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Topic: Occupied territories of Baltic States

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	17. The Baltic States. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The development of the three Baltic states after World War I was more or less along a common line.
		All were previously part of Russia; they were, during the war, occupied by the Germans, who ruled them through puppet regimes; after Germany's collapse, efforts were made by the Bolsheviks to recover these territories, which gave access to the Baltic.
		By 1939 all three of the Baltic states had gone over to some form of dictatorship, not from deference to the German system, but rather to forge a stronger regime for ultimate resistance to Germany.
	www.bartleby.com /67/2084.html (593 words)

	Baltic American Freedom League
		The three Baltic states are wary of attending Russia's 60th anniversary celebrations of the defeat of Nazi Germany.
		But the Baltic states, who had been part of the Russian Empire, were independent after World War I and refer to the Soviets who occupied them in 1940 as invaders.
		Baltic politicians say signing a border agreement is not a sufficient reason for heads of Baltic States to come to Moscow.
	www.bafl.com /newsDetail.asp?idNews=85 (860 words)

	[No title]
		From then onwards the greater part of areas now occupied by the states of Latvia and Estonia gradually fell under the dominion first of the Knights of the Sword, and then of the Order of Teutonic Knights, to whom, in 1346, the Danes sold their share of Estonia.
		In August 1979, 45 Baltic activists issued a declaration in connection with the 40th anniversary of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in which they called for a restoration of the independence of the Baltic states.
		In the past year, the jostling from both the three Baltic states, and three other republics of the Soviet Union - Georgia, Armenia and Moldava - to be free of the Soviet Union has been ongoing, occasionally violnt, and not the only areas of discontent for the Soviets.
	history.eserver.org /baltic-history.txt (6942 words)

	The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the Baltic States: An Introduction and Interpretation
		The under-secretary of state Butler was more blunt: "the main question has been whether we should encroach on the independence of the Baltic States."21 The Soviet press reacted strongly to the insinuation that it harbored any designs on her Baltic neighbors.
		The Baltic States exercised the Realpolitik of the weak: attempts at strict neutrality, evasion of doubtful guarantees, openings to the Soviet Union or Germany depending on the requirements of the situation.
		Baltic (and Polish) policy in 1939 was based in large part on the fear of the consequences of Soviet domination and few will doubt that the subsequent fate of the Baltic populations at the hands of Stalinism more than justified their dread of the Soviet alternative.
	www.lituanus.org /1989/89_1_02.htm (11177 words)

	Baltic Duchy (1918) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		All Latvia occupied by the Germans (April), during the subsequent regime of military occupation it was accomplished the project of including the region in a Baltic Kingdom that also encompassed Curlandia and Estonia.
		The Regency Council for the new state was established on 8th November 1918, formed from the existing United Land Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga and Oesel and the Land Council of Courland.
		The new state was to be a confederation of 7 cantons: Estonia, Courland, Lettgallia, North Livonia, Ösel, Riga and South Livonia.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/bal_duke.html (1732 words)

	Baltic History - Chronology
		Increasingly, the Baltic states address their appeals to the West-where some governments encourage them, others tell them to back down from outright independence, and most tell them to be patient.
		At the turn of the new year, tension between Moscow and the Baltic states reaches a peak, and the threat of a general crackdown seems to loom large.
		The United States and Iraq are on the verge of war and Baltic leaders warn that the attempted overthrow of their governments could coincide with the start of war in the Persian Gulf, much as the start of World War II allowed Stalin to subjugate the Baltics fifty years before.
	www.balticsww.com /timeline.htm (5270 words)

	Baltic American Freedom League
		As a result, the diplomatic representations of the Baltic republics were allowed to continue their activities in the United States; steps were taken to protect the assets of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the United States.
		The continued recognition by the United States of the diplomatic representatives of the Baltic states until the victorious end in August 1991 encouraged many other Western democracies not to yield to Soviet pressure and to continue to regard the Baltic states as illegally occupied.
		The United States policy of non-recognition of the illegal Soviet annexation in 1940 is deeply appreciated by the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian nations.
	www.bafl.com /newsDetail.asp?idNews=154 (660 words)

