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Topic: Octet rule

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	Vikki Kowalski
		Of course, the octet rule isn't universally true, but even many of the exceptions to it can be explained as special cases that conform to most of its implications.
		The story of the octet rule begins in the 1850's, when chemistry's basic ideas of what things were made out of resembled today’s: matter was composed of molecules, which were in turn built out of atoms somehow connected together.
		The octet rule can be used to examine the periodic table and explain the similarities and differences between various groups of elements.
	www.its.caltech.edu /~sciwrite/journal03/A-L/kowalski.html (3092 words)

	Octet rule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The bonding in carbon dioxide - the central atom (carbon) is surrounded by 8 electrons, according to the octet rule, and is a stable molecule.
		The octet rule is a simple chemical rule of thumb that states that atoms tend to combine in such a way that they each have eight electrons in their valence shells, giving them the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
		This rule was used later in 1916 when Gilbert Lewis formulated the “octet rule” in his cubical atom theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Octet_rule (614 words)

	Octet Rule
		The octet rule says that atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have eight electrons in their outer electron shell.
		As you learn to use the octet rule, also learn to recognize situations where it does not apply and disregard it in those situations.
		Notice that we start off with an exception to the octet rule because there is only room for two electrons in the first energy level.
	dl.clackamas.cc.or.us /ch104-08/octet.htm (256 words)

	Chemical bonding: covalent bond
		The octet rule applies quite well to the first full row of the periodic table (Li through F), but beyond this it is generally applicable only to the non-transition elements, and even in many of these it cannot explain many of the bonding patterns that are observed.
		In spite of the octet rule’s many exceptions and limitations, the shared electron-pair model is the one that chemists most frequently employ in their day-to-day thinking about molecules.
		Although there are many violations of the octet rule, most electron dot structures that one can write down in accordance with this rule and its general scope of validity correspond to molecules that actually exist.
	www.chem1.com /acad/webtext/chembond/cb03.html (2788 words)

	Octet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An octet is a group consisting of eight (8) elements.
		Octet (computing), a group of 8 bits, often referred to as a byte.
		Octet (Roman legion), the smallest unit within a Roman legion, consisting of eight soldiers with two non-combatant "servants" (actually support troops) attached.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Octet (198 words)

	Octet Summary
		An octet is a storage unit that is always composed of a sequence of exactly eight bits.
		The term octet is normally used in networking, in preference to the term byte, because, as said earlier, some systems use the term byte for units that are not eight bits long.
		Octet rule, a simple chemical theory that states that atoms tend to combine so they each have eight electrons
	www.bookrags.com /Octet (484 words)

	[No title]
		As a rule, the behavior of nonmetals in chemical reactions tends to be well explained by the octet rule.
		While they are satisfied with respect to the octet rule, and the central iodine atom is satisfied with respect to the octet rule, there are still two nonbonding pairs left to assign.
		They are satisfied with respect to the octet rule, as is the central phosphorus atom, which is surrounded by five bonding pairs of electrons, or, by a total of ten electrons.
	www.xmission.com /~seldom74/chem1110int/ch05/05i.htm (7794 words)

	Re: Octet Rule and its exceptions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		If there are not enough electrons to satisfy the octet rule, a covalent bond will form.
		In the case of the octet rule, there are three exceptions.
		Thirdly, compounds in which more than eight electrons surround their central atoms are also exceptions to the octet rule.
	vclass.mtsac.edu:920 /chem1a/_disc9/00000058.htm (184 words)

	Electron Dot Structures
		Electrons are placed up to two on each side of the elemental symbol for a maximum of eight, which is the number of electrons in a filled s and p shell.
		Octet rule (for s- and p-block elements) - atoms combine and form bonds either by transferring electrons to form ions or by sharing electrons in covalent bonds until each atoms is surround by 8 valence electrons.
		The octet rule is satisfied on both oxygen atoms.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~ch111/L12.htm (396 words)

	Octet rule exceptions and examples
		The octet rule provides a way to predict what kind of ion an atom will form.
		The rule usually applies to the representative elements.
		The octet rule predicts an atom will form an ion with a rare gas electron configuration.
	www.800mainstreet.com /4/0004-005-ion-octet.html (226 words)

	Unit 3: Chemical Bonding
		According to the octet rule, nonmetals tend have eight electrons in a chemical bond.
		Boron is an example as to why the octet rule does not apply to all metals.
		Thus the octet rule should not be the only rule in determining the nature of bonds and shapes of molecules and compounds.
	library.thinkquest.org /3310/lographics/textbook/u03s02.html (954 words)

	Covalent bond and the octet rule
		Covalent Bonds, the Octet Rule, and the Periodic Table
		The octet rule really applies to a limited number of elements in row 2 of the periodic table; C, N, O and F. Exceptions to the octet rule
		Examples of octet rule "violations" are SF and PCl
	www.800mainstreet.com /5/0005-002-covalent-octet.htm (152 words)

	Lewis Structures, Kekule Structures, and the Octet Rule
		As a general rule, only the outermost, or valence, electrons are shared or transferred to result in a bond with another atom.
		You probably learned something called the Octet Rule, a simplification of the concept that atoms will react (gain, lose, or share electrons) in order to have the same number of valence electrons as the nearest noble gas element.
		The Octet Rule says the sum of all the shared and unshared valence electrons about an atom must total 8 to have a stable species, which translates to 4 covalent bonds.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/musah/achm216a/structures (1994 words)

	9.4 & 9.6
		The octet rule states that when forming bonds atoms of the representative elements tend to gain, lose, or, share electrons until they have eight electrons in the valence shell.
		Molecules are held together by bonds resulting from the sharing of electrons between two atoms in a manner that is consistent with the octet rule.
		If the octet rule is satisfied for each atom, and the total number of electrons is correct, stop here since the structure can be considered correct.
	www.mhhe.com /physsci/chemistry/chang7/ssg/chap09_4sg.html (909 words)

