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Topic: Odor receptor

	Olfactory receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Olfactory receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor in olfactory receptor neurons.
		Once the odorant has bound to the odor receptor, the receptor activates the attached G protein on the inside of the olfactory receptor neuron.
		This class of receptors consists of the trace amine-associated receptors (TAAR) with the exception of TAAR1 which is a receptor for thyronamines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olfactory_receptor (419 words)

	Olfaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Olfaction, the sense of odor (smell), is the detection of chemicals dissolved in air (or in water, by animals that live under water).
		In vertebrates smells are sensed by olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium.
		Molecules passing through the superior nasal concha of the nasal passages mix with the mucus lining the superior portion of the cavity and are detected by olfactory receptors on the dendrites of the olfactory sensory neurons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olfaction (1559 words)

	FRISC > Faculty Profiles > Dean P. Smith, M.D., Ph.D.
		Chemosensory responses in isolated olfactory receptor neurons from Necturus maculosus.
		An odorant derivative as an antagonist for an olfactory receptor.
		Spatial segregation of odorant receptor expression in the mammalian olfactory epithelium.
	invention.swmed.edu /frisc/faculty/smithdp/profile.shtml (3390 words)

	HHMI News: Researchers Discover Precise Olfactory Map
		Odor molecules that enter the nose are detected by odor receptors located on the surface of olfactory neurons.
		In the olfactory bulb, however, the axons of neurons with the same receptor converge in a few invariant glomeruli, creating a map of odor receptor inputs that is nearly identical in different individuals.
		To find out how signals derived from different odor receptors are represented in the olfactory cortex, Buck and her colleagues engineered mice to express a tracer, called barley lectin (BL), along with just one type of odor receptor at a time.
	www.hhmi.org /news/buck3.html (1203 words)

	Odorant receptor 22a and Odorant receptor 22b
		The Or22a receptor is shown to map to the ab3A neuron, by using the Or22a promoter and the GAL4-UAS system to drive expression of GFP or the cell death gene reaper, followed by physiological recordings from individual sensilla.
		Ectopic expression of another receptor, Or47a, in the mutant ab3A neuron is used to identify the ORN from which Or47a derives and to determine its odor specificity.
		The expression of the Or22a receptor was found to be limited to a single morphological subtype of olfactory sensillum (LB-I), a single functional type of sensillum (ab3), and a single class of ORN (ab3A).
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/hjmuller/or22s-1.htm (3169 words)

	Odor Removal - Orange County and Los Angeles
		Odors come from molecules that have been released into the air from many different substances.
		Most odors are made up of many different molecules, which stimulate many individual receptors in the nose.
		The pattern of nerve impulses received from hundreds of different odor receptors is processed by the brain to create the sensation of different odors that people experience.
	www.odor-removal.biz (763 words)

	Odor Receptor That Guides Human Sperm Toward Egg is also Found in the Nose
		A research team led by a scientist now at the University of Maryland School of Medicine has found for the first time that a chemical sensor or receptor that directs human sperm is also present in the olfactory tissue of the nose.
		“We found that this nasal receptor responds to and is inhibited by the same odor molecules that excite and inhibit sperm motility.
		Spehr says in mammals, particularly mice or rats, there are more than a thousand olfactory receptors in the nose, but in higher mammals, especially humans, there are only about 350 receptors in the nose that can actually detect smells.
	www.umm.edu /news/releases/odor_receptor.html (711 words)

	Yale scientists decipher odor code
		Graduate student Elissa Hallem and her advisor John Carlson, professor in the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology at Yale University, systematically tested the odor receptor proteins in the fruit fly antenna and recorded which odors they detect.
		The noses of humans and the antennae of insects contain many odor receptor proteins, but it was previously not known how the entire collection of receptors act together to encode olfactory information.
		Some receptors are able to respond in different ways to different odors — activated by some odors and inhibited by others.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-06/yu-ysd062204.php (392 words)

	Drosophila gene families: Odorant receptors
		Odor coding in the Drosophila antenna is examined by a functional analysis of individual olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in vivo.
		In situ hybridization experiments have shown that among four individual odor receptor genes tested quantitatively, each was expressed in 16 to 40 cells per antenna, a figure that is in reasonable agreement with data for a number of other receptor genes.
		Odor processing occurs at various levels in the nervous system, from peripheral sensory neurons to primary processing centers, such as the olfactory bulb in vertebrates and the antennal lobe in insects, and further to higher brain centers of the olfactory cortex in vertebrates and mushroom body and lateral horn in insects.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/aignfam/odorcpt2.htm (13756 words)

