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	Odds - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In probability theory and statistics the odds in favor of an event or a proposition are the quantity p / (1 − p), where p is the probability of the event or proposition.
		The logarithm of the odds is the logit of the probability.
		The odds are a ratio of probabilities; an odds ratio is a ratio of odds, that is, a ratio of ratios of probabilities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Odds (309 words)

	Odds article - Odds probability theory statistics logarithm logit bookmakers ratio - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In probability theory and statistics the odds in favor of an event or a proposition are the quantity p/(1 − p), where p is the probability of the event or proposition.
		This would be presented by a British bookmaker as odds of 4 to 1 against (written as 4/1), by a European bookmaker as 5.0 to include the returned stake, and by an American bookmaker as +400 representing the gain from a 100 stake.
		This would be presented by a British bookmaker as odds of 4 to 1 on (written as 1/4), by a European bookmaker as 1.25 to include the returned stake, and by an American bookmaker as −400 representing the stake necessary to gain 100.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Odds (301 words)

	Odds Ratio and Yule's Y
		The odds ratio is an important option for testing and quantifying the association between two raters making dichotomous ratings.
		Generally, it shows the relative increase in the odds of one rater making a given rating, given that the other rater made the same rating--the value is invariant regardless of whether one is concerned with a positive or negative rating, or which rater is the reference and which the comparison.
		The odds ratio can be interpreted as a measure of the magnitude of association between the two raters.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/jsuebersax/odds.htm (1048 words)

	Swots corner: What is an odds ratio? [Mar 1996; 25-6] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		If the odds of an event are greater than one the event is more likely to happen than not (the odds of an event that is certain to happen are infinite); if the odds are less than one the chances are that the event won't happen (the odds of an impossible event are zero).
		An odds ratio is calculated by dividing the odds in the treated or exposed group by the odds in the control group.
		Odds ratios are always used in case-control studies where disease prevalence is not known: the apparent prevalence there depends solely on the ratio of sampling cases to controls, which is totally artificial.
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/band25/b25-6.html (1282 words)

	PlanetMath: odds ratio
		For example, if the odds of landing a head in a coin flip is 2, then the probability of landing a head is twice as likely as that of landing a tail.
		The odds of a young driver getting involved in traffic violations in a typical year is 35/65, and for the adults, it is 10/90.
		This is version 5 of odds ratio, born on 2004-10-04, modified 2005-01-12.
	www.planetmath.org /encyclopedia/OddsRatio.html (570 words)

	Odds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The disease odds ratio (or risk odds ratio) is the ratio of (the odds of disease for those with some exposure) to (the odds of disease for those without the exposure).
		The exposure odds ratio is ratio of (the odds of exposure for those with disease) to (the odds of exposure for those without disease).
		The exposure odds ratio is equal to the disease odds ratio.
	www.tufts.edu /~gdallal/odds.htm (574 words)

	Vol.35 No.4--RAZON DE POSIBILIDADES: UNA PROPUESTA DE TRADUCCION DE LA EXPRESION ODDS RATIO
		We discuss several translations of odds ratio found in the literature and propose the Spanish word "posibilidades" as a translation of odds and "razón de posibilidades" as a translation of odds ratio.
		A veces odds indica una ventaja que un jugador concede a otro (por ejemplo, en ajedrez odds of knight es cuando un jugador concede ventaja de un caballo a otro que considera inferior).
		All the odds are against us equivale perfectamente a "tenemos todas las posibilidades en contra" y, si en un grupo de 27 personas, 7 son enfermos y 20 sanos (the disease odds are 7 to 20), "suena bien" decir que "las posibilidades de enfermedad son 7 a 20".
	www.insp.mx /salud/35/354-11s.html (2619 words)

	Relative Risk and the Odds Ratio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In probability theory, "odds" are the ratio of the probability of one outcome to the probability of its opposite outcome.
		The odds of rolling a six with a single fair dice is 1:5, since the probability of rolling a six is 1/6 and the probability of not rolling a six is 5/6, and the ratio of these two numbers is 1 to 5.
		Thus, the odds ratio (from a retrospective study) is a reasonable way to estimate the population relative risk when the primary outcome is relatively rare.
	www.math.bcit.ca /faculty/david_sabo/apples/math2441/section8/oddsratio/oddsratio.htm (4900 words)

	Stats: Odds ratio versus relative risk
		In particular, both the odds ratio and the relative risk are computed by division and are relative measures.
		One advantage of the odds ratio is that it is not dependent on whether we focus on the event's occurrence or its failure to occur.
		Odds ratios should be used only in case-control studies and logistic regression analyses [letter].
	www.childrens-mercy.org /stats/journal/oddsratio.asp (2014 words)