	Chemical Bonding
		The difference between the valence electrons in an isolated atom and the number of electrons assigned to that atom in a Lewis structure is called that atom's formal charge.
		Check each atom to see if it obeys the octet rule which says that an atom in order to be the most stable must have eight valence electrons.
		If any valence have yet to be assigned or do not obey the octet rule, check for multiple bonding where more than one bonding pair may exist between the two atoms of the structure.
	jgor123.tripod.com /lewisdot.html (451 words)

	Exceptions to the Octet Rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The 'octet' rule is based upon available ns and np orbitals for valence electrons (2 electrons in the s orbitals, and 6 in the p orbitals)
		The orbital diagram for the valence shell of phosphorous is:
		Third period elements occasionally exceed the octet rule by using their empty d orbitals to accommodate additional electrons
	wine1.sb.fsu.edu /chm1045/notes/Bonding/Except/Bond08.htm (389 words)

	13
		The octet rule can be used to rationalize why certain compounds are stable.
		For instance, we used Lewis dot structures and the octet rule to rationalize the chemical formula for the compounds of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon with hydrogen: H
		Molecules adjust their shape so that bonds (single, double and triple) and lone pair electrons are as far away from each other as possible.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~ch111/L13.htm (576 words)

	CHEMystery: Atomic Structure and Bonding: Ionic Compounds
		This is the octet rule, which states that atoms of most representative elements tend to gain or lose electrons until they have obtained a configuration that is the same as that of the nearest noble gas.
		All of the noble gases except helium have valence shells with eight electrons, which is why it is called the octet rule.
		The octet rule works well for the representative metals (Group IA, IIA) and the nonmetals, but not for the transition elements and post-transiton elements.
	library.advanced.org /3659/structures/ionic.html (579 words)

	Negative Ions
		Therefore only one additional electron is needed to complete the octet in the fluorine atom to make the fluoride ion.
		An ionic compound is formed by the complete transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal and the resulting ions have achieved an octet.
		The proper application of the Octet Rule provides valuable assistance in predicting and explaining various aspects of chemical formulas.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/141Anegion.html (251 words)

	The Organometallic HyperTextBook: Electron Counting
		Just as organic chemists have their octet rule for organic compounds, so do organometallic chemists have the 18 electron rule.
		And just as the octet rule is often violated, so is the 18 electron rule.
		The basic premise of this method is that we remove all of the ligands from the metal and, if necessary, add the proper number of electrons to each ligand to bring it to a closed valence shell state.
	www.ilpi.com /organomet/electroncount.html (1139 words)

	“Expanded Octet” in Lewis Structures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Clearly there is a violation of the “Octet Rule”.
		In the discussion of hybridization, we see that when there are 5 or 6 “groups” on the central atom, d-orbitals are involved.
		Second of all, expanded octets generally occur when there are too many electrons to fit in.
	www.towson.edu /users/yau/ExpandedOctet.htm (654 words)

	Octet rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		tom hammargren Answer: An excellent question, tom...basically, the octet rule is a simple way of rationalizing why the first two rows of the periodic table behave the way we do.
		It is not a "law of nature," but rather a "rule of thumb" which, when applied, does have some predictive power.
		Another way to think of the octet rule is as an "organizing principle," which means that it organizes a lot of data into one simple idea by observing patterns in experimental data such as atomic ionization energies, electron affinities, etc.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/chem99/chem99434.htm (329 words)

	Rules for Writing Lewis Dot Structures for Covalent Compounds
		C,N,O, and F should always be assumed to obey the octet rule.
		The second-row elements never exceed the octet rule because they only have 2s and 2p orbitals.
		Because 1s and 2s orbitals of Li are so different in energy, we assume that the 1s orbital on one Li atom interacts with the 1s orbital on the other atom (rule 2).
	www.anderson1.k12.sc.us /schools/pmhs/dept/ap8-9.htm (1668 words)

	A Sure-Fire Way to Draw Lewis Structures!
		2) Figure out how many octet electrons the molecule should have, using the octet rule: The octet rule tells us that all atoms want eight valence electrons (except for hydrogen, which wants only two), so they can be like the nearest noble gas.
		Use the octet rule to figure out how many electrons each atom in the molecule should have, and add them up.
		Arrange these around the atoms until all of them satisfy the octet rule: Remember, ALL elements EXCEPT hydrogen want eight electrons around them, total.
	misterguch.brinkster.net /lewisstructures.html (1128 words)

	Exceptions to the Octet Rule
		There are two ways that atoms will not be able to obey the octet rule.
		Expanding the octet to have 10, 12 or 14 valence electrons instead of 8.
		elements in periods 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 can expand their octet to have 10, 12, or 14 valence electrons.
	www.saskschools.ca /curr_content/chem20/covmolec/exceptns.html (117 words)

	CHEM 0010 Unit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		These elements have 8 valence electrons and are said to have a complete octet of electrons.
		Although Helium is the only noble gas with two valence electrons, you will recall that the first energy level can only accomodate two electrons.
		A thorough understanding of the Rule of Eight or the Octet Rule is essential for further study involving chemical bonding of atoms and the formation of compounds.
	nobel.scas.bcit.ca /chem0010/unit4/4.5_octetrule.htm (185 words)

	[No title]
		Use the table of contents to find a lesson on the octet rule.
		This description of octet is provided by a professor of chemistry at Advanced Technologies Academy.
		Examples of octet rule breakdown are described in these notes from a chemistry course at New York University.
	www.pearsoncustom.com /allpages/octetrule_bot.html (103 words)

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