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Topic: Ochratoxin

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	Food-Info.net : Overview of food-borne toxins : Mycotoxins - Ochratoxin
		Ochratoxin A has been found in maize, barley, wheat, and oats, as well as in many other food products, but the occurrence of ochratoxin B is rare.
		Ochratoxin A is teratogenic in the mouse, rat, and hamster.
		The nephrotoxic potential of ochratoxin A is well documented from all experimental studies, with a feed level of 200 µg/kg causing nephropathy in pigs and rats.
	www.food-info.net /uk/tox/ochra.htm (444 words)

	OCHRATOXIN A (JECFA 47, 2001)
		Biliary excretion of ochratoxin A was increased and urinary excretion of ochratoxin A and ochratoxin alpha was decreased in mice pretreated with phenobarbital (Moroi et al., 1985).
		Ochratoxin C, a metabolite of ochratoxin A produced in rumenal fluid, is as toxic as ochratoxin A (cited by Galtier et al., 1981).
		Ochratoxin B was not antagonistic to ochratoxin A with respect to effects on the formation of phenylalanyl-tRNA and protein synthesis (Roth et al., 1989).
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v47je04.htm (15510 words)

	Ochratoxin A-Induced Tumor Formation: Is There a Role of Reactive Ochratoxin A Metabolites? -- Zepnik et al. 59 (1): 59 ...
		Incubations of ochratoxin A with liver and kidney cytosol and glutathione.
		from ochratoxin A was not observed in the incubations.
		Oxidation of ochratoxin A in liver microsomes from dexamethasone-pretreated
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/59/1/59 (4866 words)

	Mold Toxin Linked to Testicular Cancer
		Ochratoxin A results from molds that grow in grains and coffee beans and is found in animals that consume moldy grain, especially pigs.
		Ochratoxin A is transferred through the placenta to the fetus, and also is present in mothers' milk, so infants could be exposed through breastfeeding.
		The toxicity of ochratoxin A could be reduced by giving pregnant women drugs like aspirin or indomethacin or vitamins A, C and E. "These agents, in animals at least, markedly reduce the DNA damage caused by ochratoxin A," Schwartz said.
	www.mold-survivor.com /mold_toxin_linked_to_testicular.html (576 words)

	R-Biopharm AG : Residues - Ochratoxin A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of ochratoxin A in cereals, feed, beer and pig serum (additional sample preparation methods for cereals (fast) and wine (+RIDA® Ochratoxin A columns) are available on request).
		Ochratoxin A was detected in pig blood and kidneys, as well as in human blood and mother`s milk.
		Using the RIDASCREEN® Ochratoxin A assay, it is possible to detect this mycotoxin in cereals, feed, beer and pig serum both rapidly and with accuracy.
	www.r-biopharm.com /foodandfeed/ridascreen_ochratoxin_a.php (175 words)

	Research - Prevention of ochratoxin a in cereals
		The presence of ochratoxin Ain edible tissue and particularly in pig kidneys, as a result of consumption of contaminated feed, has been demonstrated in Denmark and Sweden by Krogh and Rutquist already in 1977, respectively.
		Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin of considerable concern for human health and is classified as a possible human carcinogen.
		To establish a molecular detection system for the ochratoxin producing fungi, the strategy is now targeted at using suppression subtractive hybridisation-PCR to target the genes that are up-regulated by cells producing ochratoxin A. Preliminary results indicate that this approach is partially successful.
	ec.europa.eu /research/quality-of-life/ka1/volume1/qlk1-1999-00433.htm (1052 words)

	Titel skrives her (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The occurrence of ochratoxin A in Danish-produced grain is considered the potentially most serious problem in relation to the occurrence of mycotoxins in Danish crops; but also other mycotoxins may be found in Danish crops.
		Ochratoxin A may occur in grain that has been harvested having a high content of water and dried inefficiently or too slowly, or in grain that has been stored under humid conditions.
		The main conclusions were that cereals are the main sources of the Danish population’s intake of ochratoxin A, and that the intake of ochratoxin A for persons who eat organic cereals was found to be higher than for persons who eat conventional cereals.
	www.altomkost.dk /FDir/Publications/2005001/Rapport12.asp (1405 words)