	Re: What is P value? Odds ratio? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		eg "the odds of it raining today are 2 to 1" is the same as saying "the chance of it raining today is 2 in 3" ie both mean 67% chance of rain.
		note that if an event is rare, then the calculated odds ratio is almost the same as the relative risk.
		myles and gin says that it is better to use relative risk in prospective studies and odds ratio in retrospective studies (there is an explanation but i didn't understand the logic - sadly i could never be a statistician).
	www.qldanaesthesia.com /subsite/_disc5/0000016e.htm (250 words)

	FAQ: The difference between odds and odds ratio
		Proof that the estimated odds ratio is constant in logistic regression
		The odds ratio when results are reported refers to the ratio of two odds or, if you prefer, the ratio of two odds ratios.
		This is called the odds ratio; it is called that because it is the ratio of two odds.
	www.stata.com /support/faqs/stat/odds.html (485 words)

	Odds ratio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The odds ratio is a statistical measure, particularly important in Bayesian statistics and logistic regression.
		It is defined as the ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group, or to a data-based estimate of that ratio.
		These groups might be men and women, an experimental group and a control group, or any other dichotomous classification.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Odds_ratio (361 words)

	Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source \| Full text \| Decreased sex ratio following maternal exposure to ...
		We calculated odds ratios for a male child using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations with adjustment for the year of birth of the child, maternal and paternal age, the mother's parity at the child's birth, and whether the child had an older brother.
		The adjusted odds ratio for having a male child among mothers in the highest quintile of serum polychlorinated biphenyl concentration was 0.18 (95% CI: 0.06–0.59) compared to mothers in the lowest quintile.
		We compared the sex ratio among the children born to parents in each quintile of serum PCB concentration to those in the lowest quintile, adjusting for the year of the child's birth, paternal and maternal age at the child's birth, the mother's parity, and whether the child had an older brother (Figure 3).
	www.ehjournal.net /content/2/1/2 (6350 words)

	Definition: Odds ratio
		The odds ratio is a way of comparing whether the probability of a certain event is the same for two groups.
		The odds ratio for exclusive breast feeding at discharge is (27/20) / (10/32) = 4.32.
		Like the odds ratio, a relative risk equal to 1 implies that the the event is equally probable in both groups.
	www.cmh.edu /stats/definitions/or.htm (615 words)

	Stats: Odds ratios less than one (January 6, 2005)
		An odds ratio of 1 means that the odds of an event is the same in both the treatment and control group.
		An odds ratio of 2 means that the odds is twice as high in one group versus the other.
		Statisticians will often graph odds ratios on a log scale to reflect the fact that increases in a ratio are not directly comparable to decreases of the same size for that ratio.
	www.childrens-mercy.org /stats/weblog2005/OddsRatios.asp (524 words)

	Odds-ratio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The increased use of logistic regression in medical and social science research means that the odds-ratio is commonly used as a means of expressing the results in some forms of clinical trial s, such as case-controlled trial s, and in survey research.
		A Certain Ratio Chronology 1978-1986 Text timeline history of the band.
		The Price-to-Earnings ratio of a stock is a number calculated from the price per share of the stock divided by the earnings per share of that stock for the past 12 months.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Odds-ratio.html (397 words)

	Figure 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A) Odds ratio (squares; values indicated for each quintile) and 95% confidence intervals (vertical bars) for a male child for quintiles 2–5 of maternal serum PCB concentration with the lowest quintile as the reference group.
		B) Odds ratio (squares; values indicated for each quintile) and 95% confidence intervals (vertical bars) for a male child for quintiles 2–5 of paternal serum PCB concentration with the lowest quintile as the reference group.
		Adjustment was made for the year of the child's birth, maternal and paternal age at the child's birth, the mother's parity at the child's birth, and whether the child had an older brother.
	www.ehjournal.net /content/2/1/2/figure/F3 (151 words)

	Meta-analysis: odds ratio - MedCalc manual
		Under the fixed effects model, it is assumed that all studies come from a common population, and that the effect size (odds ratio) is not significantly different among the different trials.
		The Total Odds ratio with 95% CI is given both for the Fixed effects model and the Random effects model.
		Note that the Odds ratio's with 95% CI are drawn on a logarithmic scale.
	www.medcalc.be /manual/meta-oddsratio.php (395 words)

	13LogisticRegression (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We've noted that there is a direct relationship between the slope estimate and the odds ratio.
		The odds ratio is calculated as exp[(Xmax-Xmin]·slope) where Xmax and Xmin are the maximum and minimum values of the predictor that corresponds to the parameter estimate, slope.
		The other standard in software and literature is to calculate the odds ratio simply as exp(slope); this is effectively a one-unit change odds ratio.
	www.people.vcu.edu /~albest/BIOS544/Web/13LogisticRegression-12.htm (330 words)

	Two by two table analysis online. Including chi-square, odds ratio, risk ratio.
		A risk ratio larger than one means that group one has a larger proportion than group two; if the opposite is true the risk ratio will be smaller than one.
		An odds ratio larger than one means that group one has a larger proportion than group two, if the opposite is true the odds ratio will be smaller than one.
		Yules Y is based on the odds ratio and a symmetric measure taking on values between -1 and +1.
	home.clara.net /sisa/two2hlp.htm (1453 words)

