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Topic: Occupation of Nicaragua

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	NICARAGUA DESTINATIONS - NICARAGUA TRAVEL & HOLIDAY INFORMATION
		Nicaragua's volcanic chain is one of the most impressive on the isthmus due to beauty of the cones and the fact that all of the more than 50 cones (7 active which are active) rise off of a flat coastal plain that lies just above sea level.
		We think Nicaragua surfing is about surfing for the simple pleasure of riding a wave so we have bowed out of the rush to the breaks, but we can invite you to visit more than just the coast on a trip to Nicaragua and send you to the Chairmen of the Board of Nicaragua surf.
		Defeated in the 1990 Nicaragua presidential elections, Daniel Ortega stayed on as the leader of the FSLN political organization and participated in the elections of 1996 and 2001.
	www.toursnicaragua.com /country_info.html (8293 words)

	Brief History of Nicaragua (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		During its early history Nicaragua was torn by liberal-conservative struggles with the conservatives strong in Granada and the liberals in León.
		During the second occupation of Nicaragua, Augusto Cesar Sandino fought a guerrilla war of resistance until he was assassinated by the American-backed strongman Anastasio Somoza, who ruled until his own assassination in 1956.
		Nicaragua was virtually inherited by the Somoza family--Anastasio's sons, Luis and Anastasio jr.--but in the 1970s rebellion and violence spread until in 1979 the revolutionary Sandinist movement came to power, openly favorable to Castro and communism.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /history/n/Nicaragua_brief.htm (681 words)

	Nicaragua. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Nicaragua is bordered on the north and northwest by Honduras, on the east by the Caribbean Sea, on the south by Costa Rica, and on the southwest by the Pacific Ocean.
		After declaring independence from Spain (1821), Nicaragua was briefly part of the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide and then (1825–38) a member of the Central American Federation.
		The United States was interested in a transisthmian canal (see Nicaragua Canal), and its interest was heightened by the discovery of gold in California.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ni/Nicrgu.html (1439 words)

	Nicaragua
		Nicaragua has only two seasons, the rainy season, or winter, from May to October and the dry season, or summer, from November to April.
		Nicaragua is inhabited by approximately 5,2 million people, of which a third of the population is living in Managua.
		At the first arrival of the Spanish, the Pacific region in Nicaragua inhabited about 800 000 people but after centuries of colonization and due to war, slavery, genocide and unfamiliar diseases, this number was diminished to 60 000.
	www.1nicaragua.com /1nicaragua.com/general_info.html (616 words)

	Nicaragua 1984: Swirl In The Eye Of The Storm
		Nicaragua 1984: Swirl In The Eye Of The Storm CSC 1984 SUBJECT AREA Strategic Issues ABSTRACT The strife in Nicaragua, while originating in legitimate grievances against the corrupt Somoza dictatorship, had ceased early after the 1979 revolution to be a strictly internal affair.
		Nicaragua's population has traditionally been unevenly distributed and in 1980, 61% of the inhabitants resided in the fertile plains and nearby Pacific highlands, about 30% lived in the Central highlands, and the remaining 10% dwelt in the Atlantic coastal province of Zelaya.
		Nicaragua was no exception and the average citizen paid the price, having no redress for that which the Guardia expropriated from them or their homes.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1984/WJW.htm (17551 words)

	NICARAGUA
		To attribute the continuing strife within Nicaragua to economic differences or to the hatred of politicians out of power for those controlling the nation would be to ignore the spirit of localismo.
		Throughout the 30 years of domestic stability, Nicaragua lived up to the terms of the agreement.<11> Strange as it may seem, it was the Conservatives, members of the party in power, who triggered the revolution which ended this era of peace.
		Thoroughly weary of a war that promised to be the bloodiest in Nicaragua's history, congress reconvened, reinstated the Liberal members expelled by Chamorro, and chose Adolfo Diaz, Chief Executive during the intervention of 1912, to serve as President until the 1928 election.
	1stbattalion3rdmarines.com /war-related/NICARAGUA.htm (22186 words)

