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	William of Ockham (c. 1280 - c. 1349) [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Historically, Ockham has been cast as the outstanding opponent of Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274): Aquinas perfected the great “medieval synthesis” of faith and reason and was canonized by the Catholic Church; Ockham destroyed the synthesis and was condemned by the Catholic Church.
		Ockham’s solution is to claim that the qualities of the bread and wine continue to exist all by themselves, accompanying the invisible substance of Jesus down the gullet.
		Although Ockham was summoned to the papal court in Avignon to defend a number of “suspect theses” extracted from his work, largely concerning the sacrament of the altar, he was never found guilty of heresy, and his conflict with the papacy ultimately had nothing to do with the sacrament of the altar.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/o/ockham.htm (11007 words)

	William of Ockham (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Ockham was born, probably in late 1287 or early 1288, in the village of Ockham (= Oak Hamlet) in Surrey, a little to the southwest of London.
		Ockham was emphatically a nominalist in this sense.
		Ockham was likewise a nominalist in this sense.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/ockham (10049 words)

	William of Ockham, on the Difference between Intuitive and Abstractive Cognition
		Ockham contends that cognitions are caused by the combined operation of the intellect and of the object of cognition.
		Ockham describes the relation of a simple intuitive cognition to its object as a relation of 'first intention.' The relation of an abstractive cognition to an object which is no longer present for intuition is a relation of 'second intention.' First intentions correspond to an external reality.
		In Ockham’s theory of knowledge, it is possible by means of reflection to have an intuitive cognition of an existing abstractive cognition, or to have an abstractive cognition of an intuitive cognition.
	www.angelfire.com /md2/timewarp/ockham.html (2711 words)

	William of Occam
		William of Ockham, born in the village of Ockham in Surrey (England) about 1285, was the most influential philosopher of the 14th century and a controversial theologian.
		Ockham was never condemned, but in 1327, while residing in Avignion, he became involved in the dispute over apostolic poverty.
		The medieval rule of parsimony, or principle of economy, frequently used by Ockham came to be known as Ockham's razor.
	wotug.ukc.ac.uk /parallel/www/occam/occam-bio.html (278 words)

	About William of Ockham - Robert Wagner - Athenaeum Library of Philosophy
		After his early training, Ockham took the traditional course of theological studies at the University of Oxford and apparently between 1317 and 1319 lectured on the Sentences of Peter Lombard — a 12th-century theologian whose work was the official textbook of theology in the universities until the 16th century.
		Treatise to John XXII Ockham met John Lutterell again at Avignon; in a treatise addressed to Pope John XXII, the former chancellor of Oxford denounced Ockham's teaching on the Sentences, extracting from it 56 propositions that he showed to be in serious error.
		Ockham was long thought to have died at a convent in Munich in 1349 during the Black Death, but he may actually have died there in 1347.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /ockham02.htm (1345 words)

	Ockham’s Razor
		Ockham’s Razor, otherwise called the principle of the economy of thought, is invoked often in debate, usually to discount one or more theories on the basis that another exists which is simpler or more parsimonious.
		Ockham’s Razor is a principle; that is, it does not tell us that the simplest explanation is true (or what there is); but instead that we ought to prefer it on methodological grounds.
		Ockham's razor cannot help us decide whether or not to pursue these new theories, but when we investigate them further we may find that T2, say, is confirmed where T1 was but also makes novel predictions not given by T1, or else suggests answers to extant problems for T1.
	www.galilean-library.org /or.html (3063 words)

	William of Ockham
		After his early training, Ockham took the traditional course of theological studies at the University of Oxford and apparently between 1317 and 1319 lectured on the Sentences of Peter Lombard--a 12th-century theologian whose work was the official textbook of theology in the universities until the 16th century.
		Ockham met John Lutterell again at Avignon; in a treatise addressed to Pope John XXII, the former chancellor of Oxford denounced Ockham's teaching on the Sentences, extracting from it 56 propositions that he showed to be in serious error.
		Ockham was long thought to have died at a convent in Munich in 1349 during the Black Death, but he may actually have died there in 1347.
	wwwradig.informatik.tu-muenchen.de /~dressler/ockham.html (1095 words)

