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Topic: Oceanic languages

	Oceanic subgroups
		The Oceanic languages are members of the Austronesian language family, a language family which, until the advent of European exploration and settlement of the 'New World', had spread out across a considerably larger proportion of the earth than had any other language family.
		Austronesian languages are spoken from Madagascar in the west to Easter Island in the east, and from Taiwan and Hawaii in the north to New Zealand in the south.
		Towards a classification of the Oceanic languages of Bougainville and the western Solomons.
	www.tlg.uci.edu /~opoudjis/Work/Oceanic_guide.html (5840 words)

	Austronesian Languages - ninemsn Encarta
		The languages of Australia (Aboriginal languages) and most of New Guinea (Papuan languages), however, are not part of this family.
		The 237 Western Oceanic languages are spoken in Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Indonesia.
		In general, the Austronesian languages use affixes (suffixes, infixes, prefixes) attached to base words to modify the meaning or to indicate the function of the word in the sentence.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553922/Austronesian_Languages.html (645 words)

	Oceanic languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		aboriginal languages spoken in the region known as Oceania.
		Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea, which is sometimes considered a part of Melanesia.
		When the area of Oceania is extended to include Australia and Malaysia, indigenous languages of the Australian group spoken in Australia (see Australian languages) may be added to the Malayo-Polynesian stock (predominating in Malaysia as well as in Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia) as tongues of this region.
	www.bartleby.com /65/oc/Oceanicl.html (228 words)

	oceanic - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		- language of Oceania: an Austronesian group of languages spoken mainly on the Pacific islands lying to the north and east of Australia.
		Oceanic Art, works of art produced by the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Islands from the beginnings of human settlement to the present,...
		Oceanic Ridge, term usually taken to mean mid-ocean ridges, which are broad undersea mountain ranges typically occurring far from land.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /oceanic.html (144 words)

	Oceanic languages - Encyclopedia.com
		Oceanic languages aboriginal languages spoken in the region known as Oceania.
		A grammar of South Efate; an oceanic language of Vanuatu.
		Otto Dempwolff's Grammar of the Jabem language in New Guinea.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Oceanicl.html (678 words)

	MALAYO-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES,
		Most of the approximately two dozen Polynesian languages are spoken within a large triangle bounded by Easter Island on the east, Hawaii on the north, and New Zealand on the south.
		The roughly 200 Melanesian languages are spoken in a band of islands from New Guinea east to Fiji.
		The nine Micronesian languages are spoken in islands scattered north of Melanesia, between the Philippines and Polynesia.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=215578 (818 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Oceanic
		The lithosphere consists of the heavy oceanic and lighter continental crusts, and the uppermost portion of the mantle.
		The Lexicon of Proto Oceanic: The Culture and Environment of Ancestral Oceanic Society, Material Culture, vol.
		Genetic Diversity of Oceanic Island Lasaea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Lineages Exceeds That of Continental Populations in the Northwestern Atlantic.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Oceanic&StartAt=11 (961 words)

	The Questia Online Library
		This paper evaluates the various theories of origin that have been proposed and attempts to explain the development of labiovelars in Proto-Oceanic and its early descendants, their somewhat unusual phonotactic distribution, and the inconsistency in correspondences.
		Languages that have one or more labiovelar phonemes include (some or all) languages of the Admiralties family, the Schouten family of North New Guinea, the Nuclear Papuan Tip linkage, the Southeast Solomonic family, the Southern Oceanic family (Vanuatu and New Caledonia), the Central Pacific family, and the Micronesian family.
		Oceanic languages vary as to the possible combinations of labiovelars with rounded vowels.
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&se=gglsc&d=5000644243 (841 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages Issue 26.
		Natural languages are context-bound and deixis ‘concerns the ways in which languages encode or grammaticalise features of the context of utterance or speech event, and thus also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance’ (Stephen Levinson).
		Innamincka Words is one of a pair of companion volumes on Yandruwandha, a dialect of the language formerly spoken on the Cooper and Strzelecki Creeks and the country to the north of the Cooper, in the northeast corner of South Australia and a neighbouring strip of Queensland.
		This is one of a pair of companion volumes on Yandruwandha, a dialect of the language formerly spoken on the Cooper and Strzelecki Creeks and the country to the north of the Cooper, in the northeast corner of South Australia and a neighbouring strip of Queensland.
	www.ogmios.org /2610.htm (1491 words)

	oceanic
		The east-west boundaries of the Austronesian language family (Madagascar and Easter Island) are two-thirds of a world apart and the northernmost extensions (Hawaii and Taiwan) are separated by 70 degrees of latitude from the southernmost outpost (Stewart Island, New Zealand).
		It is likely that Oceanic began to diverge from its nearest relatives, which are the Austronesian languages spoken around Cenderawasih Bay and in South Halmahera (Blust 1978), when Austronesian speakers from the Cenderwasih Bay area moved eastwards along the north coast of New Guinea and into the Bismarck Archipelago.
		However, in general, Oceanic lexical reconstructions have until recently been limited by a number of factors, including: (i) a focus on questions of phonology rather than meaning, (ii) large gaps in the data, with a distinct bias in favour of ‘Eastern Oceanic’ languages, and (iii) the technical problems of collating large quantities of data.
	rspas.anu.edu.au /linguistics/projects/oceanic/project_desc.html (2325 words)

