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Topic: Ocean acidification

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	Ocean acidification Summary
		Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
		Between 1751 and 2004 surface ocean pH is estimated to have dropped from approximately 8.25 to 8.14 (Jacobson, 2005).
		Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms.
	www.bookrags.com /Ocean_acidification (700 words)

	Ocean acidification, marine organisms, and climate change
		The Royal Society paper establishes that oceans are absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, resulting in ocean acidification.
		Basing analyses on 13 global carbon models assuming "business-as-usual" trends in greenhouse gas emissions, their conclusions are that the oceans will be undersaturated in calcium carbonate: leading to increasing difficulty for shelled organisms to create skeletons and shells.
		Given that the oceans have already absorbed a substantial amount of carbon dioxide, we have already committed to an irreversible amount of ocean acidification.
	pubs.wri.org /pubs_content_text.cfm?ContentID=3956 (309 words)

	Impacts of Anthropogenic CO2 on Ocean Chemistry and Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The global oceans are the largest natural reservoir for this excess carbon dioxide, absorbing approximately one-third of the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere by human activities each year, and over the next millennium, is expected to absorb approximately 90% of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere.
		Ocean acidification is a predictable consequence of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations from human activities.
		Ocean acidification and climate change are both effects of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, but they are completely different; ocean acidification depends on the chemistry of carbon dioxide; whereas climate change depends on temperature and freshwater changes resulting from the atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
	www.research.noaa.gov /spotlite/archive/spot_gcc.html (1381 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Science -- Acid test
		Acidification of the oceans is the sleeping giant of global warming.
		As atmospheric CO is absorbed by the oceans, it forms carbonic acid, lowering the pH of seawater.
		But the oceans are highly stratified, with layers varied by temperature and salinity, and it takes time for CO to mix completely in the oceans – as many as 1,500 years, said Christopher Sabine, a researcher at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), in Seattle.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/science/20060914-9999-lz1c14acid.html (1596 words)

	Increasingly acidic oceans harm marine life
		Oceans worldwide absorbed approximately 118 billion metric tons of carbon between 1800 and 1994 according to the report, resulting in increased ocean acidity, which reduces the availability of carbonate ions needed for the production of calcium carbonate structures.
		Ocean acidification is of great concern due to its potential impact on marine life.
		In surface ocean waters, where acidification starts before spreading to the deep sea, there may be too little carbonate for organisms to form shells as soon as 2050.
	news.mongabay.com /2006/0705-ocean.html (1350 words)

	WHOI : Media Relations : News Release : Marine Organisms Threatened By Increasingly Acidic Ocean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As atmospheric CO2 continues to rise, the projection is that by the end of this century the entire Southern Ocean and part of the North Pacific would become so corrosive that these organisms may not be able to grow their shells.
		Ocean acidification will add further pressure on cold-water corals, especially those made of aragonite.These corals are most abundant in the North Atlantic, where they form massive deep reefs.
		Other marine organisms among the first to show signs of corrosion from ocean acidification are those that construct external skeletons out of another variety of calcium carbonate rich in magnesium.
	www.whoi.edu /mr/pr.do?id=7388 (1113 words)

	Oceans in the News-Ocean Acidification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere are harming the world's seabeds, stunting the growth of coral reefs because of rising acidity levels in the water, according to a study due out in Norway this week.
		Corals and other marine creatures are threatened by chemical changes in the ocean caused by the carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels, a panel of scientists warned Wednesday.
		Over the past years, a reduced chance of survival through ocean acidification has already been detected for marine organisms such as corals and snails.
	www.bigelow.org /COSEE-OS/acidifi.htm (583 words)

	Carbon Balance and Management \| Full text \| Projected climate change impact on oceanic acidification
		Anthropogenic CO uptake by the ocean decreases the pH of seawater, leading to an 'acidification' which may have potential detrimental consequences on marine organisms [1].
		Ocean warming or circulation alterations induced by climate change has the potential to slowdown the rate of acidification of ocean waters by decreasing the amount of CO uptake by the ocean [2].
		Future projections of ocean acidification will therefore mainly be dependent on the future level of atmospheric CO The consequences of a small but sustained decrease in oceanic pH on marine phytoplankton are virtually unknown.
	www.cbmjournal.com /content/1/1/2 (2363 words)