	Baltic Military District
		The fate of the Baltic republics was sealed on August 23, 1939, when the foreign ministers of the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, Vyacheslav Molotov and Joachim von Ribbentrop, respectively, signed a secret protocol giving Estonia and Latvia to the Soviet Union and Lithuania to Germany.
		The pact was seen by Latvian and other Baltic independence supporters as the Achilles' heel of the carefully constructed myth by Moscow propagandists of how the Baltic countries had joyfully embraced the Soviet Union and had voted to become new Soviet republics.
		An ultimatum was sent to each one of the Baltic countries demanding replacement of their existing governments by those capable of ensuring the proper fulfillment of the previously signed pacts of mutual assistance.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/russia/vo-baltic.htm (1061 words)

	United States of America (Harpers.org)
		The United States justice department reported that America's prison population had grown to 1,931,859, of whom 791,600 were fl; the ACLU pointed out that America, with only 5 percent of the world's population, accounts for 25 percent of the world's prisoners.
		The United States and China were negotiating an apology for the spy-plane accident in which one Chinese pilot died; American officials visited the crew of the American plane, who were still being held by the Chinese, and handed out candy.
		United States troops intervened in the Macedonian conflict by escorting several hundred rebels out of a Macedonian town; riots ensued in Skopje, the capital, and an American diplomat was shot, apparently by accident, by a Macedonian soldier.
	harpers.org /UnitedStates.html (4340 words)

	World War II Russian-American Relations and the Baltic States
		The United States and other Western governments refused to recognize the legality of the Soviet action which was followed by arrests, murder, and deportation into forced labor camps of tens of thousands of the Baltic population.
		As the United States early announced the principles for which it would wage war, so too did the U.S.S.R. The Soviet minimum war-aims were clearly, explicitly, unambiguously stated and consistently adhered to; the frontiers of 22 June 1941, that is, the fruits of their bargain with the Nazis.
		The Spring of 1942 was the high tide of the American resistance to Russian demands for the Baltic States which the British perceived to be the "acid test" of Soviet relations with the West.
	www.lituanus.org /1982_2/82_2_01.htm (5951 words)

	A third of cod from the Baltic Sea stolen by pirates \| Defending our Oceans
		The eastern Baltic cod stock has been reduced to only a tenth of its size during the ‘Golden Ages’ of Baltic cod fishing in the 1980s.
		To make matters worse, the situation in the Baltic Sea is disastrous: overfishing, pollution, eutrophication (nutrient enrichment of the water caused largely by agricultural run-off), climate change, oil spills, bottom trawling and destruction of habitats have made a catastrophic situation, further threatening the survival of cod and other species.
		In addition all fishing vessels in the Baltic should have a device onboard enabling electronic surveillance, controls ashore and off shore should increase and a fl list for all vessels caught cheating should be established.
	oceans.greenpeace.org /en/the-expedition/news/baltic-sea (598 words)

	How America Can Help Baltic Independence
		Washington responded by extending to the Baltic states its policy of refus ing to recognize the forcible seizure of territory by the fascist powers.This was the origin of the non-recognition policy by-which the U.S. continues to treat the Baltic states as independent and does not officially recognize their incorporation into the Soviet Union.
		The Baltic states especially need assistance establishing centers for busi ness education and managerial expertise.Their future depends on their crest ing a free market economy quickly; yet they have little experience with capitalism and insufficient resources to hire experts from abroad.
		Added to the agenda should be Baltic independence.The Americans, Europeans, and Soviets could discuss the removal of Soviet troops from Baltic territories, the restructuring of the Baltic states economic ties, and the impact of independence on regional security.
	www.heritage.org /Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg762.cfm (5029 words)

