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Topic: Office of Civilian Defense

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	There is established within the Office for Emergency Management of the
		Defense, Office of Civilian Established in Office for Emergency Management by EO 8757 of May 20, 1941.
		Executive Office of the President the Office of Civilian Defense, at the head of which shall be a Director appointed by the President.
		Civilian Defense, or as may be allocated to it by the President through the Bureau of the Budget, the Director may employ necessary personnel and make provision for the necessary supplies, facilities, and services.
	www.conservativeusa.org /eo/1941/eo8757.htm (747 words)

	Research Notes & Special Studies by the Historian's Office
		Monthly benefits were payable to the widow, child, or parent of civilians who died as a result of enemy action and to the categories of dependents of Civilian Defense Workers killed in the performance of their duties.
		The civilian casualty shall as frequently and at such times as may be required submit a statement of continuance of disability together with a statement by the attending physician showing the continuance of the disability.
		Coverage of resident enemy aliens, coverage of civilian defense workers, and coverage of resident workers in the United States were all adopted from the corresponding provisions in S 2412.
	www.ssa.gov /history/civilwar.html (7024 words)

	Chapter III: Preparations for Continental Defense
		Seacoast defense against a determined surface attack or invasion would have required the integrated employment of all types of Army mobile ground and air forces in addition to the harbor defense units, but plans for employing mobile forces for this purpose remained comparatively nebulous until after the United States entered the war.
		Civilian defense, associated with air defense but not considered a direct Army responsibility, received a good deal of military attention during the prewar period that helped to limit military commitments thereafter.
		It was the universal opinion of civilian as well as military civil defense experts after the war that this diffusion of activity weakened the Office of Civilian Defense from the outset as an agency for supervising civilian protection measures.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch3.htm (11527 words)

	Medicine World War II Hawaii: Civilian Organizations
		When the OCD no longer felt it was feasible for them to sponsor the Blood Bank, a 'peacetime' blood bank was chartered by the Territorial Treasurer as an eleemosynary institution October 26, 1943.
		Their role was a natural phase of the close coordination and cooperation with the military forces that the management of the sugar industry and the officials of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association had developed as a matter of established policy long prior to the war.
		The War record of civilian and industrial Hawaii: a documentary history of the assistance extended to the armed forces by the civilian community and the sugar plantations ([Hawaii: s.n., 1945?]), 23-25.
	hml.org /mmhc/exhibits/ww2hml/civorg.html (430 words)

	Worthington Memory - Expanded Record: Civilian Defense Arm Band
		This Civilian Defense arm band was issued to a member of Boy Scout Troop 65, Worthington.
		Local Councils of Defense and Boy Scout Councils coordinated to train boy scouts to serve as messengers as well as assist in emergency medical units and serve as fire watchers.
		Civilian Defense is a government program which provides guidance and assistance in emergency response and was first developed to protect the public from enemy attack in times of war.
	www.worthingtonmemory.org /WorthingtonMemoryExpandedRecord.cfm?ID=950&tn=2 (199 words)

	BHL Research Topics: Civil Defense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		While the planned methods for defense changed over the years, proponents of civil defense continuously portrayed it as a sincere effort to protect the population from the destruction of nuclear war, as an important part of the country's strategy of deterrence, and as an effective tool in crisis management.
		These opponents argued either that civil defense was meaningless given the incalculable level of destruction that would result from a nuclear attack, or that preparations for defense, far from deterring an attack, would destabilize the international situation and make war more likely.
		The Michigan Council of Defense, created in 1941, was replaced in 1943 by the Michigan War Council and the office of the Director of Civilian Defense.
	www.umich.edu /~bhl/bhl/topics/defense.htm (440 words)

	New Jersey Office of Emergency Management - County Emergency Management - Coordinator's Association - Law and Directives
		The Office of Civilian Defense was transferred from the Department of Defense to the Department of Law and Public Safety.
		The functions, power and duties of the Office of Civilian Defense Director are hereby established in the Bureau of Emergency Services in the Division of State Police under the authority of William F. Hyland Attorney General.
		The office of Emergency Management shall notify the emergency management organization in the counties, which shall then notify the local police departments in the event of a flood situation.
	www.state.nj.us /njoem/law_lawlist.html (1653 words)

	SEMP - What Is Civil Defense? World War I through the Eisenhower Administration
		Defense monies flowed for building plants and facilities, whose introduction into the civilian scene caused social and economic problems of housing, schools, sewers, and public health.
		President Truman abolished the Office of Civilian Defense in 1945 when it was becoming clear that the problems of civil defense were assuming an entirely new dimension with the possibility of atomic warfare.
		One definition of civil defense at the time was: “the mobilization of the entire population for the preservation of civilian life and property from the results of enemy attacks, and with the rapid restoration of normal conditions in any area that has been attacked.” (Kerr, p.
	www.semp.us /biots/biot_243.html (2022 words)