	Ocean acidification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Between 1751 and 2004 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14 (Jacobson, 2005).
		Since the industrial revolution began, ocean pH has dropped by approximately 0.1 units (on the logarithmic scale of pH), and it is estimated that it will drop by a further 0.3 - 0.4 units by 2100 as the ocean absorbs more anthropogenic CO (Caldeira and Wickett, 2003; Orr et al.
		There is also some evidence that the effect of acidification on coccolithophores (among the most abundant phytoplankton in the ocean) in particular may eventually exacerbate climate change, by reducing the earth's albedo as well as oceanic cloud cover (Ruttiman, 2006).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ocean_acidification (858 words)

	ScienceDaily: Race Against Extinction: Are Marine Organisms Able To Adapt To Ocean Acidification?
		Greenhouse gases in the oceans impede growth Almost half of the carbon dioxide released through the burning of fossil fuels is re-absorbed in the oceans.
		Oceans May Soon Be More Corrosive Than When The Dinosaurs Died (February 21, 2006) -- Increased carbon dioxide emissions are rapidly acidifying the world's oceans and, if unabated, could cause a mass extinction of marine life similar to one that occurred when the dinosaurs...
		Ocean acidification -- Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/09/060925081213.htm (1986 words)

	IOCCP Ocean Carbon Directory
		Based on the publication of "Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms" (Orr et al., Nature, v437, 681-686), Discover magazine ranked ocean acidification as it's 38th most important story of 2005.
		In "Anthropogenic Ocean Acidification over the 21st Century and its Impacts on Calcifying Organisms" (Nature, September 29, 2005), Orr and colleagues use 13 ocean carbon cycle models and the "business as usual" scenario for future atmospheric CO2 concentrations to assess calcium carbonate saturation state in the ocean.
		The lower pH of ocean water means that organisms such as those that form coral reefs and many planktonic organisms in the open ocean will secrete calcium carbonate at much slower rates, affecting the growth and health of the organisms.
	ioc.unesco.org /ioccp/HighCO2/HighCO2World.htm (1921 words)

	RealClimate » The Acid Ocean – the Other Problem with CO2 Emission
		The acidification of the ocean is a much longer-term issue than acid rain, which goes away about two weeks after you reduce sulfur and nitrogen emissions from smokestacks.
		Using the whole 1 to 14 ph scale to cast the acidification of the oceans as minor is intentionally misrepresenting the science.
		Acidification may negatively effect only a few species, but a reduced population of these species could have effects on other species that are otherwise uneffected by the increased acidity.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?p=169 (12757 words)

	Ocean acidification
		Scientists are becoming increasingly worried about ocean acidification, a direct result of the increase in atmospheric CO levels.
		One outcome was a Symposium on The Oceans in a High-CO World in May 2004, sponsored by SCOR and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC—part of UNESCO).
		A member of the Royal Society working group, Dr Carol Turley of the Plymouth Marine Laboratory, presented a paper on the impact of increasing ocean acidification on marine ecosystems at the scientific conference Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change held on 1-3 February 2005 at the Met Office in Exeter, UK.
	www.geos.ed.ac.uk /ccs/Technical/Ocean (550 words)

	Ocean acidification threatens cold-water coral ecosystems
		The uptake of CO2 by oceans initiates a series of chemical reactions that increase acidity and decrease carbonate ion concentration in seawater.
		As the oceans become more acidic, corals are expected to build weaker skeletons, a process similar to osteoporosis in humans.
		Ocean acidification will likely have serious and wide-reaching impacts, not only for coral ecosystems but for all life in the oceans.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-04/esoa-oat033006.php (640 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Emission cuts 'vital' for oceans
		The report: Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, says excess carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has already increased the acidity of the world's oceans to a level that is irreversible in our life times.
		Tiny shelled plankton in the Antarctic Ocean that are a major food source for fish and other animals are likely to be among the first to suffer.
		Dr Carol Turley of the Plymouth Marine Laboratory said that ocean acidification is a "sister" problem to that of climate change.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/low/science/nature/4633681.stm (512 words)

