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Topic: Obsolete scientific theories

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	Theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For a given body of theory to be considered part of established scientific knowledge, it is usually necessary for it to characterize a critical experiment, namely an experimental result not predicted by any existing established theory.
		Unfortunately, the usage of the term theory is muddled by cases such as string theory and various theories of everything, all of which are better characterized at present as a bundle of competing hypotheses for a protoscience.
		In the humanities, theory is often used as an abbreviation for critical theory or literary theory, referring to continental philosophy's aesthetics or its attempts to understand the structure of society and to conceptualize alternatives.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Theory (1609 words)

	Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In physics, the term theory generally is taken to mean mathematical framework derived from a small set of basic principles capable of producing experimental predictions for a given category of physical systems.
		For a given body of theory to be considered part of established knowledge, it is usually necessary for the theory to produce a critical experiment, that is, an experimental result which cannot be predicted by any established theory.
		Unfortunately, the usage of the term is muddled by cases such as string theory and "theories of everything," each probably better characterized at present as a bundle of competing hypotheses.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/t/th/theory.html (1197 words)

	Obsolete scientific theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An obsolete scientific theory is a scientific theory that was once commonly accepted but (for whatever reason) is no longer considered the most complete description of reality by mainstream science; or a falsifiable theory which has been shown to be false.
		Some theories which were only supported under specific political authorities may be included (like Lysenkoism) or may not be included (like the model of a geocentric universe).
		Miasma theory of disease - obsoleted by germ theory of disease
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Obsolete_scientific_theory (724 words)

	Heliocentrism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the 16th century the theory was revived by Nicolaus Copernicus, in a form consistent with then-current observations.
		This theory resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent, rather than real: it was a parallax effect, as a car that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon.
		While it was clear there is no privileged position in space, until postulation of the special theory of relativity by Albert Einstein, at least the existence of a priviliged class of inertial systems absolutely at rest was assumed, in particular in the form of the hypothesis of the luminiferous aether.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heliocentric (2189 words)

	Phlogiston theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The theory holds that all flammable materials contain phlogiston (derived noun form of the Greek phlogistos, meaning flammable), a substance without color, odor, taste, or weight that is liberated in burning.
		The theory is related to alchemical notions of the classical elements: fire, water, air, and earth.
		Phlogiston remained the dominant theory until Antoine Laurent Lavoisier showed that combustion requires oxygen, solving the weight paradox and setting the stage for the new caloric theory of combustion, but introducing a new substance, caloric.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phlogiston (463 words)

	Fringe science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fringe science is a phrase used to describe scientific inquiry in an established field that departs significantly from mainstream or orthodox theories.
		Fringe science is seen by most scientists as unlikely but not irrational; a number of today's most widely-held theories had their origins as fringe science.
		Traditionally, the term "fringe science" is generally used to describe unusual or fantastic theories that have their basis in some established scientific principle, and which are advocated by a published (or somehow recognized) mainstream scientist.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Fringe_science (375 words)

	Alchemy article - Alchemy protoscientific chemistry physics semiotics metallurgy medicine - What-Means.com
		Two intertwined goals sought by many alchemists were the philosopher's stone, a mythical substance which would enable the transmutation of common metals into gold; and the universal panacea, a remedy that would cure all diseases and prolong life indefinitely.
		Robert Grosseteste (1170–1253) was a pioneer of the scientific theory that would later be used and refined by the alchemists.
		Magnus and Aquinas were among the first to take up the examination of alchemical theory, and could be considered to be alchemists themselves, except that these two did little in the way of experimentation.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Alchemy (4551 words)

	Miasma theory of disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The miasma theory of disease held that diseases such as cholera were caused by a miasma (Greek language: "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air".
		So far as cholera is concerned, the miasma theory was disproved by John Snow following an epidemic in Soho, central London in 1854.
		Because of the miasmatic theory's predominance among Italian scientists, the 1854 discovery of Filippo Pacini of the bacillum that caused the disease was completely ignored, and the bacteria had to be rediscovered thirty years later by Robert Koch.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Miasma (222 words)

	The Scientific Philosophy of Mario Bunge
		It is intended moreover to be both exact and scientific: exact in the sense that the theories composing it have a definite mathematical structure, and scientific in that these theories be consistent with and moreover rather close to science - or rather the bulk of science.
		Epistemology, or the theory of knowledge (French gnoséologie, German Erkenntnistheorie), is the field of research concerned with human knowledge in general-ordinary and scientific, intuitive and formal, pure and action-oriented.
		This synthesis may be called scientific realism because the criterion for adopting or rejecting any given thesis is its compatibility or incompatibility with the practice of research in contemporary science (basic or applied), technology, or the humanities.
	www.formalontology.it /bungem.htm (6466 words)

