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<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The Roman civil <b>law</b> (also referred to as "admiralty-maritime law"/15 or the <b>"law</b> of the sea" as well as "private international <b>law"</b>) was the result of private church <b>law</b> operating for commercial purposes in the public sector. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> <b>Law</b> is based on the unchangeable just as the <b>laws</b> of the universe express themselves through unchangeable principles - movements of the earth around the sun and seasons of year, etc.. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Attitude toward <b>law</b> is the administration of justice in accord with fixed principals and established evidence, with a strict regard to consequences.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.wealth4freedom.com /history/usa.html</font> (19123 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Law508/spirit.htm">The Spirit of Legal History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Few European <b>law</b> students leave school without the cases of the javelin throwers, or the barber in the baths, having become part of their intellectual baggage on the development of contributory negligence. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Every student of <b>law</b> between 1200 and 1525 studied both Roman and canon <b>law</b> and became a practitioner of <b>law</b> in the region where he lived (all <b>law</b> students were male). </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> <b>Law</b>, he seems to argue, can be created by generations of subtle minds working out legal problems by using logic and elegant arguments that convince the profession.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>faculty.cua.edu /pennington/Law508/spirit.htm</font> (6469 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/blackstone/bk3ch5.htm">Blackstone's Commentaries - Book the Third - Chapter the Fifth : Of Courts Ecclesiastical, Military and Maritime</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> It is held in the archdeacon's abfence before a judge appointed by himfelf, and called his official; and it's jurifdiction is fometimes in concurrence with, fometimes in exclufion of, the bifhop's court of the diocefe. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> This commiffion is ufually filled with lords fpiritual and temporal, judges of the courts at Weftminfter, and doctors for the civil <b>law</b>. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> It's proceedings are according to the method of the civil <b>law</b>, like thofe of the ecclefiaftical courts; upon which account it is ufually held at the fame place with the fuperior ecclefiaftical courts, any more than the fpiritual courts.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/blackstone/bk3ch5.htm</font> (1964 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.constitution.org/cmt/avd/law_con.htm">A. V. Dicey: Law of the Constitution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The truth of this assertion is proved by actual legislation, by the existence among some classes of a certain distrust both of the <b>law</b> and of the judges, and by a marked tendency towards the use of lawless methods for the attainment of social or political ends. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> It must, however, in fairness be noted that the invasion of the rule of <b>law</b> by imposing judicial functions upon officials is due, in part, to the whole current of legislative opinion in favour of extending the sphere of the State's authority. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The New Poor <b>Law</b> of 1834 saved the country districts from ruin; its passing was the wisest and the most patriotic achievement of the Whigs, but the Act itself was unpopular and hated by the country labourers on whom it conferred the most real benefit.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.constitution.org /cmt/avd/law_con.htm</font> (17867 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The Court of Appeals of New York, reversing the lower court, determined that the prelate appointed by the Moscow <b>ecclesiastical</b> authorities was not entitled to the Cathedral and directed the entry of a judgment that appellee corporation be reinvested with the possession and administration of the temporalities of St. Nicholas Cathedral. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> This determination was made on the authority of Article 5-C of the Religious Corporations <b>Law</b> of New York, 302 N. Y., at 24 et seq., 96 N. 2d, at 68 et seq., against appellants' contention that this New York statute, as construed, violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> To me, whatever the canon <b>law</b> is found to be and whoever is the rightful head of the Moscow patriarchate, I do not think New York <b>law</b> must yield to the authority of a foreign and unfriendly state masquerading as a spiritual institution.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.religlaw.org /template.php?id=766</font> (9313 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://vls.law.vill.edu/locator/3d/Oct1996/96a1437p.txt">[No title]</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Instead, the magistrate judge, applying "neutral principles of <b>law"</b> in accordance with the district court's summary judgment opinion, evaluated the relevant documents, provisions, and factual circumstances, and determined that the quitclaim deed was invalid and that Scotts Church retained title to the disputed property. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> However, the Court cautioned that if Georgia <b>law</b> provided instead that a congregation's identity should be determined according to the rules of the hierarchical parent church, the Georgia courts would owe deference to the Presbytery's determination in favor of the minority faction. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Assuming without deciding the validity of that characterization, the January 12th <b>"by-law"</b> placing local church properties "in trust" for the Conference runs afoul of the principle that where a <b>by-law</b> conflicts with the provisions of the charter, the <b>by-law</b> is a nullity.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>vls.law.vill.edu /locator/3d/Oct1996/96a1437p.txt</font> (7522 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/html/amdt1.html">The Constitution of the United States of America</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> In the words of Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by <b>law</b> was intended to erect `a wall of separation between church and State.'''\43\ But the majority sustained the provision of transportation. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Through the 1970s, at least, the <b>law</b> became as restrictive in fact as the dicta in the early cases suggested, save for the provision of some assistance to children under the ``child benefit'' theory. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Pupils compelled by <b>law</b> to go to school for secular education are released in part from their legal duty upon the condition that they attend the religious classes.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.gpoaccess.gov /constitution/html/amdt1.html</font> (11633 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.lectlaw.com/files/int19.htm">The Basic Legal System Of Israel</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The general approach follows the Western concept of the rule of <b>law</b>, the development of which is entrusted to the democratically elected Knesset and an independent judiciary. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Enacted individually over a period of years, these <b>laws</b> do not constitute a formal constitution but do set out the framework and powers of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government and regulate areas of particular importance to Israel's <b>polity</b> such as the state's economy and lands, civil-military relations and the status of Jerusalem. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Other instruments considered to be of a constitutional nature are the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel and several select <b>laws</b>, including the <b>Law</b> of Return, which encapsulates the raison d'etre of the Jewish state.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.lectlaw.com /files/int19.htm</font> (885 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> This memorable treatise on the <b>law</b> of war and peace earned Hugo Grotius the designation “father of international <b>law.”</b> The two principal topics treated by Grotius in his famous treatise are the legal obligations of human societies, including those that have sovereign power, and the procedure for enforcing such duties and punishing violations of <b>law</b>. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> In 1880 Holmes was a lecturer on common <b>law</b> at the Lowell Institute in Boston. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Jacob based upon the definition of each term a statement of the whole <b>law</b> on the subject...[Jacob’s Dictionary] was an undoubted improvement on everything that had gone before it, and it provided a model for many later dictionaries.” Cowley xc-xci.</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.lawbookexchange.com /Cat37/cat37-06.html</font> (2230 words)</td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.acton.org/publicat/randl/article.php?id=422">Thomas Jefferson and the Mammoth Cheese</a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> It prevents religious establishments, discourages corrupting entanglements between governmental and <b>ecclesiastical</b> authorities, and avoids sectarian conflict among denominations competing for governmental favor and aid. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The First Amendment explicitly denies Congress the authority to make <b>laws</b> respecting an establishment of religion, whereas a “wall of separation” restricts the activities of religion, as well as the civil state. </td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Daniel L. Dreisbach is a professor in the department of justice, <b>law</b>, and society at American University in Washington, D.C. This essay is adapted from his forthcoming book, Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State (New York University Press).</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.acton.org /publicat/randl/article.php?id=422</font> (1878 words)</td></tr>
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