	Israel Country Information from InsideCountries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included in the Israel country profile, unless otherwise noted.
		In keeping with the framework established at the Madrid Conference in October 1991, bilateral negotiations are being conducted between Israel and Palestinian representatives (from the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip) and Israel and Syria, to achieve a permanent settlement.
		Outstanding territorial and other disputes with Jordan were resolved in the 26 October 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace.
	www.insidecountryinfo.com /html/israel.html (159 words)

	COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS ADOPTS RESOLUTIONS ON SITUATION IN OCCUPIED ARAB TERRITORIES
		Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territory; the war launched by the Israeli army against Palestinian towns and camps which had so far resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Palestinians, including women and children; and the practice of "liquidation" or "extrajudicial executions" carried out by the Israeli army against Palestinians.
		A Representative of Palestine said the situation in the occupied territories had deteriorated under increased military action by Israel and that Israel, through its actions, was practicing what amounted to State terrorism.
		Cooperation among States and international organizations was essential for the effective implementation of the international humanitarian laws and to guarantee access by individuals to protective mechanisms. MERCOSUR attached great importance to the attention given by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on technical cooperation under the Quito framework
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2003/hrcn1033.doc.htm (1144 words)

	DragonBear History: All That: Baltic Crusades
		The Baltic Crusades started in the early 12th century, not as a planned and proclaimed holy war but only a general expansionist movement, as Denmark and various German states moved aggressively into the lands of the pagan, Slavic Wends (what's now the Baltic coast of Germany).
		Threats to the missionaries led Pope Alexander III to preach a crusade against the Baltic pagans in 1171, a full crusade on the Outremer model, with remission of sins and everything, the first of a series that became almost continuous in the next two centuries.
		Perhaps because the cultural/language barriers between German and Slav were stronger than the bond of religion, and certainly because the Order's Prussian territories lay between it and the sea, Poland opposed the Knights practically from their first appearance in the north.
	www.dragonbear.com /baltic.html (1410 words)

	The Guardian
		Moreover, members of the Latvian SS Division "Daugavas vanagi" (Falcons of the Dvina River) were responsible for the brutal murders of Latvian citizens of Jewish, Gypsy, or Russian origin, and Soviet prisoners of war, in concentration camps such as Salaspils, near Riga.
		Their concerns were justified: by 2003/2004 all Russian language state schools are to be changed over to Latvian as the teaching language.
		No doubt the EU, OSCE, and NATO are conscious of the fact that the Baltic states were part of the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1991, and Western advances are being interpreted as hostile acts by sections of Russia's military.
	www.cpa.org.au /garchve5/1091latvia.html (1614 words)

	"Axis Rule in Occupied Europe," Chapter IX: Genocide, by Raphael Lemkin, 1944 - - Prevent Genocide International
		The 17 occupied countries and territories included in the baook are Albania, Austria, the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Danzig, Denmark, the English Channel Islands, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Memel Territory, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, the USSR and Yugoslavia.
		The confiscation of property of nationals of an occupied area on the ground that they have left the country may be considered simply as a deprivation of their individual property rights.
		It could not be implemented in full force in all the conquered states, and hence the plan varies as to subject, modalities, and degree of intensity in each occupied country.
	www.preventgenocide.org /lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm (2182 words)

	Overview:Racial Gardening:The Demographic Experiment in Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		These, along with territory that had not previously been German were incorporated into the Reich either by attachment to existing provinces (Eastern Prussia) or the creation of new administrative areas (Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Reichsgau Posen, which after January 1940 was named Warthegau).
		Hitler appointed Dr Hans Frank as Governor General of the occupied Polish territories, that is, those territories not incorporated directly in the Reich.
		The ethnic Germans residing in occupied Poland, and the Baltic states, would be resettled in these areas.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/poland1.htm (288 words)

