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Topic: Obstruent

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Fricative

	Obstruent - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		An obstruent is a consonant sound formed by obstructing outward airflow, causing increased air pressure in the vocal tract.
		Obstruents are subdivided into stops, fricatives, and affricates.
		Obstruents are prototypically voiceless, though voiced obstruents are common.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Obstruent (117 words)

	Differences in the scope of obstruent voicing assimilation in learners' English as a consequence of regional variation ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In such contexts, the voicing of any preceding word-final obstruent or obstruents varies geographically: they tend to be voiced in Silesia, Wielkopolska, and Ma³opolska (voicing pronunciation): [kodalbo], but voiceless in Mazowsze and Pomerania (devoicing pronunciation): [kotalbo] (Dejna 1994: Map 6; Nagórko 1996: 55; Strutyñski 1996: 52-53).
		In the presence of a pause, obstruents are generally voiceless.
		From these values and from the significance level given in Table 3 it can be concluded that subjects from the voicing area of Poland voice fortis obstruents in a significantly greater proportion of pause-free potential contexts before word-initial sonorants than subjects from the devoicing area of the country.
	www.staff.amu.edu.pl /~rlew/voifr.htm (6496 words)

	sidon
		A consonant articulation where there is a constriction close enough to cause an increase in air pressure in the vocal tract with respect to ambient air pressure.
		Plosives, fricatives and affricates are all members of the obstruent class.
		The quasi-periodic vibration of the entrance to the oesophagus sometimes used by laryngectomised speakers to simulate vocal fold vibration.
	www.phon.ucl.ac.uk /home/johnm/sid/sido.htm (286 words)

	LINGUIST List 3.569: Assimilation, Dissimilation, Natural Phonology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Re Polish voicing assimilation: Alexis Manaster Ramer writes (3.511): "However, for [obstruent] clusters whose second element is a voiced fricative, it appears that within morphemes assimilation is progressive (...)".
		After a voiceless obstruent within a morpheme they are devoiced, e.g., in _teatru_ 'theater (gen.)' but not in _bobra_ 'beaver' (gen.).
		But when _r_ palatalizes to _rz_ it becomes an obstruent and falls together with _.z_ ("dotted z", the voiced hushing continuant) when voiced and with _sz_ when devoiced.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/3/3-569.html (544 words)

	SWAP Abstract: Dumay et al.
		The re-assignment of the obstruent to a misaligned CVC target seems thus harder when the obstruent already supports another lexical hypothesis.
		Similarly, the rejection of the obstruent to overcome the misalignment of a CV target seems easier when the obstruent can form a word with the rest of the sequence.
		We conclude that the location of word-boundaries in ambiguous sequences is tied to both the nature of competing lexical hypotheses and to word-boundary acoustic-phonetic cues which modulate the activation level of lexical candidates.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/swap/swap_127.html (539 words)

	[No title]
		For the other four speakers, there is a trend for plateaux to be shortest with voiceless clusters and obstruents, longer with voiced clusters and obstruents and longest with sonorant (particularly nasal) onsets.
		For the other three subjects, in general, plateaux are shorter with clusters and obstruents and longer with sonorants.
		Within the obstruents and clusters, syllables are longer with voiceless than with voiced onsets for every speaker.
	www.rachaelanne.co.uk /research/chpt2.doc (2824 words)

	The Evolution of the English Obstruent System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This dissertation provides an Optimality-Theoretic (OT: Prince & Smolensky 1993, McCarthy & Prince 1993) account of the evolution of the English obstruent inventory over an extended period of time, starting with Proto-Indo-European and ending with Early New English.
		By modeling the mechanism through which the PIE [voice] distinction in stops emerged as a Germanic [spread glottis] distinction, the analysis lends support to a recently established claim that [spread glottis], rather than [voice], is distinctive in stops in the majority of the Germanic languages (Iverson & Salmons 1995, Jessen 1998)
		The analysis reveals that the integrated dispersion/faithfulness framework has advantages over earlier linguistic approaches in accounting for the sound changes which have a perceptual origin, such as Grimm's Law and Verner's Law.
	www.uiowa.edu /~linguist/petrova.html (516 words)

	LINGUIST List 9.333: Japanese pronunciation of English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		First, the existence of so-called "mora obstruent", which is often transcribed phonemically as "Q".
		This is a phonologically neutralized obstruent that occurs before another obstruent.
		Because of this, when Japanese imports foreign words, a mora obstruent is sometimes added to accented syllables, in order to make the syllable "heavy".
	linguistlist.org /issues/9/9-333.html (3309 words)

	Stop consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nasal stops are differentiated from oral stops only by a lowered velum that allows the air to escape through the nose during the occlusion.
		Nasal stops are acoustically sonorants, as they have a non-turbulent airflow and are nearly always voiced, but they are articulatorily obstruents, as there is complete blockage of the oral cavity.
		A prenasalized stop starts out with a lowered velum that raises during the occlusion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plosive (1072 words)

	Korean
		Rules that govern the selection of sounds are obstruent* neutralization and tensing.
		In obstruent neutralization, an aspirated or tense stop will become lax when it falls at the end of a word and before other consonants if the obstruents have the same place of articulation (e.g.
		In tensing, the second obstruent will become tensed if it follows an obstruent (e.g.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/linguistics/languages/korean/Default.htm (262 words)

	EE442 Senior Design Project Abstracts 97-98
		The aim of this project is to implement an ANN approach in the recognition
		Obstruents are specific classes of sound that have
		characteristics of obstruents from a large training sample.
	www.seas.upenn.edu /ese/ee442/ee442abstracts9900.html (2304 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Obstruent
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	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Obstruent (645 words)

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