	Beyond Eliminative materialism
		This is a serious mistake, for Churchland's theory of reduction, properly understood and purged of certain inconsistencies, is simply not capable of unseating folk psychology with the decisiveness that delights Churchland and frightens his adversaries.
		The relationship between old scientific theories and new ones is thus seen as essentially the same as that between science and superstition: The old theory is shown to be false by the new one, in the same sense that science falsified existence claims for demons and witches.
		He says that the two theories are "relevantly isomorphic", that the new theory has a "roughly equipotent image" of the old., that the older theory "is just the target of a relevantly adequate mimicry" (all from Churchland 1989 p.49).
	www.california.com /~mcmf/beyondem.html (6904 words)

	[No title]
		By the end, comparatively advanced scientific theories had been confirmed; treatment had been improved through the introduction of antiseptic and anesthetic; and the life span of the average human had been increased.
		The miasma theory was based on the concept that internal diseases were caused by miasmas, or noxious odors.
		In 1849 William Budd and John Snow introduced an opposing concept, the bacterial theory, by explaining that cholera, for instance, was a living organism that multiplied in the intestine.
	www.geocities.com /victorianmedicine/entire.html (3537 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - eliminativism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Like its predecessor, the mind-brain identity theory, eliminativism claims that it is an empirical fact, rather than a conceptual necessity, that mental states are identical with brain states, and that this fact is justified only by scientific evidence.
		Other criticisms are that the principles and scientific evidence used to justify eliminativism imply a pragmatist theory of truth, which does not support the traditional view of truth and reference that eliminativism presupposes.
		Instead the old theory is often eliminated, and replaced with a better theory that rejects or ignores the ontological assumptions of the old theory.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/eliminativism.html (9937 words)

	Protoscience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While protoscience is often speculative, it is to be distinguished from pseudoscience by its adherence to the scientific method and standard practices of good science, most notably a willingness to be disproven by new evidence (if and when it appears), or supplanted by a more-predictive theory.
		With the advent of the scientific method, they rapidly produced the scientific fields of astronomy and chemistry respectively, leaving those who refused to adopt the scientific method to practice pseudoscience.
		The most famous modern example of protosciences might be the theory of continental drift as originally proposed by Alfred Wegener (which eventually became an accepted scientific model when the mechanisms of plate tectonics became understood).
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/pr/Protoscience.htm (352 words)

	CLASSICAL ELEMENT FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The modern scientific periodic_table of the elements and the understanding of combustion (fire) can be considered successors to such early models.
		The word ''aether'' was revived by late 19th_century physicists as a term for the proposed invisible medium which permeated the universe, the ''luminiferous_aether''.
		Democritus is noted for the theory of atom, which is somewhat different than these four classical elements.
	www.dontpayyourtaxes.com /classical_element (836 words)

	Obsolete scientific theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An obsolete scientific theory is a scientific theory that was once commonly accepted but (for whatever reason) is no longer considered the most complete description of reality; or a falsifiable theory which has been shown to be false.
		Here are theories that are no longer considered a complete representation of reality, but are still used in particular domains.
		For many theories a more complete model is known, but in practical use the courser approximation provides good results with much less calculation.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/obsolete_scientific_theory (600 words)

	Obsolete scientific theories Article, Obsoletescientifictheories Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An obsolete scientific theory is a scientifictheory that was once commonly accepted but (for whatever reason) is no longer considered the most complete description ofreality; or a falsifiable theory which has been shown to be false.
		This labeldoes not cover theories that are yet to gain wide support in the scientific community (protoscience or fringe science).
		Karl Popper suggested that all scientific theories should be falsifiable otherwise theycould not be tested by experiment.
	www.anoca.org /theory/considered/obsolete_scientific_theories.html (585 words)

	Ex Astris Scientia - The Klingon Forehead Problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Until the fourth season of Enterprise all Klingons encountered in the new series without exception were ridged as well, confirming the theory that this is the original look of the Klingons and corroborating the notion that the flat-headed TOS Klingons never existed.
		Theories included two different races, a plague, viral mutation, genetic engineering, fast evolution, cosmetic surgery as a fashion trend, cosmetic surgery to infiltrate/deceive the Federation and even a fancy of Q. However, none of them (maybe except for the Q theory :-D) was sufficient to solve the dilemma in its entirety.
		The first useful theory was based on the assumption that the Klingon Empire consists of at least two races or species.
	www.ex-astris-scientia.org /inconsistencies1a.htm (3165 words)