	Timeline: Nicaragua
		U.S. marines are sent to Nicaragua to insure Somoza's regime is instituted.
		Nicaragua is plunged into a near civil war.
		1988: Nicaragua is a disaster zone, ravaged by civil war and the onslaught of Hurricane Hugo.
	www.stanford.edu /group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/timeline (1103 words)

	Nicaragua: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Nicaragua is mountainous in the west, with fertile valleys.
		Nicaragua, which derives its name from the chief of the area's leading Indian tribe at the time of the Spanish Conquest, was first settled by the Spanish in 1522.
		For the next century, Nicaragua's politics were dominated by the competition for power between the Liberals, who were centered in the city of León, and the Conservatives, centered in Granada.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107839.html (999 words)

	American Military Intervention: A Useful Tool Or A Curse?
		Nicaragua had finally qualified for an energetic application of "the Big Stick." INTERVENTION By February, 1910, U.S. Marines had landed and were in control of the major coastal cities and the capitol, Managua.
		Nicaragua was still in chaos, Sandino was still on the loose, and American prestige had sunk to an alarming low point.
		After the Marines had left Nicaragua for the last time, Secretary of State Henry Stimson was to say, "Marines had come to save lives in the civil war, they had remained to disarm the contenders, chase bandits, and hold an election, and they left behind in the end a country, peaceful and independent.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1984/BWD.htm (3737 words)

	Nicaragua: History
		Environmental regimes in Nicaragua: moving beyond Sandinista vs. Somocista.
		Bananas of wrath: how Nicaragua may have dealt forum non conveniens a fatal blow removing the doctrine as an obstacle to achieving......
		Seed of a new and renewed church: the "ecclesiastical insurrection" in Nicaragua
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0859996.html (1129 words)

	Nicaragua News - A Newsletter by Richard Leonardi
		Walker's life, his attack on Nicaragua, and subsequent battles with the combined Central American forces are the subject of many books, and in the case of Nicaraguan historian Dr. Alejandro Bolaños Geyer, a life of research and study.
		Reckless and unscrupulous as he is, we can not see what is to be gained by returning the country (Nicaragua) to the possession of the mongrel banditti (the Nicaraguans)" The editors' long and well-crafted logic for eventual US domination of Nicaragua ends by stating their perception of the ultimate value of Walker's assault.
		In that confrontation Walker's army suffered their first military defeat in Nicaragua, though Cole managed to escape the scene by fleeing to a nearby farm, where was apprehended and hung two days later on September 17, 1856.
	www.nicaraguaphoto.com /essays/update_nicaraguaAug2003.shtml (4810 words)

	NotiCen: Central American & Caribbean Political & Economic Affairs, including Cuba (formerly EcoCentral); January 27, ...
		Nicaragua has refused to lift trade and other sanctions it slapped on Honduras in retaliation for ratifying the treaty, and the matter is now headed for the International Court of Justice at The Hague, Netherlands.
		In 1928, Nicaragua accepted the 15th parallel as its maritime boundary with Honduras and surrendered its claims to the islands in the Barcenas-Meneses-Esguerra Treaty, which it signed with Colombia during the US military occupation of Nicaragua.
		Nicaragua offered to lift the sanctions provided Honduras withdrew from the treaty, but Honduras refused the offer as "totally unacceptable." In a formal reply, the Honduran Foreign Ministry said rulings by the CCJ were not subject to any conditions and that the Nicaraguan offer was inconsistent with agreements on Central American economic integration.
	ssdc.ucsd.edu /news/claea/h00/claea.20000127.html (2356 words)

	Belize
		At the beginning of the twentieth century, the U.S. was beginning to politically establish itself in Central America and Nicaragua happened to be the lever for the direction of politics on the isthmus.
		The Sandinists were only prematurely successful, because reactionary forces in Nicaragua were able to start the Nicaragua National Guard with the help of the U.S. The National Guard became the efficient means of crushing the Sandinist resistance under the leadership of Anastasio Somoza García.
		This was the beginning of four gruesome decades of the infamous Somoza dictatorship that ruled Nicaragua with an iron hand until its overthrow in 1979.
	www.umich.edu /~ac213/student_projects/usica/nicaragua.htm (335 words)