	Ockham and Infallibility
		Ockham certainly says that the Church might some time be reduced to one individual; but that has not happened until all but one not only disagree with the one who holds the truth, but reject the truth pertinaciously.
		Ockham's failure to formulate any rigid criteria for discriminating between truth and error in documents of the past -- the actual witnesses to the traditional teaching of the church -- left him free to range through the whole field of canonical authorities, selecting and rejecting them at will and imposing his own interpretations on them.
		Earlier he had said: 'Ockham did insist on the infallibility of the church and on the irreformability of decrees promulgated by the pope as head of the church on matters of faith and morals; and these were the essential elements of the doctrine of papal infallibility that came to be defined in 1870' (p.
	www.humanities.mq.edu.au /Ockham/winf.html (9296 words)

	The Cambridge Companion to Ockham - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ockham is important not only in the history of philosophy and theology, but also in the development of early modern science and of modern notions of property rights and church-state relations.
		It is the first study of Ockham in any language to make full use of the new critical editions of his works, and to consider recent discoveries concerning his life, education, and influences.
		Ockham's misunderstood theory of intuitive and abstractive cognition Elizabeth Karger; 10.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=052158244X (358 words)

	Willem van Ockham kort
		Ockhams commentaar op het boek van Petrus Lombardus zette kwaad bloed bij zijn collega's.
		Het is niet bekend wat het antwoord van het kapittel hierop was en of Ockham een straf kreeg opgelegd.
		Ockham kwam tot de conclusie dat zijn generaal gelijk had en dat de theologische motivatie die Johannes XXII gaf voor zijn beslissing -- namelijk dat niet vaststond dat Jezus en de apostelen óók geen persoonlijke bezittingen hadden gehad (hierop rustte de armoede-regel van Franciscus) -- in strijd was met het standpunt van eerdere pausen.
	www.epimedium.nl /filosofie/maarten/ockham/ockham.html (1935 words)

	Ockham and the Dialogus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Thus Ockham rejects doctrines of papal and conciliar infallibility, but holds that the whole Church is infallible in the sense that not every member will fall into heresy at the same time.
		All this implies--and Ockham repeatedly underscores the point--that a pope's orthodoxy is as much open to scrutiny as that of any ordinary Christian, and a pope is not entitled to use the power of his office to evade such scrutiny.
		One of the opinions explored (pretty clearly Ockham's own) is that world government is needed to keep the peace and that therefore there should generally be a world ruler, but not when opposition is so strong that the attempt to support an emperor would cause more strife than an emperor would be able to prevent.
	www.britac.ac.uk /pubs/dialogus/wock.html (3513 words)

	Ockham
		The Philosophy of William of Ockham: In the Light of Its Principles by Armand Maurer (Studies and Texts, No 133: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies) Every philosophy is sustained by a number of elemental principles that give it cohesion and unity.
		The original and focal point of Ockham's thought is the singular or individual thing (res singularis), as common nature (natura communis) is the central conception of Scotism, and the act of existing (esse) is of Thomism.
		Ockham takes his place among the great philosophers because, like them, he drew out all the implications of his insight.
	www.wordtrade.com /religion/christianity/ockhamR.htm (1254 words)

	Ockham's Ethics
		Born in England and educated at Oxford, Ockham was the preeminent Franciscan thinker of the mid-fourteenth century.
		According to Ockham, 'morally good' as predicated of a human act "connotes that the agent is obligated to that act" (OT V, 353).
		Ockham goes on to discuss topics such as the theological virtues of faith, hope and charity, the connectedness of the moral virtues among themselves and with the theological virtues, and the relation of the virtues to habits of the sentient appetite.
	www.nd.edu /~afreddos/papers/ockethic.htm (1121 words)

