, so that it cannot be directly enforced, though it is not entirely destitute of legal effect.
		The obligation, however, remains, though imperfect, for if there be a subsequent acknowledgment by the debtor, the debt revi~es, and the imperfect obligation becomes agsin perfect.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /O/OB/OBLIGATION.htm (722 words)

	Legal Definition of Obligation
		And in another sense, an obligation still subsists, although the civil obligation is said to be a bond containing a penalty, with a condition annexed for the payment of money, performance of covenants or the like; it differs from a bill which is generally without a penalty or condition though it may be obligatory.
		A civil obligation is one which has a binding operation in law, vinculum juris, and which gives to the obligee the right of enforcing it in a court of justice; in other words, it is an engagement binding on the obligor.
		The obligation is personal in another sense, as when the obligor binds himself to do a thing, and he provides his heirs and executors shall not be bound; as, for example, when he promises to pay a certain sum yearly during his life and the payment is to cease at his death.
	www.lectlaw.com /def2/o001.htm (1255 words)

	Legal Obligation and Authority
		Obligations exclude some contrary reasons — typically at least reasons of convenience and ordinary preference — but they do not normally exclude all: an exclusionary reason is not necessarily a conclusive reason.
		The stringency of an obligation is thus a consequence not of its weight or practice features, but of the fact that it supports the required action by special normative means, insulating it from the general competition of reasons.
		Scepticism about obligation does not entail scepticism about legitimacy: one may affirm that law is entitled to coerce while denying that all of law's subjects have a duty to obey it.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/legal-obligation (6837 words)

	The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Obligation, which is not an oath but a solemn expression of intention, is subscribed to at the ceremony.
		Following the Obligation, the Iron Ring is placed on the little finger of the working hand, and is worn by the engineer as a symbol and a reminder.
		The Obligation is private, though not necessarily secret.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Ritual_of_the_Calling_of_an_Engineer (400 words)

	20th WCP: The Confucian Filial Obligation and Care for Aged Parents
		Thus, the traditional filial obligation of supporting and taking care of the aged is left as either the private responsibility of the elderly themselves or as a societal burden on the public.
		The parental obligation of caring for their young children, says Daniels, is a "self-imposed" duty, while the so-called children's obligation of caring for their aged parents is "non-self-imposed" and thus cannot be morally required.
		In light of the distinction between the two kinds of moral obligation, i.e., moral responsibility and moral duty, it becomes clear that the filial obligation of adult children to take care of their aged parents belongs to the category of moral duty, which, by its nature, is existential rather than consensual.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Comp/CompWang.htm (4817 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Obligation
		Originally both parties were considered to be under the obligation to each other; subsequently the term was restricted to one of the parties, who was said to be under an obligation to do something in favour of another, and consequently that other had a correlative right to enforce the fulfilment of the obligation.
		It is said that moral obligation cannot be explained as a moral necessity of adopting the necessary means to the end of moral action, for it may be asked what is the moral obligation of the end itself.
		However, it may be done for the sake of the public good, and there may be an obligation to do it, as when one's office compels one to undertake the task, or the defence of the innocent or the public good requires it, or a precept of obedience commands it.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11189a.htm (4659 words)

	Obligation Accomplishments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Obligation forces WABM to move Springer from 8 pm to midnight.
		Obligation, Inc., a local media watchdog group, has been trying to raise awareness of the offensive content of the Stern show.
		Obligation's president, Jim Metrock, praises CBS42 for reconsidering their support for Stern.
	www.obligation.org /popculture/tvaccomplishments.html (807 words)

	The Obligation of Covenants
		Every moral obligation is inseparable from the moral law: moral obligation respects us as moral subjects: as such the moral law recognizes us in every relation in which we stand, as bound by every obligation under which we come, and requires the performance of every duty to God, to society, and to ourselves.
		But though this obligation is inseparable from that of the divine law yet it is distinct from it, and belongs to the very essence of a covenant.
		There is another reason for the descending obligation of covenants, which arises from the impossibility of liquidating the debt, contracted by covenanting, in such a manner, that none of the contents of the bond, shall still remain due.
	www.covenanter.org /Wylie/obligationofcovenants.htm (10919 words)

	20th WCP: Regret and Obligation
		It is needless to suppose that there is an obligation to feel regret when one has in fact committed a wrongful act, for persons do not always know whether they have in fact have done something wrong.
		If there is an obligation to feel regret, it has to be an obligation to feel regret when one believes she has done something morally blameworthy.
		While it may be true that there is no obligation to feel regret when one is "in fact" done something wrong, there seems to be an obligation to feel regret when people think that something wrong has been done — whether or not the agent herself thinks that something wrong has been done.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/MPsy/MPsyRaik.htm (3390 words)

