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	AlexanderFarnese
		Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza (1545 - 1592) was the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma and Margaret, the illegitimate daughter of the Habsburg Emperor Charles V. Thus Alessandro was the cousin of Philip II of Spain and of Don John of Austria.
		In the autumn of 1577 Farnese was sent to join Don John at the head of reinforcements, and it was mainly his prompt decision at a critical moment that won the Battle of Gemblours in 1578.
		Farnese was to have turned his attention back to the northern Netherlands, where the Dutch had regrouped, but on December 23, 1589, the French king Henry III was assassinated, and Farnese was ordered into France.
	www.geocities.com /henry8jane5/AlexanderFarnese.html (903 words)

	Alessandro Farnese - Wikipedia
		Er machte eine bedeutende militÃ¤rische und diplomatische Karriere in Diensten Spaniens, kÃ¤mpfte in der Schlacht von Lepanto (1571) und dann in den Niederlanden.
		Farnese hatte im Hennegau und Artois eine sichere Operationsbasis gewonnen, und ging nur daran, Brabant und Flandern zurÃ¼ckzuerobern.
		Alessandro Farnese spielt ein Hauptrolle in John Lothrop Motleys The Rise of the Dutch Republic, dessen E-Text unter ftp://sailor.gutenberg.org/pub/gutenberg/etext04/jm36v10.txt steht
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alessandro_Farnese (889 words)

	Farnese - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ranuccio I Farnese, fourth Duke of Parma ( 1569 â” 1622)
		Odoardo Farnese, fifth Duke of Parma ( 1612 â” 1646)
		Antonio Farnese, eighth Duke of Parma ( 1679 â” 1731)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Farnese (196 words)

	Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ranuccio Farnese ( September 17, 1630 â” December 11, 1694), or Ranuccio II, was the sixth Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1646 until his death nearly 50 years later.
		He was the eldest son of Odoardo Farnese, fifth Duke of Parma, and Margherita de Medici.
		Ranuccio II witnessed the continued decline of the duchy during his rule (a decline which had started during the rule of his father), losing the Castro territories in a series of events initiated by his father and known as the Wars of Castro.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ranuccio_II_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma (195 words)

	Famiglie storiche - pafg07 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		ODOARDO FARNESE 5DUCA PARMA [ Parents ] was born in 1612.
		ALESSANDRO FARNESE AMMIRAGLIO SPAGN was born in 1635.
		ODOARDO FARNESE 5DUCA PARMA was born in 1612.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /ulamagni/fmglstoriche/pafg07.htm (400 words)

	The Italy Travel Guide Accommodation, and Places to Visit
		The addition of the massive cornice, decorated with the Farnese lilies would be decisive - according to the plan presented in the spring of 1547, bitterly criticised by the followers of Sangallo - after the suitable corrections made adding to the façade, which a recent restoration has returned it to its ancient glory.
		In the courtyard, the influence of Michelangelo, who was replaced after the death of the pontiff by Vignola, can be seen in the refined frieze with garlands which completes the main floor and in the personal interpretation of the classic language of the upper floor, lined with Corinthian columns.
		Farnese Palace Cardinal Alessandro Farnese had planned to erect the fmily palace, given to Antionio da Sangallo the Younger since 1513, on land acquired in 1495.
	www.ciaodarling.com /italy/lazio/farnese.htm (593 words)

	Farnese
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza (1545 - 1592), the son of...
		Ranuccio Farnese Ranuccio I Farnese(duke) Ranuccio II Farnese (duke) Ranuccio Farnese (cardinal) This is a disambiguatio...
		Villa Farnese The Villa Farnese at Caprarola is sometimes incorrectly known as the Villa Caprarola.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/farnese.html (151 words)