	Военная литература : Исследования : Suvorov V. Spetsnaz. The Story Behind the Soviet SAS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The state defends the interests of society against individuals, not just in sport but in all other spheres.
		Consequently the state does not spend a single kopek on such things, does not organise athletic competitions, does not reward the victors with prizes and does not advertise achievements in that field.
		Spetsnaz is the point where the interests of the state, the Soviet Army and military intelligence coincide with the interests of some individuals who want to devote their whole lives to sport.
	militera.lib.ru /research/suvorov6/06.html (3849 words)

	ISCIP - Perspective
		Nearly three years after all three Baltic States regained their independence, Russia continues to infringe on their sovereignty, intervene in their internal affairs and subject them to coercive diplomacy.
		That the human rights issue is primarily a creature of Russian imperialist ambitions as well as a refusal by Russians in Estonia and Latvia to accept their new status as a minority and the concomitant reversal of their privileged status under the Soviet regime, becomes clear in light of impartial investigations.
		Following their occupation of the Baltic States, the Soviets killed or deported hundreds of thousands of Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians while thousands more fled into exile on the eve of Soviet reoccupation in 1944.
	www.bu.edu /iscip/vol4/Peters.html (1444 words)

	Athlets : Fight-Club.ca
		At the end of the last war the Soviet Union seized the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and the West has never recognised the Soviet Union's right to those territories.
		During the Moscow Olympic Games some of the competitions took place in Moscow and some of them in the occupied territories of the Baltic states.
		Not only the Soviet Army but also the Soviet state's punitive apparatus (known at various times as the NKVD, the MGB, the MVD and the KGB) has its own sports organisation, Dinamo.
	www.fight-club.ca /spetsnaz_athlets_page-3.php (1643 words)

	Reichskommissariat Ostland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ostland was the name given to the German occupied territories of the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Belarus and eastern Poland.
		Ostland was one of the Reichskommissariats established, by a Decree of the Führer dated 17 July 1941, as administrative units of the "Großdeutsches Reich" (Greater Germany).
		Conquered territories further to the east were under military control for the entirety of the war.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland (1580 words)

	KREMLIN ASSAILS BALTIC STATES - Eurasia Daily Monitor
		From the standpoint of Russia-West relations, perhaps the most consequential aspect of the May 9 anniversary celebrations in Moscow was the Kremlin's verbal assault on the Baltic states, amid complete and even complacent silence on the part of the European Union, NATO allies, and the United States.
		Putin's version implies that the Baltic states were never independent countries, but mere territories passing from hand to hand, and that they "joined" the USSR by consent.
		Such exchanges, which are becoming routine, are meant to portray the Baltic states as an irritant in the EU's relations with Russia, draw wedges among Western allies, and even persuade some of the latter to take "corrective steps" jointly with Russia.
	jamestown.org /edm/article.php?article_id=2369743 (762 words)

	Nuremberg - Trial of German Major War Criminals (Volume 3)
		It is distributed to all duty stations of the Armed Forces, the Party, and the State.
		I beg you to accept a short written intermediate report of the progress and extent of the art seizure action, which will be used as a basis for this later oral report, and also to accept three volumes of the temporary picture catalogues which, too, show only a part of the collection you own.
		I shall next refer to Document 154-PS, which is a letter dated the 5th July, 1942, from Doctor Lammers, Reich Minister and Chief of the Chancellery, to the highest Reich authorities and services directly subordinate to the Fuehrer.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-03/tgmwc-03-22-04.html (2795 words)

	Defensive victory led the way to peace — Virtual Finland
		Once the Red Army had expelled German forces from the Baltic States, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, these countries could be brought under Soviet control on the sly.
		It was on the sidelines, and beyond it lay a neutral state, Sweden.
		We never did recover the territories we had lost in the Winter War; the Soviet Union dictated the permanence of the situation that prevailed at the end of the Winter War.
	virtual.finland.fi /netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=28271 (3382 words)

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