	NSLA - Archives & Records - Nevada Territory
		Finally, the Civilian Defense Act insisted that federal rules and regulations were paramount and that the state Council's actions be in harmony with federal authorities (Nevada was part of the Ninth Civilian Defense Region).
		In 1942 he explained that helping to win the war was the principal objective of civilian defense, and that its main roles were "to enlist, organize and train volunteer personnel for the protection of civilian life and property and.
		Among the other records are Enrollment for Civilian Defense cards, with which citizens indicated their willingness and availability to serve in the volunteer organizations and their qualifications for doing so.
	dmla.clan.lib.nv.us /DOCS/NSLA/archives/archival/spboards/cdwwii.htm (1105 words)

	State Defense Council of Florida Collection - UF Special and Area Studies Collections
		The State Defense Council was created in November 1940 by Governor Frederick P. Cone to direct a concerted effort leading toward total preparedness for Florida.
		A small portion of the documents were created by the Office of Civilian Defense in Washington, D.C. Files are arranged alphabetically.
		Office of Civilian Defense, Washington, D.C. Office of Civilian Defense, Fourth Regional Office, Atlanta, Georgia.
	web.uflib.ufl.edu /spec/pkyonge/floridadefense.htm (490 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The office also was charged with ensuring the supply of raw materials, formulating plans to mobilize defense facilities further, and planning for the future creation of industrial plants.
		The office was to establish a priorities mechanism, but the Director General could only advise the president on industrial priorities and all other mobilization matters.
		Civilians were not to have priority during the defense buildup; at the same time they were not to be neglected, because to do so could destroy morale and weaken health and safety standards.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/McNair/mcnair50/m50c5.html (3816 words)

	Office of Civilian Defense Records
		The Office of Civilian Defense was established in Washington, D. in 1941 to organize the civilian population of the United States into support of the World War II war effort.
		District 4 was bounded by Clinton Street on the east, the south branch of the Chicago River and the drainage canal on the south, the city limits on the west, and a crooked line formed by Kinzie, Kedzie and North Avenues on the north.
		The Office of Civilian Defense Records are available to the public for research in the Special Collections and Preservation Division Reading Room on the 9th floor of the Chicago Public Library’s Harold Washington Library Center, 400 South State Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60605.
	www.chipublib.org /008subject/012special/ocd.html (494 words)

	New Jersey Office of Emergency Management - County Emergency Management - Coordinator's Association - Law and Directives
		All of the functions, powers and duties of the Office of Civilian Defense Director in the Department of Law and Public Safety as provided in the Reorganization Plan dated July 22, 1979 shall be exercised by the State Director of Emergency Management.
		The Office of Emergency Management shall be under the supervision, direction and control of the State Director of Emergency Management and one or more deputies or assistants as may be necessary to effectuate the emergency powers of the Governor.
		The function and staffing of the Office of Emergency Management shall be as proposed from time to time by the State Director of Emergency Management with the approval of the Attorney General.
	www.state.nj.us /oem/county/law_execords_101.html (269 words)

	Civil Defense (U.S.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		U.S. civil defense facilities since the World War II period have been marked by a blue sign with a white triangle and the letters "CD" on the center forming a circle.
		According to the "Manual of Civilian Protection" (1941), the U.S. civil defense logo (white field, blue disk, white triangle, red initials CD) and related emblems for air raid wardens, rescue teams, auxiliary fire and police personnel, communicators, etc., etc., were all patented in September-October 1941 (patents applied for on September 8, approved October 7).
		Also, the emblem was in use before it was patented, as it appears on OCD publications dated in July and August 1941 as well.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/us^cd.html (532 words)

	Electronic Encyclopaedia of Civil Defense and Emergency Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Appointed on 20 May 1941 as the first Director of the Office of Civilian Defense during the Roosevelt Administration, a post he held into 1942.
		His involvement with Civil Defense was by all accounts enthusiastic and sincere, but on the national level he did not mesh well in style or doctrine with his deputy Eleanor Roosevelt, who appears to have played a significant part in engineering his removal in favor of James Landis in 1942.
		This criticism should be balanced against the numbers - by the end of January 1942 some 8,478 local defense councils had been established with 334,666 auxiliary police, 670,673 air raid wardens, and 265,580 medical staff for a total of 5,601,892 volunteers involved in Civil Defense.
	www.richmond.edu /~wgreen/ECDlaguardia.html (437 words)

	Civil defense: office of emergency management: departments: City of Fort Collins
		Of course the dangers of the era that concerned Americans came not in the form of floods and tornadoes, but in the form of sneak attacks from the Axis powers.
		The emblem at the top of this page is the primary Civil Defense logo and was often seen on training and propaganda posters during the war.
		The Civil Defense concept worked at the time and under the circumstances for which it was created.
	www.ci.fort-collins.co.us /oem/civildefense.php (943 words)

	Information about U.S. Proofcard®: 29¢ Civil Defense Mobilizes America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		From the outset, the OCD was an organization which made good use of civilian patriots wanting to defend their country.
		Under his direction, the OCD began to grow, gaining momentum as the United States traveled farther and farther down the path to war.
		The government authorized these civilian leaders to wear white helmets and arm bands for easy identification; they also carried whistles during their duties.
	www.unicover.com /EA4PDA8C.htm (437 words)

