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Topic: Observational techniques

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Marketing research

In the News (Wed 23 Dec 09)

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	Ethological and Experimental Approaches to Behavior Analysis: Implications for Ecotoxicology
		Observational data collection techniques can easily be used to broaden the number of questions addressed regarding sublethal exposure to toxic agents in both field and laboratory environments.
		Which technique is most appropriate depends upon the nature of the experimental question; the characteristics of the individual, group, or groups to be observed (such as number of individuals, baseline activity levels, etc.); and the time and resources available.
		Observational assessments (cage-side observations) have, of course, been long used in assessing the effects of a wide variety of environmental and pharmaceutical compounds (37), and refinements of these techniques have been incorporated into screening batteries for assessing the neurotoxic potential of compounds (38).
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1996/Suppl-2/cohn.html (5890 words)

	[No title]
		The observing techniques used at the 140 foot depend not only on whether the mode is continuum or spectral line but also depend on the type of object observed, the frequency, and the available hardware.
		All observers who use the telescope at frequencies higher than 5 GHz or whose observations require critical calibration or pointing of the telescope should familiarize themselves with the continuum capabilities of the 140-ft since the necessary data are obtained with continuum measurements.
		Observations with the Cassegrain reciever can take advantage of the quick beam switching provided by nutating the subreflector; position switching with prime focus receivers requires physically moving the telescope.
	www.gb.nrao.edu /140foot/subpages/start/techs.html (1505 words)

	Free Virtual Galaxy Project-Observational Techniques (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A major constraint on observation is the Earth's atmosphere, which absorbs radiation from space - which is fortunate, because otherwise we could detect ourselves into extinction from the Sun's high energy emissions.
		Observations by the naked eye are limited to about +6.0m, where m stands for visual magnitude.
		The limit imposed by angular resolution is set by the size of the diffraction pattern produced by the circular aperture of the telescope.
	www.ccm.net /~jrsmith/observe.html (2155 words)

	Overview On Qualitative Data Collection Techniques In International Marketing Research - Marketing \| Free Article ...
		Observational research might be somehow less reliable than quantitative research yet it is more valid and flexible since the marketer is able to change his approach whenever needed.
		Such techniques cost less than pure observational ones since costs associated with video surveillance and taping are far lower than a researcher's wage; the tape can be viewed and analyzed at a later time, at the marketer's convenience.
		Entrapment measures: those are indirect techniques (by comparison to the previously mentioned ones) and consist in asking the respondent to react to a specific stimulus or situation, when the actual subject of investigation is totally different.
	www.articledepot.co.uk /displayarticle.php?id=2335 (1357 words)

	Observational Techniques
		Text: Astrophysical Techniques (4th edition); C.R. Kitchin, 2003, Institute of Physics Publishing, ISBN 0750309466.
		Observational Mishaps: This page give examples of common and uncommon problems in CCD images.
		Lunar and Planetary Observation and CCD Imaging The website of a portuguese amateur with some remarkable CCD images of the moon and planets.
	www.physics.rutgers.edu /~pryor/ph629 (615 words)

	Part II: Chapter 3: Common Qualitative Methods
		Observational techniques are methods by which an individual or individuals gather firsthand data on programs, processes, or behaviors being studied.
		Observational approaches also allow the evaluator to learn about things the participants or staff may be unaware of or that they are unwilling or unable to discuss in an interview or focus group.
		Observational techniques are perhaps the most privacy-threatening data collection technique for staff and, to a lesser extent, participants.
	www.ehr.nsf.gov /EHR/REC/pubs/NSF97-153/CHAP_3.HTM (6345 words)

	Web Page: Mary E. Brown
		In participant observation, the researcher is a normal member of the group and joins in wholeheartedly with the activities, events, behaviors and culture of the group.
		In non-participant observation, the researcher is unobtrusive and does not engage in the roles and work of the group as a group member, but remains aloof and distanced from the action and does not feign membership of the group.
		In non-participant observation the researcher may be either visible to or hidden from the group being observed.
	www.southernct.edu /~brownm/act3.html (1076 words)

	900432 Unoptrusive observational techniques
		As part of our continuing investigation into developing unobtrusive observational capabilities for ocean exploration, we wish to examine the apparent differences between animal abundance measurements from ROV Ventana when compared to those from ROV Tiburon and the midwater submersibles Deep Rover and Johnson-Sea-Link.
		Our observations indicate that surprisingly low numbers of certain groups of species are measured during transects by Ventana.
		In order to test our hypothesis that hydraulic motor noise on Ventana may be impacting abundance estimates, we wish to run transects from the much quieter Tiburon, but fit the Tiburon with a hydraulic motor like that used on the Ventana (or perhaps an equivalent sound generator).
	www.mbari.org /rd/projects/2004/midwater/900432_unobtrusive_04.html (226 words)