	HHMI News: Researchers Discover How Mammals Distinguish Different Odors
		As odors enter the nose and negotiate a hairpin-like turn at the top of the nasal cavity, they encounter the olfactory epithelium, a patch of cells on the wall of the nasal cavity.
		When an odor excites a neuron, the signal travels along the nerve cell's axon and is transferred to the neurons in the olfactory bulb.
		In 1994, they reported in Cell that neurons expressing the same kind of odor receptor were scattered throughout the olfactory epithelium, but their axons all converged at very specific points in the olfactory bulb.
	www.hhmi.org /news/buck.html (940 words)

	Olfaction - SourceryForge
		In vertebrates smells are sensed by the olfactory epithelium located in the nose and processed by the olfactory system.
		Odor receptor nerve cells function like a key lock sytem.
		However, according to Vibration theory, recently proposed by Turin (1996, 2002), odor receptors detect the frequencies of vibrations of odor molecules in the infrared range by electron tunnelling.
	sourceryforge.org /w/Olfaction (896 words)

	Odor receptor helps mosquitoes target people - Healthypages news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The identification of this smell receptor raises the possibility of developing better insect repellents or mosquito traps, the study's lead author told Reuters Health.
		"We found that a particular mosquito smell receptor is exquisitely sensitive to a human sweat odor," said Dr. John R. Carlson of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
		But a mosquito smell receptor called AgOr1 had a strong response to a component of human sweat, the researchers report in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature.
	www.healthypages.net /newspage.asp?newsid=3963 (464 words)

	The Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University
		Vosshall felt confident that somewhere in that portion of the publicly available fruit fly genome would be additional members of the odor receptor family of genes.
		She expects that all of the odor receptor genes will be discovered soon after the entire fruit fly genome is sequenced, within the next year or so.
		Indeed, according to an article in the journal Science, researchers are already using the newly found receptors to look for similar ones in insects that damage agricultural crops in hopes of finding chemicals that can interfere with their ability to detect odors, on which they rely to find mates and food.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /news/journal/journal-o/fall-1999/olfaction.html (517 words)

	Columbia Biologists Match Odor Receptor To Odor; Research Uncovers How Sense Of Smell Works; First Aroma Scientists ...
		It builds on work conducted at Columbia that discovered the receptors' proteins that stick out from nerve cells in the nasal cavity and connect to molecules floating in the air, setting in motion a cascade of reactions that create a perception of odor in the brain.
		The first odor they matched to a receptor was that of octanal, which to humans smells like meat.
		If humans can make 1,000 odor receptors, they must have 1,000 genes to do so, which would account for between 1 and 2 percent of the 50,000 to 100,000 genes thought to reside in the human genome.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-01/CU-CBMO-080198.php (942 words)

	Impaired Odor Adaptation in Olfactory Receptor Neurons after Inhibition of Ca2+/Calmodulin Kinase II -- Leinders-Zufall ...
		Odor adaptation in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) is commonly attributed to feedback modulation caused by Ca
		Adaptation caused by sustained odor pulses originates from a decrease in the slope of the rising phase and an accelerated falling phase of the responses.
		occurs downstream from the odor receptors and is triggered by
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/14/RC19 (3798 words)

	Olfactory Nerve Cells Expressing Same Receptor Display A Varied Set Of Reactions
		Detection of odor molecules depends on about 1000 different odor receptors in the rodent nose.
		All the sensory neurons expressing the same receptor merge to a common region called a glomerulus, a region in the brain's olfactory bulb.
		The heterogeneity in odor sensitivity and the wide response range in single cells provides new insights into why mammals, including humans, perceive odors with unchanged quality over a broad concentration range.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=37100&nfid=crss (761 words)

	Syneco Systems, Inc. ~ Odor Control Made Easy!
		Its performance is a function of molecular structure, configuration of odor receptor sites, signal generation at these sites as a result of a reaction between the odorant and an enzyme, and relative concentrations of the reactants.
		The intent of their use is to cause so many signals to be sent to the brain, most of which are pleasant, that the impact of the malodor is relatively weak in relation to the overall impact.
		Deodorizing by counteraction/neutralization: Defined as the mutual diminution of two odors, counteraction or neutralization is achieved by the application of a second odorous substance to the original malodor so that the combination of odors becomes inoffensive.
	www.synecosystems.com /151/151.html (1180 words)

	Imaging Odor-Induced Calcium Transients in Single Olfactory Cilia: Specificity of Activation and Role in Transduction ...
		of the odor ligand at the ciliary membrane.
		B, That all cilia were responsive to the odor pulse was shown by directing the stimulus at all three cilia and analyzing the resulting Ca transients.
		of odor adaptation in ORNs (Kurahashi and Shibuya, 1990
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/18/15/5630 (6449 words)