	Ockham
		The Philosophy of William of Ockham: In the Light of Its Principles by Armand Maurer (Studies and Texts, No 133: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies) Every philosophy is sustained by a number of elemental principles that give it cohesion and unity.
		The original and focal point of Ockham's thought is the singular or individual thing (res singularis), as common nature (natura communis) is the central conception of Scotism, and the act of existing (esse) is of Thomism.
		Ockham takes his place among the great philosophers because, like them, he drew out all the implications of his insight.
	wordtrade.com /religion/christianity/ockhamR.htm (1254 words)

	William of Ockham says our knowledge is grounded in an intuitive cognition of a particular aspect of reality. We know ...
		William of Ockham taught that Jesus and Saint Francis of Assisi taught by their lives that spiritual perfection could be achieved only by the renunciation of worldly goods.
		William of Ockham branded the Pope John XXII a heretic as, at the time, the office of Pope was bought and the Pope declared authority over all things, temporal as well as spirtual.
		William of Ockham stands at the beginning of a long modern tradition where the human mind in its struggle with the contingent order of being seeks to overcome the gap between itself and
	www.unique-design.net /library/quote/ockham.html (414 words)

	William of Ockham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ockham was perhaps the first person to give not just lip service to the notion of “mental language” (because Aristotle and Boethius had mentioned it), but actually to develop the notion in some detail and to put it to work for him.
		Ockham's Razor, in the senses in which it can be found in Ockham himself, never allows us to deny putative entities; at best it allows us to refrain from positing them in the absence of known compelling reasons for doing so.
		Ockham's solution is to note that, on his ontology, straight lines and curved lines are not really different species of lines—because lines are not really things in the first place.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /archives/win2002/entries/ockham (9883 words)

	William of Ockham - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Scholasticism, Ockham advocated a reform both in method and in content, the aim of which was simplification.
		Ockham is sometimes considered an advocate of conceptualism rather than nominalism, for whereas nominalists held that universals were merely names, i.e.
		In logic, Ockham worked towards what would later be called De Morgan's Laws and considered ternary logic, that is, a logical system with three truth values, a concept that would be taken up again in the mathematical logic of the 19th and 20th centuries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/William_of_Ockham (1662 words)

	Ockham biography
		Ockham lectured on logic and natural philosophy in a Franciscan school from 1321 to 1324 while he waited to return to university to study for his doctorate.
		Ockham and his Franciscan friends from the Avignon convent were also excommunicated by Pope John XXII who issued a warrant for their arrest and return to Avignon.
		Ockham takes a nominalist approach (indeed he is often called the father of nominalism) believing that points, lines, etc. are mere abstractions and do not really exist.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Ockham.html (1532 words)

	William of Ockham's Logical Transformations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ockham (who entered the Franciscan order and studied and taught at the University of Oxford from 1309 to 1319) was known as Doctor Invincibilis (from the Latin, meaning "unconquerable doctor") and Venerabilis Inceptor (meaning "worthy initiator").
		During the course of his logical investigations, Ockham discovered the foundations for what were to become known as DeMorgan Transformations, which were described by Augustus DeMorgan some 500 years later.
		Ockham's position in history, the OCCAM computer programming language was named in his honor.
	www.maxmon.com /1285ad.htm (142 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: William of Ockham
		He is said to have studied at Merton College, Oxford, and to have had John Duns Scotus for teacher.
		For this reason Ockham has been called a "Terminist", to distinguish him from Nominalists and Conceptualists.
		Ockham's attitude towards the established order in the Church and towards the recognized system of philosophy in the academic world of his day was one of protest.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15636a.htm (810 words)

	Ockham: A DLF framework and forum for evolving digital library architectures
		OCKHAM was conceived of as a series of discussions about key architectural and technical issues confronting digital library developers.
		It is recognized, however, that OCKHAM may evolve in different as a venue where developers share information and insights about a variety of technical approaches and issues that confront them.
		The intellectual linkage to the philosopher William of Ockham is intentional, as his notion of not proliferating entities unnecessarily is similar to our concepts of not proliferating standards and development efforts unnecessarily if we can collaborate to achieve common goals.
	www.diglib.org /architectures/ockham.htm (665 words)