	Dimitrios' Assessment article 3
		Teachers can gain valuable insights into their pupils' abilities by using a number of other techniques which include observational techniques, interviews and parental discussion, as well as a type of dynamic assessment looking at the direct process of learning (Long, 2000: 64).
		Observational techniques are appropriate for gathering information about classroom processes.
		Other forms of assessment are observational techniques, which form the basis for altering management approaches; interviews with students and parents, which can play an important role in managing problem sisuations; and a dynamic view of learning, which posits that there is a direct link between teaching techniques and pupils' performance and motivation.
	www.developingteachers.com /articles_tchtraining/assess3_dimitrios.htm (716 words)

	Astrophysics Courses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Topics covered include electromagnetic radiation, gravitation, stellar structure and evolution, the interstellar medium and the birth of stars, supernovae and the death of stars (including the physics of neutron stars and fl holes), synthesis of the elements, and the formation, structure, and evolution of galaxies and of the universe.
		Observational techniques used include CCD photometry, stellar spectroscopy, radio interferometry, and analysis of infrared satellite data.
		In addition to observational techniques, the course will also cover the physics of basic emission mechanisms at the various wavelengths.
	www.physics.hmc.edu /research/astro/courses.html (184 words)

	Feature: Dan Boyarski, CMU
		The field observation techniques developed by cultural anthropologists can be just as effectively applied in the world of product development and design, according to Carnegie Mellon professor Dan Boyarski.
		One popular observational technique is contextual inquiry, in which the observer observes the subject, possibly making inquiries during the process about the subject’s activities and environment.
		The tools of observational techniques can be as simple as a giving your subjects a disposable camera or a pocket diary to document their activities.
	www.productstrategynetwork.org /magazine/09-07-2005-1.asp (1218 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Observations again give M. P is determined from the periodically change in position: a nearby single star moves in a straight line along the sphere of the heavens.
		The third and subsequent transits all with the same period, duration and change in brightness determine the planet-distance to the star and the size of the planet (from the fraction of the diminished starlight the projected area of the planet is calculated).
		The Kepler mission uses this technique and the sattelite is theoretically capable to detect Earth-sized planets.
	www.astro.rug.nl /~onderwys/sterIIproject97/sikkema (1980 words)

	Observational research techniques
		Direct observation, if carried out in a structured and disciplined way is one of the purest forms on research, as it taps directly into behaviour, rather than perceptions, secondary or self-reports of behaviour.
		Objective observation, expecially from observers that have had an opportunity to compare cases using an objective structured method (eg: observations in several fast food chain oulets, observation of several flight sectors for an airline company, observations of several different airlines), provides a far more realistic data set.
		Though generally more expensive, observational techniques are often of higher value than the cheaper self report methods, simply because they focus on actual behaviour.
	www.orientpacific.com /observational-techniques.htm (640 words)

	Nordic Summer School on Observational Astrophysics
		This Nordic research course in observational astrophysics will introduce a new generation of young Nordic and Baltic scientists to the use of front line observational facilities.
		The goal of the course is to introduce the students to modern observational techniques.
		Observations will then be obtained during the next 6 nights and days, and the last days will be needed for reduction, analysis and presentation of the projects.
	www.astro.su.se /~jesper/NOTKURS/Description.html (979 words)

	Observational Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A key advantage of observation research is that often the respondant or consumer is unaware that they are being observed, allowing thir behaviour to be observed naturally.
		Popular forms of observational research include the mystery shopper or mystery customer technique to test quality of the consumer experience or quality of customer service.
		Others included the disposable camera technique, where respondents are asked to take snapshots of their friends behaving naturally interacting with products being researched.
	www.asiamarketresearch.com /glossary/observational-research.htm (313 words)

	[No title]
		When interactive elements such as games, electronic programme guides and voting mechanisms began to be integrated into broadcast television programmes and the need arose for tools to gauge the usability of these elements, it was natural to turn to observational techniques to supplement the survey-based techniques more familiar to researchers from the broadcast TV world.
		In this paper, we explore how the observational techniques familiar to HCI practitioners can be used to study viewers' interactions with interactive and enhanced television.
		Other analytical techniques, such as Cognitive Walkthrough (Newman & Lamming, 1995) may also be useful and are probably a very effective technique to use during the design and development process, particularly of task-oriented elements.
	www.it.bton.ac.uk /staff/lp22/HCIInt.doc (2687 words)

	Observational Techniques - STARBASE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although the atmosphere readily admits electromagnetic radiation at optical wavelengths, in practice the 'seeing' is limited by atmospheric conditions particularly by convection currents and air turbulence as well as minute changes in the primary mirror shape due to structural flexing.
		In active optics, alterations in the mirror shape due to mechanical stresses are made in a few minutes by mechanical actuators to ensure that the image is kept in the sharpest focus.
		Since the infrared observations are restricted from the ground, much infrared astronomy is done using space astronomy, the IRAS satellite being a notable example.
	www.ph.surrey.ac.uk /astrophysics/files/observational_techniques.html (3363 words)