	Obligation Calculator Introduction
		If a noncustodial parent earns 60% of the total income, for example, they are responsible for 60% of the total obligation published in the guidelinei and will also be responsible for 60% of the necessary uninsured medical/dental expenses in excess of $250 for any calendar year for each child.
		In the final calculation of the child support obligation, the parent whose child is receiving the benefit is given credit for the amount of the benefit.
		A noncustodial parent's child support obligation is based on the assumption that they are not currently paying for any regular expenses the custodial parent may have.
	www.dss.state.va.us /family/dcse_calc_intro.html (1096 words)

	Obligation - The Hook
		Obligation is often the glue that sticks us into abusive relationships.
		Obligation, quite simply, is the thought that we must do something because of a requirement or expectation of someone or something that is outside our own needs and wants.
		The biggest two are the feeling of obligation to stay faithful for life to a spouse, and the feeling of obligation to maintain an intact family for the benefit of children.
	tearsandhealing.com /obligation-the-hook.htm (504 words)

	Cabal: Obligation
		Obligation is an interesting and ancient tool, with mixed history, but a concept not ready for the scrap heap in my opinion.
		As for your obligation to your self, I think there is an obligation there, or at least that is a direction to go to achieve a more fulfilling life.
		As a resident of this earth, I was taught to be a responsible steward of the environment.
	hubris.typepad.com /cabal/2005/05/obligation.html (4981 words)

	RCEP responds to DTI's Renewables Obligation Preliminary Consultation
		Indeed, without support under the obligation developers are unlikely to bring forward more costly options - such as smaller incinerators or novel technologies such as waste gasification, pyrolysis or anaerobic digestion - which could have a greater chance of winning planning permission.
		The renewables obligation as proposed is an elegant mechanism, and the government's concerns over segmenting or distorting the marketplace and the need to ensure cost-effectiveness are understandable.
		Given that there is likely to be a shortfall in supply against the obligation in any given year, the market price for electricity from renewable energy sources is likely to be fairly uniform regardless of technology.
	www.rcep.org.uk /news/00-5.htm (1928 words)

	Obligation In Judaism; an EdTalk Discussion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		So, to me, the only lasting obligation that we could teach our children are the overriding tenets of Judaism and ask that they teach these to their children.
		Education is a mixed prospect; the initial, Biblical texts placed this obligation on the parent, but there is certainly a healthy emphasis on the community's responsibility for this in later texts.
		I'd like to respond to your ed-talk posting about "obligation." I probably missed the discussion of why we are reluctant to use the word "mitzvah." I suppose it's for the same reason that we are plagued with people unwilling to "make a commitment" when getting married.
	www.jrf.org /edtalker/edtalk_discussions/obligation.htm (4645 words)

	How ESOP Companies Handle the Repurchase Obligation
		Every closely held company with an ESOP has a legal obligation to offer to buy back stock distributed to ESOP participants; this is called the "repurchase obligation." Written by leading experts, this book combines practical discussions with research in exploring the repurchase obligation and how it can be planned for and dealt with.
		Since the repurchase obligation for any particular year is based on the value of shares that must be distributed, this increase in value increases the repurchase obligation.
		The second way the S corporation election can affect the repurchase obligation differently than a C corporation election is the creation of two categories of participants, the “haves” and the “have nots” (or, at least, the “have much lesses”).
	www.nceo.org /pubs/repurchase.html (733 words)

	FT April 2002: Just War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The obligation to contribute to the defense of order in international public life does not fall equally on every state, though.
		Responsible public officials who were in fact exercising great restraint were being regularly dunned with warnings about the dangers of noncombatant casualties, as if the question of public authority’s obligation to defend both its citizens and a minimum of order in international public life were a secondary or tertiary moral issue.
		They are logically first, because they are the questions directly relating to the primary moral obligations of public authority, but they are also the questions on which a measure of moral clarity is more likely.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0204/articles/justwar.html (4197 words)

	Why Parental Obligation?
		Yes, we are willing to talk about the right of children to leave home; but we are not enthusiastic about asking what obligations are incurred by parents because they unilaterally imposed the relationship of dependency in the first place.
		And that fact is the foundation of parental obligation.
		Parental obligation is not an obligation to recompense for harm; it is, rather, the obligation to refrain from inflicting it.
	www.l4l.org /library/whyparob.html (2203 words)

	Restitutionary obligation
		The general theory is that a person should not remain unjustly enriched at the expense of another's loss and should disgorge the enrichment or its value in favor of the person who has suffered loss.
		However, the dealer is obligated under a theory of restitution to return $26,500 to the couple because the additional money was paid by mistake.
		restitution is the label for both the theory of obligation and the remedy for non-fulfillment of that obligation).
	www.scu.edu /law/FacWebPage/Neustadter/e-books/abridgedcontracts/main/commentary/Restitution.html (738 words)