	Astro-Psychology
		Similarly, Bohm's holonomic theory states that every part of the universe bears witness to the structure and process of the whole, i.e., the whole is contained in the part.
		There needn't be a conflict between psychology and astrology.The idea that astrology is inherently incompatible with a scientific world view derives from an obsolete physics of the 18th century.
		Theories emerging today in the hard sciences increasingly support the notion that human and cosmos are inextricably entwined in space-time.
	www.indigosun.com /Perry.htm (685 words)

	IMPETUS FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the history_of_science, impetus is an obsolete_scientific_theory of motion, largely developed by Jean_Buridan in the 14th_century.
		It was superseded by the modern theory of inertia developed by Galileo_Galilei.
		In music_theory, and specifically, piano theory, Impetus can mean double dotting a dotted_note; for example if one double dots a crotchet, then instead of playing a quaver one plays a semiquaver which gives the music movement with sudden kick.
	www.witwib.com /index.php?s=impetus (93 words)

	Obsolete scientific theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Karl Popper's theory of science and econometrics: the rise and decline of social engineering.
		positivists assumed theory assessment occurs when a theory or hypothesis is confronted...
		Biocosm: The New Scientific Theory of Evolution: Intelligent Life Is the Architect of the Universe
	hallencyclopedia.com /Obsolete_scientific_theory (832 words)

	Carlo Pagetti- Recent Italian Criticism on Utopia and Science Fiction
		A very remarkable instance of this attitude can be seen in the efforts of one of the most authoritative Italian scholars, Giuseppe Petronio, to deal with the global problem of "popular literature" and "mass culture" in their own terms, without any highbrow prejudice.
		Although his personal knowledge of SF may be a bit obsolete, Professor Petronio cannot be charged with critical nationalism and does not share with other self-styled pioneers the inborn conviction that SF is still virgin soil to be cheerfully tilled by clever academicians.
		Again it is perhaps not merely chance that the fantastic writings of Mircea Eliade, as archaic and anti- scientific as they are [but Mircea Eliade knows whereof he speaks] are not even mentioned in American discussions of fantasy--for they have nothing in common with the currently popular brand of fantasy.
	www.depauw.edu /sfs/review_essays/pagett23.htm (2380 words)

	MarcSeifer.com
		Their views although varied, in a general way suggested that a new paradigm (which had not yet been called psychohistory) should combine tenets especially derived from political science and economic theory as espoused by Marx, with psychoanalytic theory derived from Freud.
		We are aware that accepted premises, observations, laws and theories are influenced by the prevailing worldview.
		Scientific revolutions, for Kuhn, occurs when science can no longer explain "anomalies." A qualitative shift takes place in accepted views and "a new set of beliefs comes into play.
	www.marcseifer.com /inward2.htm (1398 words)

	Obsolete scientific theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		These are theories that were once commonly accepted but (forwhatever reason) are no longer considered the most complete description of reality; or falsifiable theories which have been shown to be false.
		This does not cover theories that are yet to gain widesupport in the scientific community (protoscience or fringe science).
		Newtonian mechanics - obsoleted by Theory of Relativity, still used in engineering and in physics at middling (human) scales
	www.therfcc.org /obsolete-scientific-theories-1949.html (465 words)

	[No title]
		The germ theory of the late 19th century ended the era of infectious diseases, which now account for less than 1% of all mortality in the Western World (Cairns, 1978).
		But the germ theory continues to inspire both scientists and the public to believe that a "good" body can be protected against "evil" microbes.
		The irresistible appeal of the germ theory was the basis for each of these unproductive theories of the past, as it is the basis now for the universal and enthusiastic approval of the virus-AIDS hypothesis.
	www.duesberg.com /books/ch6-3.html (13288 words)

	Gradations of Confidence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Some theories are pretty well established - for instance, the Atomic Theory, which states that matter is made of atoms.
		But old facts don't go away, so the improved theory will have to explain the old facts at least as well as the old theory explained them.
		Well, he's an elderly mathematician, so he can be excused for not knowing that biologists don't call it "the theory of natural selection" anymore.
	www.don-lindsay-archive.org /creation/penrose.html (236 words)

	¡mª÷èÁI¥@¬É¡nThe World of Jin-Gang-Dhyana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		"The traditional principle for scientific progress has been the replacement of obsolete theories with newer scientific theories.
		These latest scientific theories will, in turn, be replaced by even newer theories in the future."
		In contrast, the practice and theories of Jin-Gang-Dhyana are like ancient living trees, which have survived untold hardships, and have maintained their vitality through countless challenges.
	www.jingangdhyanaincnet.org /e3/e3006.html (348 words)

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