	AllRefer.com - Oceanic languages (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		If Oceania is restricted to the Melanesian, Micronesian, and Polynesian islands, the indigenous tongues spoken on these islands belong for the most part to the Malayo-Polynesian family of languages (see Malayo-Polynesian languages).
		Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea, which is sometimes considered a part of Melanesia.
		When the area of Oceania is extended to include Australia and Malaysia, indigenous languages of the Australian group spoken in Australia (see Australian languages) may be added to the Malayo-Polynesian stock (predominating in Malaysia as well as in Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia) as tongues of this region.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/Oceanicl.html (299 words)

	Pacific Linguistics Catalogue
		A grammar of Gayo: A language of Aceh, Sumatra
		I'saka: A sketch grammar of a language of north-central New Guinea
		A grammar of Bilua: A Papuan language of the Solomon Islands
	pacling.anu.edu.au /catalogue/catalogue.html (1048 words)

	UH Press Journals: Oceanic Linguistics, vol. 41, no. 2 (2002)
		However, a good syntactic typology of the languages requires that a decision be made as to their word class, based not simply on functional characteristics, semantic features, or translation equivalents, but on their syntactic distribution.
		All North Sarawak languages reflect a split of the Proto-Austronesian voiced obstruents into a series of plain voiced obstruents and a parallel series of phonemic voiced aspirates, and most of the same languages have fronted low vowels after a voiced obstruent, or have developed systems of verbal ablaut from the infixes -um- and -in-.
		The central concern of the present study is an investigation of possessive-benefactive polysemy in Toqabaqita, an Oceanic language spoken in the Solomon Islands, and in closely related languages.
	www.uhpress.hawaii.edu /journals/ol/OL412.html (1855 words)

	Family tree - Polynesian languages
		Niuatoputapu is here classified as a Wallisian language, and not as an unclassified language within the Samoic-Outlier group, based on the classification made by Grimes 1992 where Niuatoputapu is considered to be genetically closer to the Wallisian language Niuafo'ou than to any other language.
		Reao is here classified as a language, and not as a dialect of Tuamotuan, based on the statement by P.H. Audrian 1919 (Notes sur le dialecte Paumotu) that Reao is incomprehensible to speakers of the Tuamotuan language, and also on my own field experiences of Reao in 1993.
		Rapa is here classified as a Tahitic language, and not as an unclassified language within the Central Polynesian subgroup, based on Biggs' 1971 statement that the language spoken on the island of Rapa today is a variant of the Tahitian language.
	bilbo.ling.su.se /pollinet/facts/tree.html (334 words)

	Studies in language change Pacific Linguistics
		is the imprint of the Centre for Research in Language Change of the Australian National University.
		This work is an historical study of three valency-increasing and two valency-decreasing morphemes, presenting a detailed reconstruction of their forms and functions in the ancestor language, Proto Oceanic.
		The reconstructions of valency-changing devices is presented within of an analysis of morphosyntactic classes of verbs, both in the modern languages and in Proto Oceanic.
	pacling.anu.edu.au /CRLC.html (209 words)

	First Oceanic Bank - Main Page
		Client convenience: internet banking backed up by 24/7 live chat and phone support in multiple languages.
		You can communicate with a highly-trained member of staff when you need to.
		The investment funds at First Oceanic Bank provide both diversification and maximum returns for the client.
	www.firstoceanicbank.com (353 words)

	Glenn Humphries' tree of Oceanic languages
		This particular page represents primarily geographical language groupings, but whenever indented, "Parent" languages are to the left while "descendant" languages are indented to the right under the appropriate "parent" language.
		Other languages which were influential to the develpment of a language will be noted parenthetically.
		This is a simplified diagram of the relationship of various modern and obsolete languages showing their development throughout history from various older languages, mostly now extinct.
	glenn.humphries.com /oceanic.htm (246 words)

	Routledge - Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Some 800 Austronesian languages are spoken in the area extending from Madagascar to eastern Indonesia and, to the north, to...
		This new volume of the Language Family Series presents an overview of the Oceanic subgroup of the Austronesian languages, spread...
		Geographically, Bantu languages are spoken in the southern half of Africa.
	www.routledge.com /Languages/reference_list.asp?series=14 (301 words)

