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Topic: Obstruent consonant

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	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Obstruent
		A consonant involving substantial obstruction of the airstream through the vocal tract.
		Consonant produced with an obstruction of the air flow above the larynx.
		: from Latin obstruent- ‘blocking up,’ from the verb obstruere.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Obstruent (922 words)

	Fricative consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.
		These are the lower lip against the upper teeth in the case of [f], or the back of the tongue against the soft palate in the case of German [x], the final consonant of Bach.
		A particular subset of fricatives are the sibilants (sometimes referred to as stridents).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fricative (476 words)

	CONSONANT : Encyclopedia Entry
		A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence.
		The word consonant comes from Latin and means "sounding with" or "sounding together," the idea being that consonants don't sound on their own, but occur only with a nearby vowel, which is the case in Latin.
		Consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Z, and usually Y: The letter Y stands for the consonant [j] in "yoke" but for the vowel [ɪ] in "myth", for example.
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Consonant (666 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Obstruents are those articulations in which there is a total closure or a stricture causing friction, both groups being associated with a noise component; in this class there is a distinctive opposition between voiceless and voiced types.
		Obstruents are subdivided into stops, fricatives, and affricates.
		Obstruents are prototypically voiceless, though voiced obstruents are common.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Obstruent (112 words)

	Vowel
		This contrasts with consonants, which are characterized by a constriction or closure at one or more points along the vocal tract.
		As in Japanese and Quebec French, vowels that are between voiceless consonants are often devoiced.
		Vowels are especially important to the structures of words in languages that have very few consonants (like Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian), and in languages whose inventory of vowels is larger than its inventory of consonants.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/v/vo/vowel.html (3477 words)

	japanese language - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		If considered as a system of morae instead of syllables, (as the katakana and hiragana phonetic writing systems explicitly do) the sound structure is very simple: The language is made of morae (or moras), each with the same approximate time value and stress (stress, here, being correlated with loudness, not pitch).
		The consonant sound transliterated "w" in Romaji, is not quite a /w/ since it's performed without lip rounding.
		Elision is also a major factor in Japanese pronunciation, with /i/ and /u/ tending to be elided when between unvoiced consonants or at the end of sentences, except when they are in accented or lengthened syllables (as in inu or kami, for example).
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/japanese-language (4126 words)

	Phonotactics - Arden Reference Grammar
		As to consonants, any plain consonant may appear in initial, internal and final position with no exception.
		In internal position, any consonant may appear geminated; in final position, geminate obstruents are barred.
		In word initial position, four kinds of clusters may occur: 1) obstruent + approximant; 2) /s/ or /z/ + oral stop; 3) oral stop + liquid or approximant; 4) /s/ or /z/ (sonority as in case 2) + oral stop + liquid or approximant.
	www.glossopoiesis.net /Arden/phonotactics.html (172 words)

	Gbe languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		For example, non-syllabic nasal consonants are always followed by a nasal vowel, and syllabic nasal consonants are analysed as reduced forms of consonant-vowel syllables.
		The tones of Gbe nouns are often affected by the consonant of the noun stem.
		The voicing of this consonant affects the realisation of the Non-High toneme roughly as follows: If the consonant is a voiced obstruent, the Non-High toneme is realised as Low (è-dà 'snake') and if the consonant is a voiceless obstruent or a sonorant, the Non-High toneme is realised as Mid (āmē 'person', á-fī 'mouse').
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Gbe_languages (3663 words)

	Articles - Nasal consonant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Rarely, other types of consonant may be nasalized.
		When a language is claimed to lack nasal consonants altogether, as with several Niger-Congo languages, or the Pirahã language of the Amazon, nasal and non-nasal consonants usually alternate allophonically, and it is a theoretical claim on the part of the individual linguist that the nasal version is not the basic form of the consonant.
		However, several of the Chimakuan, Salish, and Wakashan languages surrounding Puget Sound, such as Quileute, Lushootseed, and Makah, are truly without any nasalization at all, in consonants or vowels, except in special speech registers such as baby-talk or the archaic speech of mythological figures (and perhaps not even that in the case of Quileute).
	www.westdome.com /articles/Nasal_consonant (764 words)

	Sensitivity to Sonority for Print Processing in Normal Readers and Dyslexic Children
		Sonority (or vowel-likeness) is a phonetic aspect of phonemes, correlated with the degree of articulatory opening (Selkirk, 1982) : liquid and nasal consonants are classified as sonorant, whereas stop consonants are obstruent.
		First, the phonotactic rule about optimum syllabic contact is too strictly respected, preventing dyslexic readers from binding any consonant with the preceding vowel if this might result in a sharp sonority difference between vowel and coda (i.e., case of an obstruent post-vocalic consonant).
		Since dyslexic children systematically associated the post-vocalic obstruent consonant with the onset of the subsequent syllable, they seem to be strongly guided by the phonetic quality of the coda to the detriment of phonetic quality of the onset (i.e., clusters of obstruent consonants do not progressively grow in sonority toward the vowel).
	cpl.revues.org /document93.html (3061 words)

	: Emphatic consonant is a term widely used in Semitic linguistics to describe one of a series of obstruent consonants ...
		Emphatic consonant is a term widely used in Semitic linguistics to describe one of a series of obstruent consonants which originally contrasted with series of both voiced and voiceless obstruents.
		In Semitic studies they are commonly transcribed using the convention of placing a dot under the closest plain obstruent consonant in the Latin alphabet.
		Thus in Arabic emphasis is synonymous with a secondary articulation involving retraction of the dorsum or root of the tongue, which has variously been described as velarization, uvularization or pharyngealization depending on where the locus of the retraction is assumed to be.
	www.indias.com /wiki-Emphatic_consonant (1096 words)

	Korean
		Each style has unique inflections and sentence endings and serves specific pragmatic functions.
		In Korean there are three phonemically different ways to pronounce each of the consonants /p/, /t/, /c/, and /k/: lax, aspirated, and tense (e.g.
		* Obstruent: A consonant produced with an obstruction of the air above the larynx.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/linguistics/languages/korean/Default.htm (262 words)

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