	HyperWar: U.S. Government Manual--1945 [Emergency War Agencies]
		The Office for Emergency Management is primarily a framework within the confines of the Executive Office of the President, with which framework various civilian war agencies have been established.
		These field offices will answer specific questions by employers and employees in their localities pertaining to the wage and salary adjustments over which the NWLB has jurisdiction, and will provide forms on which to make application for adjustments of such wages and salaries.
		It was further specified that the Director of the Office of War Information and the Board of War Communications collaborate in the performance of their respective functions for the purpose of facilitating the broadcast of war information to the peoples abroad.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/ATO/USGM/EWA.html (10464 words)

	NARA - Guide to Federal Records - Records of the office of Civilian Defense [OCD]
		Records relating to civilian defense volunteer activities, 1941-45; children and young people, 1941-44; day care for children, 1942- 44; war loans, 1942-44; the Civilian War Services Branch, 1943- 44; and state defense activities, 1943-45.
		Motion Pictures: Training films for civilian defense workers, relating to mobilization, rescue, firefighting and prevention, child care, defense against poison gas attack, smoke concealment, air raid defense operations, and equipment and its use; promotional films for victory gardens and food conservation; and films of London under aerial attack, 1942-44 (46 reels).
		History: OCD Administrative Order No. 1, July 10, 1941, established nine autonomous Regional Civilian Defense Areas, geographically coterminous with the War Department Corps Areas, to coordinate civilian defense activities and to provide liaison with state and local agencies, other federal agencies, and the military.
	www.archives.gov /research/guide-fed-records/groups/171.html?template=print (1719 words)

	Office of Civilian Defense Insignia - VictorySiren.com
		The official insignia for the various offices and services as adopted by the Office of Civilian Defense (other than the Warden Service) are shown as follows:"
		Drivers Corps consist of emergency drivers of vehicles used by the Civilian Defense services.
		Messengers are assigned to the various Civilian Defense services.
	www.victorysiren.com /x/airraidmanual/insignia.htm (362 words)

	Office of Civilian Defense
		Although she had resisted becoming officially involved with the OCD for fear that her presence would draw criticism to the OCD, LaGuardia's failure to promote volunteer involvement persuaded her to become his assistant.
		As the loud chorus of criticism swelled, it distracted from the important work to be done, and ER concluded that she could not be effective in the official role she had taken on.
		The nine regional offices that coordinated the work of state and local defense organizations were closed June 30, 1944, and an executive order of June 4, 1945, formally terminated the OCD.
	www.nps.gov /elro/glossary/office-civilian-defense.htm (636 words)

	Indiana's Civilian Defense, from the Manuscript Section of the Indiana State Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		President Roosevelt gave the agency the authority to meet a wide range of needs including the protection of the civilian population, the maintenance of morale, and the promotion of volunteer involvement in defense.
		Indiana was part of the Fifth OCD Region, which also consisted of Kentucky, West Virginia, and Ohio.
		In June of 1944 the nine regional offices that coordinated the work of state and local defense organizations were closed.
	www.statelib.lib.in.us /www/isl/indiana/worldwarex/civilian_defense.html (324 words)

	The Evolution of Protecting the US: Transition From Civil Defense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1941, President Roosevelt created the federal Office of Civilian Defense, advising each city to organize its own "Civil Defense" system to plan and prepare for dangers looming on the horizon.
		The National Guard is a direct descendent of the militias of the thirteen original colonies, but it was not until the National Defense Act of 1916 that there was a mandate for National Guard units to be recognized by the War Department.
		The military role in homeland defense began in 1789 with the establishment of the War Department.
	www.acep.org /webportal/membercenter/sections/dis/newsletter/TheEvolutionofProtectingtheUSTransitionFromCivilDefense.htm (1284 words)

	HyperWar: The Big 'L'--American Logistics in World War II [Appendix]
		Established in the Office of Civilian Defense early in 1942 and later transferred to the Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services on April 15, 1942, as authorized by the President on February 26, 1944.
		This Office was transferred to the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs when it was established by Executive Order No. 8840 of July 30, 1941.
		State created the position of Special Assistant to the Secretary of State, the Office of Research and Intelligence, and the Office of Intelligence Collection and Dissemination which on December 31 took over those parts of the former OSS program that are to be included in the permanent intelligence program.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USA/BigL/BigL-A.html (4267 words)

	OCD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Office of Civilian Defense was established in May 1941 under director Fiorella LaGuardia, former mayor of New York City.
		By the summer of 1942, the OCD had enlisted 10 million volunteers in 11,000 local committees to supervise the community's total defense effort, including flouts, whiteouts, scrap drives, child care, the V-Home campaign.
		They live in one of the units of the Navy defense housing project which is designed for Naval people, Marines and some civilian defense workers.
	history.acusd.edu /gen/WW2Timeline/OCD.html (476 words)

	Join now The office of civilian defense needs you for decontamination squads John McCrady. WPA Posters
		Join now The office of civilian defense needs you for decontamination squads John McCrady.
		Join now The office of civilian defense needs you for decontamination squads / / John McCrady.
		Poster encouraging civilians to join civil defense squads, showing a man in uniform spraying a building.
	www.rainfall.com /posters/wpa/1691.htm (316 words)

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