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Topic: Ocean thermal energy conversion

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	Ocean thermal energy conversion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ocean thermal energy conversion, or OTEC, is a way to generate electricity using the temperature difference of seawater at different depths.
		The total energy available is one or two orders of magnitude higher than other ocean energy options such as wave power, but the small size of the temperature difference makes energy extraction difficult and expensive.
		OTEC plants could be perceived as either a threat or potential partner to fisheries management or to future seabed mining operations controlled by the International Seabed Authority.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion (3242 words)

	NREL: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion - What is Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion?
		Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: An Overview is the primary source document used to create the content on this web site.
		OTEC, or ocean thermal energy conversion, is an energy technology that converts solar radiation to electric power.
		OTEC systems use the ocean's natural thermal gradient—the fact that the ocean's layers of water have different temperatures—to drive a power-producing cycle.
	www.nrel.gov /otec/what.html (339 words)

	Ocean energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The oceans have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations.
		The ocean presents a vast source of renewable energy in the form of winds, waves and tides.
		Several means of extracting energy from the ocean have been tried, some with limited success.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ocean_energy (177 words)

	Ocean thermal energy conversion - dKosopedia
		Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, (OTEC) is a method of producing electricity by using the temperature diffences of the warmer surface water and the colder water of the depths to run turbines via pressure gradients.
		In 1974 the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA, formerly NELH), at Keahole Point on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaii, was established.
		Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) UN Atlas of the Oceans.
	www.dkosopedia.com /wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion (249 words)

	Ocean Thermal energy Conversion(OTEC)
		Since the real source of energy from the oceans is the sun, OTEC systems are renewable are nonpolluting, and have no fuel costs.
		OTEC power systems use the difference in the water temperature between warm surface water and colder waters at the ocean depths, to make electricity.
		OTEC systems is a relatively non-polluting source of energy compared to other sources such as fossil fuels and nuclear power.
	members.tripod.com /ngaston/otec.html (426 words)

	Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
		Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion is the technology and process of making "clean" electricity from the energy available in the world's oceans.
		OTEC systems can avoid some of the problems and expenses of operating in a surf zone if they are built just offshore in waters ranging from 10 to 30 meters deep (Ocean Thermal Corporation 1984).
		OTEC's greatest potential is to supply a significant fraction of the fuel the world needs by using large, grazing plantships to produce hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol.
	www.cogeneration.net /ocean_thermal_energy_conversion.htm (2812 words)

	Rezachek & Associates' Energy & Environmental Resources - Renewable Energy - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion ...
		Ocean Energy Ocean energy systems produce power from either the movement of waves and tides or the temperature differences that exist in the ocean.
		Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) The oceans of the Earth have a vast untapped energy resource in the temperature difference between warm surface waters and cold waters of the ocean depths.
		Ocean Thermal Energy Converter A new Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) system which utilizes air as the working fluid, air bubbles as efficient heat exchangers between air and water, and sonic wave in two-phase media as the energy carrier in the thermodynamic cycle, directly transforming sonic wave energy into electrical energy.
	www.sustainablehawaii.com /otecpg1.htm (1614 words)

	Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
		Oceans cover 70 percent of the Earth, and water is a natural solar energy collector.
		OTEC, or ocean thermal energy conversion, aims to exploit this fact and use the temperature differences between surface water heated by the sun and water in the ocean’s chilly depths to generate electricity.
		OTEC plants can double as fresh water sources and the nutrient rich seawater drawn from ocean depths can be used to culture marine organisms and plants.
	www.livescience.com /environment/top10_power_21stcentury-4.html (205 words)

	A warm bath of energy -- ocean thermal energy conversion \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		Large floating OTEC platforms have been designed which would drift and 'graze' warm tropical seas, harvesting the energy, using it to extract hydrogen from sea water, to be picked up by transport vessels and delivered where it is needed.
		OTEC appears to be a vast, renewable, sustainable, safe, 'always on' energy source that does not emit CO2 or nuclear waste.
		OTEC may be one of our best hopes for the environmentally clean, sustainable solutions we need to solve our global energy and environmental problems - or at least a substantial chunk of them.
	www.energybulletin.net /16811.html (1438 words)