	Timeline Nicaragua
		1610 Leon, Nicaragua, was buried by the Mombotombo volcano.
		1971 Managua, Nicaragua, was struck by a polio epidemic.
		In Nicaragua the deaths reached 4,000, in Guatemala it was157, and in El Salvador it was 222.
	timelines.ws /countries/NICARAGUA.HTML (6188 words)

	Nicaragua - Country Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		After the Sandinista revolution, the leading women’s organization in Nicaragua renamed itself the Association of Nicaraguan Women “Luisa Amanda Espinoza” after the first Sandinista woman to be killed in battle against the Somoza regime.
		The rate of unemployed poor women in Nicaragua was 21 per cent in 1998, as compared with a national unemployment rate of 12 per cent.
		Whereas before the 1980’s men comprised the overwhelming majority of migrant workers outside of Nicaragua, by 1998 49 per cent of all international migrants were women.
	www.womenwarpeace.org /nicaragua/nicaragua.htm (2806 words)

	Occupation of Nicaragua - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The United States occupied Nicaragua from 1909-1933 and intervened in the country several times before that.
		The American interventions in Nicaragua were designed to prevent the construction of a trans-isthmian canal by any nation but the USA.
		Nicaragua assumed a quasi-protectorate status under the 1916 Chamorro-Bryan Treaty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Occupation_of_Nicaragua (101 words)

	Nicaragua Glossary - Flags, Maps, Economy, Glossary, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		In September 1984, the negotiating process produced a draft treaty, the Contadora Acta, which was judged acceptable by the government of Nicaragua but rejected by the other four Central American states concerned.
		In Nicaragua a term used for an English-speaking person of African or mixed African and indigenous ancestry.
		The political arm of the group, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional--FSLN), was the national government of Nicaragua from July 1979 to April 1990.
	www.photius.com /countries/nicaragua/glossary/index.html (1257 words)

	U.S. Intervention in Central America: Kellogg's Charges of a Bolshevist Threat
		Nicaragua offers a case study of both American domination of the region and local and international resistance to that domination.
		During the 19th century Nicaragua was among the main contenders for an interoceanic canal and thus drew major railroad and steamship investors from both Britain and the United States.
		As this January 1927 memorandum submitted to the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee indicated, Secretary of State Frank Kellogg justified U.S. occupation of Nicaragua on the basis of communist threats from Mexico and the Soviet Union.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/4987 (3142 words)

	NICARAGUA: HONDURAS AND COLOMBIA CLAIM NICARAGUA'S PLANNED OIL EXPLORATION IN CARIBBEAN VIOLATES TERRITORIAL ...
		Nicaragua's territorial dispute with Honduras and Colombia, which has simmered since the 1980s, is under litigation at the International Court of Justice at The Hague.
		Nicaragua continues to reject Colombian sovereignty over the San Andres Archipelago and the islands of Providencia and Santa Catalina, which lie east of Nicaragua in the Caribbean.
		Nicaragua has claimed that Honduras' treaty with Colombia deprives it of 130,000 sq km of its territory.
	www.allbusiness.com /central-america/229839-1.html (773 words)

	The U.S. and Nicaragua: Eighteen Experts Speak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In Nicaragua, they did not even have enough freedom to hear the view of the contending forces and candidates and, therefore, they lost their chance at a free election.
		We compound this greatly once we add Nicaragua on the mainland, with the ability of Punta Huete, the air base that has been built near Managua to be able to support Soviet operations, to be able to support any aircraft in the Soviet inventory.
		Today, largely because of the lack of hard currency in Nicaragua and the inability of Nicaragua to honor its regional financial commitments, there is a $400 million frozen Nicaraguan debt which is outstanding against their trading partners from the other countries of Central America.
	www.heritage.org /Research/LatinAmerica/HL56.cfm (17376 words)

	Nicaragua Country Information
		Nicaragua is named for one of its original inhabitants, Chief Nicarao, who ruled part of the area at »» More
		Augusto Cesar Sandino, guerrilla leader in the struggle against the United States occupation of Nicaragua in the 1920s-30s
		THROUGHOUT ITS HISTORY, Nicaragua has suffered from political instability, civil war, poverty, foreign intervention, and natural disasters.
	www.countryreports.org /country.aspx?countryid=177&countryName=Nicaragua (173 words)