	SPACE.com -- Dense Matters: Astronomers Peek Inside Neutron Star
		Astronomers have snatched a peek at the innards of a neutron star, combining a series of observations to pin down the type of matter squeezed into the ultra-dense stellar ball.
		The approach is expected to enable future astronomers to gain glimpses of the stuff inside other neutron stars and boost their understanding of matter, energy and the fundamental particles that make up the universe.
		One of the foundations for Strohmayer's approach was the availability of two orbiting X-ray facilities, each flush with observations of the EXO 0748-676 system.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/neutron_scitue_040914.html (1144 words)

	Solar Physics - DSP Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The big disadvantage is that two-dimensional spectra facilitate reducing the degradation of the data produced by the Earth's atmosphere due to modern image reconstruction techniques.
		To a large extent the reduction of solar data is carried out applying modern image processing techniques.
		Several image restoration techniques like speckle interferometry, phase diversity wavefront sensing, etc. can considerably improve the spatial resolution of solar data.
	www.kfunigraz.ac.at /igam5www/DSP_observe.html (284 words)

	The Art of Seeing: Observational techniques for learning about users and their work (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Participants gain hands-on experience with observational methods of users and their work, in context.
		Observational studies of users are a key to user-centered design, but doing this kind of research requires new skills.
		You will learn three primary types of observational techniques (Naturalistic Observation, Contextual Inquiry and Artifact Walkthrough) and other, hybrid methods.
	cise.sbu.ac.uk /hci2002/wt_seeing.html (196 words)

	Woodlands
		Later, there are sections on the techniques required for astrophotography and CCD imaging followed by detailed descriptions of how to observe, photograph and image the Sun, Moon, Planets, galaxies, nebulae, star clusters, double stars, supernovae, comets, meteors, auroras and variable stars.
		As well as describing the techniques required to search for comets and asteroids this book also shows ways to study them that will provide useful scientific data.
		Visual and photographic observational techniques are described as well as advanced methods on making astrometric, spectroscopic and other electronic observations.
	www.gushie.demon.co.uk /recommended_reading.htm (923 words)

	AST A305 0572 Modern Observational Techniques (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Kirkwood 12-inch refractor is the instrument used by the students to obtain the data they are responsible for analyzing.
		The observational projects include photoelectric observations and photelectric photometry.
		Associated with the observational work are tasks that include the preparation of finding-charts, CCD and PMT (photomultipler tube) calibrations, and computer data acquisition and analysis.
	www.indiana.edu /~deanfac/blfal01/ast/ast_a305_0572.html (104 words)

	Art - Lesson Plan 2: Observational Art
		Determine the place of observational art in the exploration of the American west and the establishment of Yellowstone National Park.
		Apply the process of observational art to accurately portray a landscape.
		Be sure to have them accurately draw the plants, animals and landmarks they encounter on their trip.
	www.windowsintowonderland.org /art/teachers/plan2.htm (385 words)

	Infopolis2- Ergonomics Methods- Task Analysis Methods: Interview Techniques (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Follow up on exceptions, the unusual activities which are unlikely to occur during observation.
		Interview techniques are useful for identifying possible areas for more detailed analysis.
		Interview techniques are useful for investigating events which occur infrequently.
	www.ul.ie /~infopolis/methods/interv.html (636 words)

	Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics » Links
		The Active Galaxies Newsletter is a monthly electronic publication dedicated to the observation and theory of active galaxies.
		The MPC is a nonprofit organization responsible for the efficient collection, (computation,) checking and dissemination of astrometric observations and orbits for minor planets and comets.
		ICARUS is the official publication of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society and is dedicated to reporting the results of new research - observational, experimental, or theoretical - on the science of our solar system or extrasolar systems.
	eaa.iop.org /index.cfm?action=links.home (3914 words)

	Measuring Behavior 2000: Cacioppo et al. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the framework of the project "Funzione Gamma", a CD-ROM was handed to 10 students of the Psychology Faculty of the University "La Sapienza" of Rome.
		The students were able to communicate with experts in observational techniques via a Web site of the Psychology Faculty and ask them for advice about the working procedures of the software.
		The task given to the students was: make six observations in a fixed sequence and send, for each of them, the observational data (ODF file) to the Web site.
	www.noldus.com /events/mb2000/program/abstracts/cacioppo.html (248 words)

	Marketing Research Method - Observational techniques
		In marketing and the social sciences, observational research (or field research) is a social research technique that involves the direct observation of phenomena in their natural setting.
		This differentiates it from experimental research in which a quasi-artificial environment is created to control for spurious factors, and where at least one of the variables is manipulated as part of the experiment.
		In marketing research, the most frequently used types of observational techniques are:
	ecommerce.insightin.com /market_research/observational_techniques.html (170 words)

	Instruments and Observational Techniques (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Advances in atmospheric technology contribute to improvements inobserving systems for monitoring and phenomenological studies.
		Therefore, designing and developing instruments and techniques of observations and to carry out field and laboratory experiments are essential ingredients of atmospheric research.
		Development of simulation techniques to study the microphysical processes in cloud physics under a controlled environment.
	www.tropmet.res.in /division-info/iot.html (111 words)

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