	FARNBOROUGH - LoveToKnow Article on FARNBOROUGH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		But the duke came to an arrangement with his father-in-law, by which he regained Piacenza and his other fiefs The rest of his life was spent quietly at home, where the moderation and wisdom of his rule won for him the affection of his people.
		At his death in 1586 he was succeeded by his son Alessandro Farnese (1545-1592), the famous general of Philip II.
		The Palazzo Farnese in Rome, one of the finest specimens of Roman Renaissance architecture, was begun under Paul III., while he was cardinal, by Antonio da San Gallo, and completed by his nephew Cardinal Alessandro under the direction of Michelangelo (1526).
	65.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FA/FARNBOROUGH.htm (1793 words)

	he Rise and Fall of the House of Farnese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Originally from Latium, the Farnese are first mentioned in the thirteenth century because of the fights between the quarrelsome feudal lords of the region.
		Paolo Farnese was the first representative of the house to enter the Church in 1482.
		His son Odoardo (1622-1646) embarked on unsuccessful military campaigns, made the mistake of siding with the French against the Spanish, the pope's traditional allies, and was powerless against the devastations caused by the plague, of which about 13,000 people in Piacenza died, and the incursions of Spanish and German mercenary troops.
	www.comune.piacenza.it /english/history/Ifarnese.htm (387 words)

	W-X-Y-Z (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The territory of Castro and other possesions like Ronciglione were turned into the dukedome in 1537 by pope Paul III in favour of his son Pier Luigi Farnese, future duke of Parma and Piacenza; it belonged to the Farnese family for more than a century as vassals of the Church's State.
		Later Odoardo moved to the north alling with Venice, Florence and Modena and continued the war on the territory of Bondeno: the treaty signed in Ferrara returned Castro to the Farnese family in 1644.
		But five years later the pope Innocent X accused Ranuccio II Farnese in the murder of Cristoforo Giarda, a bishop who was destined for Castro, and ordered the occupation and complete destruction of the city of Castro.
	www.italycyberguide.com /History/factspersons/wxyz.htm (535 words)

	Palazzo Farnese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		At either end of Piazza Farnese are two huge granit basins found in the Baths of Caracalla and converted into fountains in 1626.
		Their son, Don Charles of Bourbon, who became King of Naples in 1735, inherited the Farnese family riches; almost all the works of art from the Farnese Palace are now in the Naples Aercheological or in the Royal Palace at Capodimonte.
		Since 1635 the Farnese Palace has been occupied by the French Embassy, where Queen Christina of Sweden was a guest from 27 December 1655 to July 1656.
	www.mpinternationalhouse.com /uk/monumenti.phtml?id=57 (319 words)

	ELIZABETH FARNESE - LoveToKnow Article on ELIZABETH FARNESE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		(1692-1766), queen of Spain, born on the 25thof October 1692, was the only daughter of Odoardo II~, prince of Parma.
		See Mmoires pour servir l lhistoire dEspagne sous le r~gne de Philippe V by the Marquis de St Philippe, translated by Maudave (Paris, 1756); Memoirs of Elizabeth Farnese (London, 1746); and E. Armstrong, Elizabeth Farnese, the 2ermagant of Spain (1892).
		He died in London on the I 7th of May 1886, and as he left no issue the title became extinct.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FA/FARNESE_ELIZABETH.htm (722 words)

	Araldo de Luca - fotografo di opere d'arte
		The iconographic theme is the Triumphs of Farnese Family, with Ranuccio Farnese, the Pope Paul III, the Smalcalda Battle, the Trento Council, the emperor Carlo V and the Farnese Family.
		In the end of XVI Century, Annibale Carracci was in Rome and the cardinal Edoardo Farnese commited to him to fresco the walls of the big gallery that was planned by Paolo III in 1530.
		The room of the Cardinal Odoardo Farnese was painted by Annibale Carracci in the first time when he was in Rome, and was an anticipation of the great art work of Callery.
	www.araldodeluca.com /root/campagne/scheda.asp?id=58 (422 words)