	Ochratoxin - Is It A Concern As An Airborne Mycotoxin?(by Romer Labs, Inc.) - - Engormix.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Intriguing aspects of this airborne potential for exposure to ochratoxin was the case we reported involving the finding of high levels (above 1500 ppb) of ochratoxin in the dust from furnace ducts from a house where illnesses had been reported of the residents and their pets.
		It is known that ochratoxin is efficiently absorbed from the respiratory epithelium and with the evidence presented to date, one must be concerned with ochratoxin being a potential airborne hazard.
		Ochratoxin A in airborne dust and fungal conidia.
	www.engormix.com /e_articles_view.asp?art=13 (858 words)

	SeedQuest - Central information website for the global seed industry
		Ochratoxin is produced by several fungi and occurs naturally in a variety of plant products such as cereals, coffee beans, beans, pulses and dried fruit, and has been detected also in coffee, wine, beer and grape juice.
		Ochratoxin A is a potent toxin affecting mainly the kidneys, in which it can cause both acute and chronic lesions, whereas its dechloro derivative, ochratoxin B, is non-toxic.
		Ochratoxin A was first reported as a natural contaminant of cereals in a sample of corn.
	www.seedquest.com /News/releases/2006/january/14552.htm (939 words)

	European Mycotoxin Awareness Network - Fact sheet 3 Ochratoxin A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Ochratoxin A is the most important and most commonly occurring of a structurally related group of compounds, and is often abbreviated to OTA or OA.
		Ochratoxin A is a potent teratogen in mice, rats, hamsters and chickens, but not apparently in pigs when fed to sows during early pregnancy.
		The presence of ochratoxin A in foodstuffs is clearly undesirable, and the EU has recently proposed statutory maximum limits for ochratoxin A of 5 µg/kg in raw cereal grains including rice and buckwheat, 3 µg/kg for derived cereal products or for cereal grains for direct human consumption, and 10 µg/kg in dried vine fruits.
	www.lfra.co.uk /eman2/fsheet3.asp (1220 words)

	Urologic Oncology
		In Canada 36 percent of the slaughterhouse pigs have significant ochratoxin contamination of their blood and in fact human exposure to ochratoxin is also widespread.
		This is a tubular interstitial disease of the kidney, a fatal disease and one-third of patients dying with Balkan uropathy have tumors of the urinary tract.
		We know that ochratoxin induces adducts in DNA in the testis and this produces a plausible and testable model for testicular cancer and we are in fact currently testing this hypothesis by treating pregnant mice with ochratoxin, surviving their male offspring and examining their testes
	www.webtie.org /sots/Meetings/Genitourinary/SUO_12_5_6_2003/transcripts/04/transcript.htm (1935 words)

	Nephrotoxic Mycotoxins
		Ochratoxin is primarily a contaminant of feed grains and cereals.
		In the liver, ochratoxin A causes increased glycogen deposition in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, and this increase is a sensitive indicator of ochratoxicosis.
		In chickens fed ochratoxin at 2 to 8 ppm in the diet, there is a loss of collagen in the large intestine which may result in breaks and loss of integrity in the affected gut.
	www.ivis.org /advances/Beasley/Cpt6e/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1 (1983 words)

	Selected IUPAC Mycotoxin References and Publications
		The contamination of cereals with ochratoxin A and the effects of processing (such as milling) on the occurrence of ochratoxin A in cereals are briefly discussed.
		The contamination of bread by ochratoxin A and the fate of ochratoxin A during flour preparation and breadmaking are briefly discussed.
		Ochratoxin A (OA) is a mycotoxin detected in a variety of food and feeds mostly from countries with temperate or continental climate, because the fungi that produce it, mainly Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium verrucosum, and Penicillium viridicatum, can grow under a great variety of climate conditions.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~frf/iuprefs.html (7751 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Effect of dietary honey on intestinal microflora and toxicity of mycotoxins in mice
		Ochratoxin A administration induced cloudy swelling of proximal convoluted tubules, fibrin thrombin within glomerular capillary loops, increased number and size of glomeruli (Figure 8) and interstitial fibrosis and congestion (Figure 9).
		Figure 17 illustrated the effect of ochratoxin A on the spleen where it showed expansion of the white pulp with destruction of normal architecture, adventitial thickening of arterioles, adventitial thickening of arterioles focal fibrosis of the red pulp and compression of the sinusoids.
		In addition, ochratoxin A is connected with an impairment in the structure and function of brain cell membrane [31].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6882/6/6 (5509 words)