	Pension Obligation Bond Financing
		Pension obligation bonds had their start with the famous City of Oakland pension bond financing in 1985, which Orrick helped to invent and for which it served as bond counsel.
		Tax-exempt pension obligation bonds largely came to an end with the introduction of tax legislation that became part of the Tax Reform Act of 1986.
		In California, city and county pension obligation bonds are issued under the local agency refunding law (drafted in pertinent part by Orrick) and considered valid without a vote under a judicially created exception to the State Constitution Article XVI, Section 18 debt limitation referred to as “obligations imposed by law”;.
	www.orrick.com /practices/public_finance/pension.asp (561 words)

	231 Pa. Code Rule 1910.16-4. Support Guidelines. Calculation of Support Obligation. Formula.
		If the children spend 45% of their time with the obligor, his or her percentage share of the combined obligation is reduced to 53%, or $820.
		First, determine the spousal support obligation of the custodial parent to the non-custodial parent based upon their net incomes from the formula for spousal support without dependent children, i.e., $640.
		Fourth, determine the recomputed support obligation of the custodial parent to the non-custodial parent by subtracting the non-custodial parent’s child support obligation from Step 3 ($501) from the original support obligation determined in Step 1 ($640).
	www.pacode.com /secure/data/231/chapter1910/s1910.16-4.html (2400 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : Holy Days of Obligation, Or Holy Days of Opportunity
		We are asked to celebrate a holy day of obligation with the same solemnity as the Lord's Day.
		By honoring another mystery of Christ, or by honoring Mary or a saint of local significance, we are celebrating the same as we do on a Sunday, but with a special orientation.
		Catholics were often dispensed from the obligation, not only because of persecution but also because they were widely scattered and lived far from the churches that existed at that time.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=1371 (1402 words)

	Mutual Obligation/Work for the Dole
		In the context of welfare assistance in Australia, Mutual Obligation is based on a concept that welfare assistance provided to the unemployed of working age should involve some return responsibilities for the recipient.
		Jobseekers are considered to be meeting their Mutual Obligation requirements when they are undertaking one of the accepted 'activities'.
		The NCOSS view was that the Government's notion of mutual obligation, particularly with young people, is more about punishment of those who are the victims of the last decade of economic reform in Australia, rather than reciprocal partnership with the Australian community.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/intguide/sp/dole.htm (3646 words)

	U.C.C. - ARTICLE 3 -§3-310. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		U.C.C. (a) Unless otherwise agreed, if a certified check, cashier's check, or teller's check is taken for an obligation, the obligation is discharged to the same extent discharge would result if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken in payment of the obligation.
		Discharge of the obligation does not affect any liability that the obligor may have as an indorser of the instrument.
		(c) If an instrument other than one described in subsection (a) or (b) is taken for an obligation, the effect is (i) that stated in subsection (a) if the instrument is one on which a bank is liable as maker or acceptor, or (ii) that stated in subsection (b) in any other case.
	www.law.cornell.edu /ucc/3/3-310.html (369 words)

	Payments - Mutual Obligation Requirements
		Mutual Obligation is about you giving something back to the community which supports you.
		You must participate in extra activities like a program or training course to improve your chances of finding work if you are aged 18 - 49 years and have been getting Newstart Allowance or Youth Allowance for six months.
		If you are aged 18 and over and getting the full or partial rate of Youth or Newstart Allowance, you can volunteer to participate in a Work for the Dole activity.
	www.centrelink.gov.au /internet/internet.nsf/payments/newstart_mutual_obligation.htm (1086 words)

	The Renewables Obligation (Scotland) Order 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		of a designated electricity supplier's renewables obligation may be satisfied by the production of certificates issued in respect of generating stations which, during the month to which a certificate relates, have been fuelled partly by fossil fuel (as defined in article 8(15)(a)) and partly by biomass (and by no other fuel).
		Where electricity generated from eligible renewable sources has been sold by the operator of the generating station to an electricity supplier and is then purchased from the electricity supplier and consumed by the operator of the generating station, such electricity shall be regarded as having been supplied by an electricity supplier to a customer.
		This Order is made under sections 32-32C of the Electricity Act 1989 and imposes an obligation ("the renewables obligation") on all electricity suppliers, which are licensed under that Act and which supply electricity in Scotland, to supply to customers in Great Britain specified amounts of electricity generated by using renewable sources.
	www.hmso.gov.uk /legislation/scotland/ssi2004/20040170.htm (6742 words)

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