	EERE: Ocean Energy - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems
		Each day, the oceans absorb enough heat from the sun to equal the thermal energy contained in 250 billion barrels of oil.
		OTEC systems convert this thermal energy into electricity —; often while producing desalinated water.
		OTEC systems are also envisioned as being either land-based (or "inshore"), near-shore (mounted on the ocean shelf), or offshore (floating).
	www.eere.energy.gov /RE/ocean_thermal.html (157 words)

	Revisit Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion system — The GreenOcean Project / OTECnews
		Solar energy is transmitted through the atmosphere and efficiently collected and stored in the surface layer of the ocean, largely in the tropical zone.
		The majority of the absorbed solar energy is stored in vertical thermal gradients near the surface layer of the ocean, most of which is in the tropical region.
		Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology refers to a mechanical system that utilizes the natural temperature gradient that exists in the tropical ocean between the warm surface water and the deep cold water, to generate electricity and produce other economically valuable by-products.
	library.greenocean.org /oteclibrary/otecpapers/revisitedotec (489 words)

	Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion -
		Whether discussing the issues in the ocean or the uses of the ocean, sustainability is always present, at least in the background.
		Oceans and seas is the focus of Chapter 17 of Agenda 21.
		Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a means of converting into useful energy the temperature difference between surface water of the oceans in tropical and sub-tropical areas, and water at a depth of approximately 1 000 metres which comes from the polar regions.
	www.oceansatlas.org /cds_static/en/ocean_thermal_energy_conversion__en_2935_47952.html?status=ND0yOTM1JjY9ZW4mMzM9Y3RuJjM3PWluZm8~ (563 words)

	Nearctica - Renewable Energy - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
		Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion(OTEC) is a process which utilizes the heat energy stored in the tropical ocean.
		OTEC utilizes the difference in temperature between warm, surface seawater and cold, deep seawater to produce electricity.
		OTEC is an acronym for ocean thermal energy conversion.
	www.nearctica.com /environ/renew/otec.htm (405 words)

	An Introduction to Energy Sources from Oceans
		Ocean thermal energy conversion is limited to tropical regions, such as Hawaii, and to a portion of the Atlantic coast.
		Wave energy is an irregular and oscillating low-frequency energy source that must be converted to a 60-Hertz frequency before it can be added to the electric utility grid.
		The visual impact of a wave energy conversion facility depends on the type of device as well as its distance from shore.
	www.gdrc.org /uem/energy/ocean/intro.html (810 words)

	OTEC - Ocean Energy for Sustainable Townsville
		OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) is an technology that has long been considered a potential source of low-cost, carbon-neutral, base-load electricity as well as bulk desalinated water.
		OTEC plants are ideally suited to areas with a large temperature difference between the surface and deep waters.
		OTEC is proposed as a suitable technology to assist in providing water and power for small island states.
	www.seao2.com /otec (1381 words)

	Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) -
		Since the ocean temperature changes little from night to day or - in the tropics -with the seasons, an OTEC power plant is able to generate electricity continuously, unlike many other renewable energy sources.
		OTEC generates electricity by using the temperature difference of 20°C (36°F) or more that exists between warm tropical waters at the sun-warmed surface, and colder waters drawn from depths of about 1000 m.
		In a closed-cycle OTEC process, first proposed in 1881 by French physicist Jacques D'Arsonval [5], warm surface water is vaporizes a working fluid (such as ammonia) in a heat exchanger (evaporator).
	www.oceansatlas.org /cds_static/en/ocean_thermal_energy_conversion_otec__en_3063_all_1.html (558 words)

	Green Energy Jobs - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
		OTEC systems use the ocean's natural thermal gradient as a energy source.
		The additional benefit of this style of energy generation is that produces the useful by product of fresh drinking water and a supply of cool, nutrient rich seawater which can be used to enhance such activities as mariculture.
		It is expected that OTEC could play an important role in providing electricity and water to tropical areas, which are close to deep water.
	www.greenenergyjobs.com /otec-intro.php (288 words)

	Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Act
		With regard to alternative energy sources from the ocean, the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Act (OTEC Act), 42 U.S.C. §§ 9101 et seq., establishes a licensing program for facilities and plantships that would convert thermal gradients in the ocean into electricity.
		The OTEC Act directed the administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to establish a stable legal regime to foster commercial development of OTEC.
		In addition, the act was designed to ensure that the thermal plume of an OTEC plantship does not unreasonably impinge on, and thus degrade, the thermal gradient used by any other OTEC plantship or facility, the territorial sea, or an area of national resource jurisdiction of any other nation.
	www.csc.noaa.gov /opis/html/summary/otec.htm (277 words)

	Rezachek & Associates' Energy & Environmental Resources - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Fact Sheet
		OTEC makes use of the difference in temperature between the warm surface water of the ocean and the cold water in depths below 2,000 feet to generate electricity.
		Although extensive and successful testing of OTEC has occurred in experiments on component parts or small scale plants, a pilot or demonstration plant of commercial size needs to be built to further document economic feasibility.
		Ocean Thermal Corporation, under a contract from the USDOE, in 1983 designed a 50-MW OTEC pilot plant to be located on an artificial island at Kahe Point off the coast of Oahu.
	www.sustainablehawaii.com /otecengy.htm (1287 words)

	Sea Solar Power - The OTEC Technology
		Sea Solar Power uses the basic technology known as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, or OTEC, which was invented in 1881 by a French scientist years ahead of his time by the name of Jacque Arsene D'Arsonval.
		But while it is true that the ocean's free seawater can supply an infinite amount of energy and produce electricity for most of the world's population, the technical challenge is to design an OTEC plant that is economically efficient or at a reasonable capital cost.
		What is special about the Sea Solar Power approach to OTEC is that it is based on low temperature refrigeration principles, and that each of the different turbo-machine elements is very efficient, designed specifically for an OTEC cycle.
	www.seasolarpower.com /otec.html (715 words)

	Consider the ocean as energy source, urges UWI prof - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		For example: "The installation of a cold water pipeline to pump the water from the ocean, represents a technical challenge and - depending on the coastal underwater topography, length and diameter of pipe-line, required flow rates and pumping power needed - it can be the most expensive component of an OTEC system," he wrote.
		OTEC systems use the ocean's natural thermal gradient - which refers to the temperatures at different sea levels - to drive a power-producing cycle.
		Professor Binger said the cold, deep seawater used in the OTEC process is also rich in nutrients, and it can be used to culture both marine organisms and plant life as well as produce desalinated water for industrial, agricultural, and residential uses.
	www.jamaicaobserver.com /news/html/20050203T160000-0500_74420_OBS_CONSIDER_THE_OCEAN_AS_ENERGY_SOURCE__URGES_UWI_PROF.asp (784 words)

	OCEES International, Inc. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The deep water in the ocean is cold everywhere, so that a typical tropical temperature profile has a warm surface layer separated from the cold, deep water by a thermocline through which the temperature decreases rapidly with increasing depth.
		Useful energy can be extracted from this thermal heat sink by processes known as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC).
		This amount of energy, about 300 Quads a year, is approximately equal to the total energy consumption for all human activites.
	www.ocees.com /mainpages/otec.html (308 words)

	EIA Kids Page - Energy from the ocean
		One way to harness wave energy is to bend or focus the waves into a narrow channel, increasing their power and size.
		The energy from the sun heats the surface water of the ocean.
		With oceans making up 70 percent of the earth’s surface, some people believe near the coasts would be a perfect place for solar farms.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ocean.html (803 words)

	WEC Survey Of Energy Resources 2001 - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
		In this case the OTEC plant is free to drift in ocean areas with a high temperature difference, the power being used to split sea water into liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.
		OTEC is therefore the basis for a whole family of Deep Ocean Water Applications (DOWA), which can also benefit the cost of generated electricity.
		The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) was formed by the governmental Department of Ocean Development in 1993 and in 1997 the Government proposed the establishment of the 1 MW plant of earlier studies.
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/reports/ser/ocean/ocean.asp (3948 words)

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