	Ochratoxin
		Ochratoxin, a powerful nephrotoxin and hepatotoxin, is also implicated in an outbreak of porcine nephropathy (swine are extremely sensitive) in Denmark in the 1920s.
		Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium verrucosum and related species commonly produce ochratoxin in grain, dried beans, peanuts, green coffee beans, and hay.
		Estimates suggest that most European port has trace amount of ochratoxin, primarily from Penicillium verrucosum and P. nordicum, species particularly prevalent in northern climates.
	www.americanairtesting.com /ochratoxin.htm (113 words)

	Spotlight: Ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee
		It's a natural poison that is highly toxic to the kidneys and possibly carcinogenic, it's produced by a mould sometimes found on raw, or "green", coffee beans - and it's not completely eliminated when the beans are roasted.
		The presence of ochratoxin A in the coffee beverage was discovered as recently as 1988.
		Ochratoxin A is produced by species of two genera of fungi, Aspergillus and Penicillium that grow naturally on cereals, grapes, coffee and cocoa.
	www.fao.org /ag/magazine/0607sp1.htm (1886 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 5
		Radic B et al (1997) Ochratoxin A in human sera in the area of endemic nephropathy in Croatia.
		Muller G et al (1999) Studies of the influence of ochratoxin A on immune and defense reactions in weaners.
		Hoehler D et al (1997) Induction of free radicals in hepatocytes, mitochondria and microsomes of rats by ochratoxin A and its analogs.
	www.drthrasher.org /Ochratoxins_and_Ochratoxicosis.html (2350 words)

	Mechanism of action of ochratoxin A.
		Mechanism of action of ochratoxin A. Mechanism of action of ochratoxin A.Ochratoxin A has a number of toxic effects in mammals, the most notable of which is nephrotoxicity.
		The effect of ochratoxin A on protein synthesis is followed by an inhibition of RNA synthesis, which might affect proteins with a high turnover.
		Ochratoxin A also lowers the level of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis; this inhibition is reported to be due to a specific degradation of mRNA that codes for this enzyme.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/63988.html (417 words)

	ota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Proximal tubular toxicity of ochratoxin A is amplified by simulaneous inhibition of the extracellular regulated kinases 1/2.
		Accumulation of ochratoxin A in rat kidney in vivo and in cultivated renal epithelial cells in vitro.
		Ochratoxin A impairs postproximal nephron function in vivo and blocks plasma membrane anion conductance in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in vitro.
	www.uni-wuerzburg.de /physiologie/ota.htm (1526 words)

	Ochratoxin A: barrier levels for coffee and grape juice
		Rules are already in place for upper levels of Ochratoxin in cereals and dried vine fruit, the main source of exposure for consumers.
		Low levels of ochratoxin A in foods are not considered to pose a risk to health at all, however, at high levels it is considered to be a potential carcinogen.
		In humans, exposure to high levels of ochratoxin A has been linked with chronic renal disease and an increased incidence of urinary tract tumours.
	www.labtechnologist.com /news/news-NG.asp?id=55422 (606 words)

	RecentResults.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Both ochratoxin A and ochratoxin B treated animals induced cell proliferation in the kidney, only limited nephrotoxicity and some DNA-damage in the kidney after ochratoxin A treatment., but OTB was mcuh less toxic than OTA due to rapid biotransformation.
		P3 provided radiolabeled ochratoxin A for AC/MS studies and has produced large amounts of ochratoxin A. Samples were taken at 11 months in the main group in which treated animals received 100 micrograms OTA daily in feed.
		However, if ochratoxin A does not act through genotoxic mechanisms, higher levels of contaminations would likely be permissible and lower limits would not result in increased health protection, but in increased expenses to meet the standards.
	www.uni-wuerzburg.de /toxikologie/EU-OTA/Recent_Results.html (1855 words)