	20th WCP: Ockham on Connotative Terms
		There might be other ways, compatible with Ockham’s theory, that satisfactorily solve the word-order and word-binding problems, but without working them out in detail, these two problems remain as severe challenges to the view that mental propositions have constitutive parts.
		Hence, Ockham’s mental language being non-compositional does not seem to be an obstacle to its having a recursive semantics.
		To recapitulate, in the foregoing I have offered an interpretation of Ockham’s connotation theory that accommodate three things: the synonymy thesis that a connotative term has a semantically equivalent, fully expanded nominal definition; the minimal-language requirement that there is no mental synonym; and Panaccio’s observation that there are simple connotative terms.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Medi/MediZhen.htm (4337 words)

	HYLE 3 (1997): Ockham's Razor and Chemistry
		The dangers to the chemical imagination from a rigid adherence to an Ockham's Razor perspective, and the benefits of the use of this venerable and practical principle are given, we hope, their due.
		The context in which Ockham's Razor is used in science is either that of argumentation (trying to distinguish between the quality of hypotheses) or of rhetoric (deprecating the argument of someone else).
		Whoever rechristened the principle of parsimony as Ockham's Razor (the earliest reference appears to be to Etienne Bonnot de Condillac in 1746)[6] was creating an easily imagined image.
	www.hyle.org /journal/issues/3/hoffman.htm (9512 words)

	Ockham, Surrey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ockham is a small English village near East Horsley, in Surrey, south-west of London.
		Most notably, Ockham was the birthplace of William of Ockham, famous philosopher -- the proponent of Ockham's Razor.
		Ockham possesses a small church, a memorial to those who gave their lives in the Great War and World War II, a cricket club [1] and a pub called The Hautboy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ockham,_Surrey (115 words)

	Press Release - William of Ockham Database Released
		Ockham's Work of Ninety Days, his first major work in a twenty-year campaign against Pope John XXII, is a thorough discussion of the place of voluntary poverty in religious life.
		John Kilcullen is a graduate in Philosophy of the University of Toronto and of the Australian National University, and is currently Associate Professor of Politics in Macquarie University.
		Kilcullen and Scott are engaged in an edition and translation of William of Ockham's Dialogus, being published by the British Academy at http://britac3.britac.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/
	www.nlx.com /reference/pr_ockham.htm (443 words)

	William of Ockham
		William came from Ockham which is near Guildford, S.W. of London, just off junction 10 of the M25 with the A3.
		Medieval spelling was "rubbery" and while the village is now named `Ockham', the spelling `Occam' is frequently used in connection with W. W is often credited with making a statement to the effect of, ``if two theories explain the facts equally well then the simpler theory is to be preferred'', but see below.
		The force of these articles is to emphasise that Ockham (a) is not recorded as having, and (b) wouldn't have, said `Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem' (Don't multiply entities except by necessity).
	www.csse.monash.edu.au /~lloyd/tildeImages/People/Ockham (253 words)

	blankform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ockham was born between the years 1280 and 1290, in the village of Ockham, England, located near London in County Surrey.
		Even if this was Ockham’s statement, he never signed it, for death soon overtook him.
		William of Ockham died in Munich, on April 10, 1347.
	www.smcm.edu /Users/saberry-whitlock/ockham_bio.html (1713 words)

	William of Ockham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		William of Ockham (also spelled Occam) was a Franciscan monk and theologian who was among the most highly regarded and controversial European philosophers of his time.
		Ockham is often thought of as a sort of Father of Scientific Thinking, since Ockham’s Razor is a characteristic feature of nearly all scientific theory-building.
		The Franciscans held up poverty as an ideal condition, and Ockham was trying to support this notion with abstract arguments that wove logic and religion into what probably seemed to him to be a fabric of truth, but today seems more like a pathetic tangle of nonsense.
	www.delano.com /Articles/Ockham.html (267 words)

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