	UD Scientist to Discuss Global Changes in the Ocean at June 15 Lecture in Lewes
		According to Hutchins, ocean acidification is a serious issue and one that has just recently emerged in the scientific community.
		In addition to ocean acidification, Hutchins will discuss how interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere can affect changes in sea level, the size of the polar ice caps, and global climate.
		The ocean not only is affected by these changes, but also can impact the rate at which these changes occur.
	www.ocean.udel.edu /newscenter/Hutchins2006OL.html (588 words)

	Pacific Science Association - Ocean Acidification Task Force
		Given the critical ecological, economic, and cultural function of oceans in the region, nowhere is the need for additional research greater than the Asia-Pacific.
		For more information on ocean acidification, an excellent reliminary report is available here from the Royal Society (UK).
		Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research, report of a workshop held 18-20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by NSF, NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survey, 88pp.
	www.pacificscience.org /tfoceanacidification.html (1022 words)

	ECO-PROS Ocean Home
		Oceans and marine life consume huge amounts of carbon dioxide, and more oxygen is produced and released through oceanic photosynthesis than by all the earth's terrestrial (land) plants and forests combined.
		The ocean is comprised of vast "dynamic biomes that are among the richest and most productive ecosystems on Earth." As we continue to degrade the health of the ocean and marine habitat, we risk extinction of species and destruction of the functions and life-sustaining processes of Earth's natural systems.
		The Ocean Alliance is dedicated to the conservation of whales and their ocean environment through research and education.
	www.eco-pros.com /oceanhome.htm (2752 words)

	USATODAY.com - High acidity infiltrates the oceans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		From corals to sea snails to microscopic plankton, the creatures affected underpin many ocean food chains, say the authors of the report, a document reflecting the views of 50 top experts in ocean chemistry.
		Ice core measurements show that oceans have not been as acidic as they now are for at least 650,000 years, and probably millions of years beyond that, the study says.
		That means that today's ocean creatures have evolved for a great deal of time under balanced ocean conditions, which Kleypas says increases the likelihood that they will adapt poorly to more corrosive waters.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/2006-07-05-ocean-acidity_x.htm (864 words)

	World Ocean Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It provides an excellent overview of ocean acidification, explores its impact and implications on us and our world, and makes the connections to key ideas and concepts students need to know and understand.
		It serves as an independent forum and focus for ocean affairs and its intent is to communicate the full spectrum of ocean issues – climate, fresh water, food, energy, trade, transportation, public health, finance, governance, recreation and culture – to citizens worldwide as a realisation that the sea connects all things.
		This decrease in the ocean’s pH and resulting increase in acidity is called Ocean Acidification.
	worldoceanobservatory.globalteacher.org.au (775 words)

	Some corals can adapt to ocean acidification
		While scientists warn that increasing ocean acidity will doom marine animals that build skeletons and structural elements out of calcium carbonate, new research has found that corals can change their skeletons, building them out of different minerals depending on the chemical composition of the seawater around them.
		Corals are tiny animals that live in colonies and derive nourishment and energy from a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae algae known as dinoflagellates.
		Nevertheless, Ries notes that his team's research "does have significance with respect to global warming and ocean acidification." Their experiments show that "although corals can adapt mineralogically to altered seawater chemistry, doing so slowed the corals' rate of growth by nearly 65 percent."
	news.mongabay.com /2006/0706-reefs.html (1164 words)

	Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ...
		The modules are first used in a one-dimensional ocean/two-compartment atmospheric model driven by emission to examine the historic change in atmospheric CO and ocean composition from 1751 to 2004 and the possible future change in CO and ocean composition from 2004 to 2104.
		Whereas surface ocean pH is estimated to have dropped from near 8.25 to near 8.14 between 1751 and 2004, it is forecasted to decrease to near 7.85 in 2100 under the SRES A1B emission scenario, for a factor of 2.5 increase in H
		This “ocean acidification” is calculated to cause a nontrivial transfer of ammonia from the atmosphere to the ocean and a smaller transfer of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfurous acids from the ocean to the atmosphere.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2004JD005220.shtml (450 words)

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