	SANDINO AGAINST THE MARINES: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		After Marine Corps units had occupied Nicaragua for more than a decade and were withdrawn in 1925, U.S. adventurers flew in the Nicaraguan Civil War in 1926, and Marine aviators participated in the counterinsurgency campaign against Augusto Sandino when Marines were redeployed to the troubled nation.
		During the early phases of the occupation, when an aircraft was unable to land, air-to-ground communication usually consisted of messages that pilots dropped from their airplanes.
		Later in the occupation, both the amphibian and transport planes used radios, but radios were not used in the observation-bombers because of their unreliability.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1986/jul-aug/jennings.html (5197 words)

	SSHL: Collections: Latin American Studies: Elections
		Munro 1967: “On June 6, 1911, a treaty was signed with the United States, by which that country agreed to assist Nicaragua in securing a loan from American bankers for the consolidation of its internal and external debt and for other purposes.
		Although the occupation was not intended to be a long one, an American garrison remained for over a decade, propping up the increasingly unpopular regime that had first invited the United States to intervene” (pages 241-242).
		Millett 1977: “(A) High Commission [was established], consisting of Nicaragua’s Finance Minister, a resident American commissioner, and a third member appointed by the Secretary of State.
	sshl.ucsd.edu /collections/las/nicaragua/1907.html (8107 words)

	Daniel Ortega Summary
		Daniel Ortega Saavedra (born 11 November 1945) was the president of Nicaragua from 1985 to 1990.
		His parents were active in opposition to the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle, and he was arrested for his own political activities as early as age 15.
		In Nicaragua's 1990 elections, Ortega lost to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, his former colleague in the Junta.
	www.bookrags.com /Daniel_Ortega (2486 words)

	Binghamton IMC: Despite U.S. Threats, Voters Return Sandinistas To Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Somoza dynasty was imposed on Nicaragua through a series of invasions by the U.S. marines that installed Anastasio Somoza Garcia in the government and created the Somoza dynasty’s power base, the Nicaraguan National Guard.
		Before the election of Chamorro Nicaragua suffered deeply from the war and economic sanctions, yet things did not improve after Chamorro was elected.
		As part of Daniel Ortega’s newly forged alliances with the right he supported Nicaragua’s new law that outlaws abortion, even in cases of rape or when a mother’s life is in danger.
	www.binghamtonpmc.org /newswire/display/2411/index.php (2071 words)

	Daniel Ortega Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Daniel Ortega Saavedra was born on November 11, 1945, in the mining and ranching town of La Libertad, Nicaragua, in the municipality of Chontales.
		In 1964 he was captured in Guatemala with other Sandinistas and deported to Nicaragua, again to be imprisoned and tortured.
		Under their leadership Nicaragua expressed solidarity with other Central American rebel movements, built up its military with the help of Cuban advisers, purchased Soviet-bloc arms, increased trade and friendship with the Soviet Union, and sought to increase independence from the United States while remaining friendly with Western Europe and Latin America.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/daniel-ortega (1624 words)

	Nicaragua’s Presidential Elections - Council on Foreign Relations
		Sandinista candidate Ortega is leading with 34 percent of the vote, according to a recent poll by the Costa Rican polling firm Borge and Asociados.
		On the campaign trail, he speaks of wanting to tame “savage capitalism,” but his attacks are directed at the conservative politicians that have been running Nicaragua for the past sixteen years, not the United States, which he rarely mentions.
		Nicaragua is the second-poorest nation in the hemisphere behind Haiti.
	www.cfr.org /publication/11888/nicaraguas_presidential_elections.html (2150 words)

	Nicaragua News - NicaNet Hotline - Nicaragua Network News Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		She said that Nicaragua has received debt relief in the amount of US$241.9 million and is scheduled to receive US$232 million next year.
		Quiros explained that after debt relief, Nicaragua will be expected to make payments on its remaining debt, and this will, in fact, lower the amount of money available for other government programs such as education and health care and, in fact budgets for those areas have been reduced.
		Nicaragua Network National Co-Coordinator Chuck Kaufman told the assembly that US occupation of Nicaragua bequeathed that country 50 years of the Somoza dictatorship.
	www.nicanet.org /hotline.php?id=89 (1589 words)

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