	R-Biopharm Rhone Ltd. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Immunoaffinity columns with florisil tips used in conjunction with a UV light for the screening of ochratoxin A in a wide range of commodities.
		Ochratoxin A in the sample is extracted filtered, diluted and passed slowly through the OCHRASCAN column where binding takes place between the antibody and the toxin.
		The florisil tip is then viewed under UV light at 366nm where the natural fluorescence of the ochratoxin A is observed as a band on the tip.
	www.r-biopharmrhone.com /pro/ochra/ochra2.html (253 words)

	Species-, Sex-, and Cell Type-Specific Effects of Ochratoxin A and B -- O'Brien et al. 63 (2): 256 -- Toxicological ...
		Dörrenhaus, A., and Föllmann, W. Effects of ochratoxin A on DNA repair in cultures of rat hepatocytes and porcine urinary bladder epithelial cells.
		Heussner, A., Schwöbel, F., and Dietrich, D. Cytotoxicity of ochratoxin A and B in vitro: Comparison of male and female rat primary renal cortex and distal cells and LLC-PK1 cells.
		Ochratoxin A in human blood in relation to nephropathy in Tunisia.
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/63/2/256 (5086 words)

	Ochratoxin A (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 56, 1993) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A number of descriptive studies have suggested a correlation between exposure to ochratoxin A and Balkan endemic nephropathy and have found a correlation between the geographical distribution of Balkan endemic nephropathy and a high incidence of and mortality from urothelial urinary tract tumours.
		In the only study in which ochratoxin A was measured, levels were higher in the blood of patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy and/or urothelial urinary tract tumours than in unaffected people; no distinction was made between the two diseases.
		Ochratoxin A was tested for carcinogenicity by oral administration in mice and rats.
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/vol56/13-ochra.html (285 words)

	VICAM Press Release: November 11, 2004
		EU officials agreed on October 13, 2004 that the maximum level of OTA in roasted and ground coffee is 5.0 µg/kg; soluble coffee maximum level of OTA is 10.0 µg/kg.
		Ochratoxin A is also commonly found in barley, oats, coffee, wine, wheat, sorghum, rice, and figs.
		Ochratoxin A has been known to cause kidney damage in animals and is a known carcinogen for both humans and animals.
	www.vicam.com /press_releases/pr_2004_11_11.html (653 words)

	EU rules on ochratoxin A extended to coffee, wine and grape juice
		Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin which has been shown to have carcinogenic and other toxic properties.
		Maximum levels for this contaminant have already been set for the EU population's main sources of exposure, primarily cereals, while ongoing monitoring has now shown that maximum levels should also be set for other significant dietary sources.
		Ochratoxin A occurs naturally and can contaminate crops in the field or after harvest.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=14906&nfid=rssfeeds (430 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Testing Green Coffee for Ochratoxin A, Part I: Estimation of Variance Components (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It is difficult to determine the ochratoxin level of large shipments or lots because of the errors associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analysis, collectively called the ochratoxin test procedure.
		Using regression analysis, mathematical expressions were developed to model the relationship between ochratoxin A concentration and the total, sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variances.
		Testing a lot with 5 ng/g ochratoxin A using a 1-kg sample, Romer RAS mill, 25-g subsamples, and high performance liquid chromatography analysis, the total, sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variances were 10.75 (CV=65.6%), 7.80 (CV=55.8%), 2.84 (CV=33.7%), and 0.11 (CV=6.6%), respectively.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=153132 (460 words)

	Ochratoxin A and DNA damage
		Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin which can contaminate a number of foods, such as grapes, cereals, animal products, and even coffee and beer.
		Low levels of ochratoxin A in foods are not considered to pose a risk to health at all, however, at high levels it is considered to be a potential carcinogen.
		Results so far from rat studies suggest that exposure to ochratoxin A in feed, for a period of six months, resulted in slight, but consistent, modification in terms of genetic damage in some tissues and organs.
	www.nutraingredients-usa.com /news/ng.asp?n=46520-ochratoxin-a-and (441 words)

	Ochratoxin A Production and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus ...
		A and 55:45 for ochratoxin A methyl ester) at 1.2 ml/min.
		Detection of ochratoxin A in animal feeds and capacity to produce this mycotoxin by Aspergillus section Nigri in Argentina.
		Determination of ochratoxin A at the ppt level in human blood, serum, milk and some foodstuffs by HPLC with enhanced fluorescence detection and immunoaffinity column cleanup: methodology and Swiss data.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/72/1/680 (3594 words)

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