	Farnese Theatre
		The Farnese Theatre is the most ancient and largest baroque theatre existing inside a building.
		The architect Aleotti, inspired by the classical.age theatres, transformed a huge "hall" which was originally intended as a "salle d'armes" in a theatrical space of great technical complexity, which still fascinates for its warm and golden wood and its wide volumes.
		After the last representation in 1732, the Farnese Theatre slowly deteriorated until the almost total destruction of the wooden parts due to the fragmentation of a bomb, during the Second World War.
	pcfarina.eng.unipr.it /farnese/farnese.htm (402 words)

	Pietro FARNESE - FASTRADA
		/- Piero Luigi FARNESE, Duke of Parma & Piacenza /- Ottavio Farnese of CAMERINO, Duke of Parma
		\- Isabella of PORTUGAL Ranuccio I FARNESE, Duke of Parma
		/- Alessandro FARNESE, Duke of Parma /- Ranuccio I FARNESE, Duke of Parma
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~dphaner/HTML/people/p00000c5.htm (877 words)

	Famiglie storiche - pafg41 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		ELISABETTA FARNESE REGIN.SPAGNA [ Parents ] was born in 1692 in PARMA.
		FRANCESCO FARNESE 7DUCA PARMA & PC-S.P. Parents ] was born in 1678.
		FRANCESCO FARNESE 7DUCA PARMA & PC-S.P. was born in 1678.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /ulamagni/fmglstoriche/pafg41.htm (379 words)

	The Succession Laws of Parma
		Restoring a counterweight to this new power was in the interests of Parma, and its minister in Madrid, Giulio Alberoni, pulled off the marriage of Odoardo's daughter Elisabetta to the widowed king Philip V of Spain in 1714.
		The Emperor was displeased by these terms and, when Antonio Farnese died on January 20, 1731 he immediately occupied the duchy; but he relented and agreed to the garrisons by the treaty of Vienna of March 16, 1731, in exchange for British and Dutch recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction.
		She used as arms per pale Farnese (for Parma and Piacenza) and Gonzaga (for Guastalla), overall Habsburg-Lorraine (tierced in pale Habsburg, Austria and Lorraine), with a closed crown and the collar of the Parmesan Constantinian order of St. George.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/parma.htm (2040 words)

	Carthalia - Parma: Teatro Farnese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, into the former armoury of the ducal residence.
		Opened 21 December 1628 with Monteverdi's opera "Mercurio e Marte" during the festivities on the occasion of Ranuccio's son Odoardo and Margherita de' Medici.
		Subsequently used for court festivities like ambassadorial receptions, proclamations of state, and princely extravaganzas, as well as for theatrical performances of an immense variety: drama, opera, ballet, equestrian acts, and balls.
	www.andreas-praefcke.de /carthalia/italy/i_parma_teatrofarnese.htm (199 words)

	Farnese family -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article
		The first duke was his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese (1503–47), whose son Ottavio (1542–86), the 2nd duke, made Parma the capital and consolidated the family's power.
		Francesco Farnese (1678–1727) tried to save the state, but his only important success was the marriage of his niece Isabella Farnese to Philip V of Spain (1714).
		In 1731 the duchy passed from the last Farnese of the male line, Antonio (1679–1731), to Elizabeth's son, the future Charles III.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article?tocId=9364224 (739 words)

	Parma - Teatro Farnese[ENG]Parma - Farnese theatre[/ENG] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The imposing wooden doorway of the theatre Farnese is nowadays the entrance to the National Gallery.
		The theatre Farnese, one of the most beautiful historical theatres in Italy, was built between 1618 and 1619 at the order of Ranuccio I with the aim to pay homage to Cosimo II de Medici, who had planned to stop in Parma during a journey towards Milan.
		The journey never took place and the theatre, built in the former arms room of Pilotta palace, was only opened in 1628 for the wedding of Margherita de Medici and Duke Odoardo Farnese, with mythological and allegorical performances and a spectacular naumachia.
	turismo.comune.parma.it /h3/h3.exe/a1/d?LNG.x=ENG;NRECORD=PR00-AAAAABRE (365 words)