	Study results given as Odds Ratios (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This can make interpreting the results a little confusing, as obviously percentages vary from 1-100% and ratios from 0-1, but odds ratios can be any number from 0 to infinity.
		There is an article about odds ratios and their use in medical studies on the Bandolier (Evidence-Based Healthcare Journal) website.
		When an odds ratio is 0.5, that means the odds are 0.5:1 of the event happening.
	www.homebirth.org.uk /odds.htm (239 words)

	Statistics Notes: The odds ratio -- Bland and Altman 320 (7247): 1468 -- BMJ
		hay fever is estimated by 928/14 453 (6.4%) and the odds is 928/13
		The proportion is 141/1069 (13.2%) and the odds is
		A 95% confidence interval for the log odds ratio is obtained as 1.96 standard errors on either side of the estimate.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/320/7247/1468 (1035 words)

	HW Key: Phi Coefficient and Odds Ratio
		If you had divided the odds for nonsmokers by the odds for smokers then you would have gotten the likelihood of a nonsmoker developing lung cancer compared to smokers.
		Note that this odds ratio could have been found by taking the reciprocal of the first odds ratio: 1 / 3.5 =.29.
		As above, by taking the reciprocal of this odds ratio (1/18), we can conclude that people without a childhood history of ADD are only one-eighteenth as likely to develop alcoholism as people with a history of ADD.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /Psyc/Jmohr/Psyc200/HWphiodds.html (302 words)

	Stata FAQ: How do I interpret odds ratios in logistic regression?
		The interpretation of this odds ratio would be that the odds of success are 16 times greater than for failure.
		Interestingly enough, the interpretation of this odds ratio is nearly the same as the one above.
		This means that the coefficients in logistic regression are in terms of the log odds, that is, the coefficient 1.694596 implies that a one unit change in gender results in a 1.694596 unit change in the log of the odds.
	www.ats.ucla.edu /stat/stata/faq/oratio.htm (647 words)

	ILMES - Odds, Odds Ratio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Man kann "Odds" mit "Chancen" und "Odds Ratio" mit "relative Chancen" übersetzen, es hat sich aber (bislang) auch in der deutschen Sprache eher der englische Begriff eingebürgert.
		Tatsächlich spielt die Odds Ratio inzwischen auch in anderen sozialwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen eine wichtige Rolle, vor allem in Zusammenhang mit der logistischen Regression.
		Odds und Odds Ratios lassen sich immer nur in bezug auf zwei Ausprägungen ausdrücken.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~wlm/ilm_o2.htm (343 words)

	Odds Ratio
		The odds ratio is an important option for testing and quantifying the association between two raters making dichotomous...
		Odds capex ratio defects in children reflux capex ratio, and arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm)-- is the leading cause of death in the United States neighbor noahs ark discovery.
		If the odds ratio is interpreted as a relative risk it will always overstate any effect size: the odds ratio is smaller than the relative...
	www.the-gsba.org /odds-ratio.html (675 words)

	Technical FAQ (2048) How can I compute an appropriate estimate of the odds ratio when the data is matched pairs and the ...
		However, the odds ratio estimate from the RELRISK option does not account for the data being matched.
		The correct estimate of the odds ratio from this matched pairs data is 4.0.
		A 95% asymptotic confidence interval for the odds ratio is (1.5, 10.7).
	support.sas.com /faq/020/FAQ02048.html (485 words)

	Directory of open access journals
		There was a greater incidence of complete atrioventricular block in inferior infarcts (odds ratio = 2.59, 95% CI 1.30-5.18) and the presence of cardiogenic shock (odds ratio = 3.90, 95% CI = 1.43-10.65).
		Use of a thrombolytic agent was associated with a tendency toward a lower occurrence of bundle branch block (odds ratio = 0.68) and a greater occurrence of complete atrioventricular block (odds ratio = 1.44).
		The presence of bundle branch block (odds ratio = 2.45 95%, CI = 1.14-5.28) and of complete atrioventricular block (odds ratio = 13.59, 95% CI = 5.43-33.98) was associated with a high and independent probability of inhospital death.
	www.doaj.org /abstract?id=16653&toc=y (281 words)

	NTL - Odds Ratio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In order to try to explain the relevance of the magnitude(size) of the Odds Ratio I'm going to change the figures in the above table so that the incidence of Caesarian sections is the same in both groups of patients.
		This is why on Odds Ratio Blobbograms the vertical line -representing the value One on the diagram is called the line of NO EFFECT.
		This means that the odds of aggressing are twice as large in the alcohol group as they are in the placebo group.
	mandag.tees.ac.uk /pages/ORatio.htm (557 words)

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