	Lawrence A. Reid, UH-Manoa Linguistics Department
		I had also had opportunity in 1964 to do some fieldwork on several of the Formosan languages (i.e., the Austronesian languages of Taiwan), and gradually became interested in the genetic relationships which characterize all of these languages.
		My interest in comparative studies of Philippine languages resulted in a number of research trips between !987 to 1993 to study the languages of some of the groups of Negritos who live in Northern Luzon.
		Although many of his claims could not be supported, given our greater knowledge of the families involved, a careful re-examination of the morphology of the two language families, especially that found in Nicobarese, an isolated Mon-Khmer language, clearly established that there does in fact exist a genetic relationship between the two families.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/reid (1376 words)

	The Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) Language Family
		Austronesian is one of the largest language families in the world, both in terms of the number of languages (1244) and in terms of its geographical extent.
		These languages are widely spoken and understood as native or as second languages in their respective countries.
		It is worth noting that many of the languages included in the Austronesian family have only a handful of speakers each, especially in Melanesia, where the average is roughly one language for every 1,500 people.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/june/austronesianLanguageFamily.html (730 words)

	Grammatical and typological research in Austronesian
		Northwest Solomonic is a subgrouping within Oceanic, comprising the Oceanic languages of Bougainville and the western Solomon Islands.
		This has included work on the syntactic status of the so-called 'possessive classifiers' in indirect possessive construction, research that has concluded that in many Oceanic languages these forms are in fact the syntactic head of the NP in which they occur, and that they do not satisfy the criteria usually used to define classifiers.
		Torau is a highly endangered language traditionally spoken on the east coast of the strife-torn island of Bougainville.
	www.surrey.ac.uk /lcts/bill.palmer/Oceanic.htm (1014 words)

	Language Contact
		Creoles, on the other hand, are languages with speakers for whom the creole is the primary form of communication--the native language as it were.
		Over time, this mixing gave rise to a generation of speakers who spoke none of the original languages but rather new languages that were related lexically and structurally to parts of the languages that came into contact.
		Their vocabulary tends to be derived from the superstrate language because speakers of the substrate languages have higher motivation to learn the words of the economically powerful.
	www.unc.edu /~gerfen/Ling30Sp2002/language_contact.html (1117 words)

	Hans Schmidt
		It is characterized by conspicuously artful pottery designs and different vessel forms, usually accompanied by further traits such as the use of earth ovens, shell tools, obsidian, one-piece fish-hooks, adzes and scrapers made of stone and shell; their dwelling places were large and close to the coast, often on offshore islands (Pawley and Ross 1993:446).
		Based on phonological, grammatical, and lexical innovations in Polynesian languages, Pawley and Ross (1993:446) estimated the length of common development apart from other Oceanic languages to be 1,000 years.
		Compared to Central-Pacific languages that had not lost touch with their neighboring dialects and languages, the sound changes in Rotuman were much further reaching and more numerous during this period of isolation than in later centuries (when contact with Polynesia and perhaps with Fiji was more intensive).
	www.hawaii.edu /oceanic/rotuma/os/schmidt/Schmidt.html (3979 words)

	AllRefer.com - Australian languages (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Australian languages do not appear to be related to any other linguistic family.
		The exact number of these languages and their dialects is not known, but has been estimated at about 200.
		Because of so many shared phonetic and grammatical characteristics some scholars believe that the Australian languages have all evolved from a single ancestor language and therefore belong to the same linguistic family.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Australlang.html (359 words)

	PACIFIC LANGUAGES UNIT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Pacific Languages Unit (PLU) is part of the Department of Literature and Language of the School of Humanities.
		Courses in Pacific Language Studies are also very useful as electives in many other programmes of study, such as law, education, sociology, literature, and many other areas.
		Oceanic languages, especially languages of Vanuatu; history of languages of the Pacific; pidgin and creole languages; language change; dictionaries; orthography design.
	www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj /paclangunit/paclang_main.htm (536 words)

	Slavic and Eastern Languages Collection - Boston College
		The mainstay of the department remains its many courses in Russian language and culture, followed by a fairly even balance of courses in Slavic languages and culture, Chinese language and culture, Japanese language and culture, Celtic languages and culture, the English language (especially as a second language), and linguistics.
		Some audiovisual materials dealing with language are bought for the library, but it is not an area of large emphasis because a language lab on campus also acquires audiovisual materials on language learning.
		While many courses involve modern languages, the area of general linguistics studies languages over time and the antecedents of modern language, so that archaic languages and philology are required.
	www.bc.edu /libraries/resources/collections/s-slaviceastern (1157 words)

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