	Portale Guseppe Verdi Ing \| Verdi land \| Parma
		In 1690, for the wedding of Odoardo Farnese and Dorotea Sofia di Neuburg, a fish-pond, still there today, was dug, with a little island in the middle where in 1920 the 1700s fountain of the Trianon was set up: this came from the Colorno Ducal Palace Garden and was restored in 1996.
		Once the Farnese family died out in the middle of the 18th century, the park was left to abandon.
		Started by Alessandro Farnese, third duke of Parma, toward the end of the 16th century, and finished by Ranuccio I in 1599, the Parma Citadel is a pentagonal fortress with bastions and moats, once full of water, planned by Francesco Paciotto on the model of the Anversa fortress, with the aid of Smeraldo Smeraldi.
	www.giuseppeverdi.it /Inglese/page.asp?IDCategoria=165&IDSezione=731&ID=19960&espandi=Bed-and-Breakfast (1393 words)

	Famiglie storiche - pafg40 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		ALESSANDRO FARNESE 3DUCA PARMA & PC [ Parents ] was born in 1545 in ROMA.
		RANUCCIO I FARNESE 4DUCA PARMA & PC was born in 1565.
		MARGHERITA LUCENIA MAURA FARNESE SUORA was born in 1567.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /ulamagni/fmglstoriche/pafg40.htm (344 words)

	The Piazza Farnese Fountain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the middle of the 16th century Pope Paolo III Farnese had one of the basins transported in the Piazza del Duca which is known today as Piazza Farnese.
		During that period, there was not enough water to supply the fountain and for many years the large basin remained in the piazza as an ornamental piece.
		When the Acqua Vergine’s flow increased, cardinal Odoardo Farnese asked and obtained from Pope Gregorio XIII the other basin which was located in Piazza Venezia.
	www.underome.com /eng/fontane/fontana39.php (230 words)

	96.02.19 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Odoardo Farnese (1612-1646), later the Duke of Parma, grew up in a household paranoid about plots, conspiracies, witches, wars, and heresy.
		Odoardo found himself fighting wars on the French side against Spain...
		And later against Urban VIII to retain his hereditary control of Castro, which was, in his son's time, razed to the ground.
	www.netrax.net /~rarebook/s960219.htm (115 words)

	HISTORY: The Farnese Grand Magistery - Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George
		The Farnese Dukes of Parma were already pressing the Holy See to assist them in acquiring the Grand Magistery and formal discussions had certainly begun by 1695.
		The cession to the Farnese family was recognized by an Imperial patent of August 5, 1699 (Agnoscimus et notum facimus) and the Papal Bull Sincerae Fidei [Note 3.2] of October 24th following, which both made it clear that this cession was to the Head of the Farnese Family and not to the Sovereign of Parma.
		In 1714 the Farnese further augmented their prestige and power by the marriage of the Duke's niece Elisabeth (daughter of his deceased elder brother Odoardo), to Philip V of Spain.
	www.constantinianorder.org /english/history_03.html (1662 words)

	War over Parma, 1641-1644
		In 1639, Duke Odoardo Farnese (since 1622) was induced to ban the export of grain from Parma territory (from the city of Castro) to the Papal State.
		Odoardo Farnese was supported by the Republic of Venice, Modena and Tuscany.
		In 1644 the peace of Ferrara was concluded, a diplomatic victory for Duke Odoardo and humiliating for Pope Urban VIII., who had to lift the ban on Duke Odoardo and restore to him the Duchy of Parma.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/17cen/parma16411644.html (288 words)

	Articles - Wars of Castro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, who controlled Castro, had quarrelled with Pope Urban VIII's influential nephews during a visit to Rome in 1639.
		Odoardo countered with a military march of his own, this time on the papal state; his forces threatened to enter Rome.
		Under the terms of the peace, Odoardo was readmitted to the Catholic Church and his fiefdoms were restored to him.
	www.x-moto.net /articles/Wars_of_Castro (610 words)

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