	ScienceDaily: Yale Scientists Decipher Odor Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		How Odors Are Sensed: A Complex System Clarified (April 13, 2006) -- Yale scientists have systematically plotted the responses of the entire Drosophila (fruit fly) olfactory system, providing the first multi-dimensional map of the range of odorants sensed and the...
		Sniff And Smell Are Equally Important In The Brain's Perception Of Odor (October 21, 2003) -- Imagine the smell of coffee in the morning.
		Olfaction -- Olfaction, the sense of odor (smell), is the detection of chemicals dissolved in air (or in water, by animals that live under water).
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/06/040627223746.htm (1568 words)

	How The Cortex Arranges Signals From Odor Receptors
		The scientists genetically inserted the BL tracer into the odor receptor gene M5 or M50 —- choosing those two receptor genes because they are expressed in different zones of the olfactory epithelium.
		This indicates that inputs from the same receptors are being processed in parallel in different cortical areas -- a scheme that may allow the same receptor inputs to be combined or modified in several different ways to achieve different effects.
		This finding hints that the amygdala might receive information from only a subset of odor receptors —- "receptors that detect odorants that are important to the animal -- in terms of emotions or instinctive responses."
	unisci.com /stories/20014/1108014.htm (1175 words)

	ScienceDaily: A Bouquet Of Responses: Olfactory Nerve Cells Expressing Same Receptor Display A Varied Set Of Reactions
		Composite of olfactory neuron response to lyral odor.
		Yale Scientists Decipher Odor Code (June 28, 2004) -- Yale scientists, working with the fruit fly as a model, have discovered how odors are encoded by the olfactory system into the complex messages that are sent to the...
		Talented Sniffer: A Receptor Known For Guiding Sperm To Egg Plays A Role In The Nose (October 5, 2004) -- Researchers have found that a human olfactory receptor protein previously shown to act in sperm, where it appears to help guide sperm to the egg during fertilization, is also expressed in human...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/02/060202181327.htm (1921 words)

	Amplification of Odor-Induced Ca2+ Transients by Store-Operated Ca2+ Release and Its Role in Olfactory Signal ...
		After treatment of the cell with thapsigargin for 22 min (thap, 22 min), there was no significant change in the odor-induced receptor potential, indicating that the filling state of Ca stores has little influence on the electrophysiological response to odors.
		Duchamp-Viret, P., Chaput, M. and Duchamp, A. Odor response properties of rat olfactory receptor neurons.
		Kurahashi, T. The response induced by intracellular cyclic AMP in isolated olfactory receptor cells of the newt.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/83/1/501 (7800 words)

	[No title]
		It builds on work conducted at Columbia that discovered the receptors - proteins that stick out from nerve cells in the nasal cavity and connect to molecules floating in the air, setting in motion a cascade of reactions that create a perception of odor in the brain.
		Yet researchers had been unable to pair any single receptor or group of receptors with any particular odor - until Professor Firestein's team reported their results.
		The Columbia team inserted two linked genes, one that codes for a rat olfactory receptor, called rat I7, and a gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP), a substance found normally in fluorescent jellyfish but now used by molecular biologists to mark genetically altered cells, into a disabled adenovirus - the same virus that causes colds.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/pr/98/19243.html (916 words)

	Yale Bulletin and Calendar
		Graduate student Elissa Hallem and her adviser John Carlson, professor in the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, systematically tested the odor receptor proteins in the fruit fly antenna and recorded which odors they detect.
		Some receptors are able to respond in different ways to different odors -- activated by some odors and inhibited by others.
		"We were able to create a map of which odor receptor is expressed in which type of neuron," explains Hallem.
	www.yale.edu /opa/v33.n1/story16.html (578 words)

	New findings help researchers revise models of mammalian sense of smell
		New findings help researchers revise models of mammalian sense of smell
		In a mouse model, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine researchers discovered that olfactory sensory neurons expressing the same receptor responded to a specific odor with an array of speeds and sensitivities, a phenomenon previously not detected in the mammalian sense of smell.
		The group published their findings in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=15849 (625 words)

	Planet Ark : Odor Receptor Helps Mosquitoes Target People
		Planet Ark : Odor Receptor Helps Mosquitoes Target People
		Find out about the local recycling services available in your area
		NEW YORK - Scientists have identified a specialized receptor on mosquitoes that seems to help the blood-sucking insects zero in on their human targets.
	www.planetark.com /dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/23455/story.htm (556 words)

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