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	Office of Commercial Space Transportation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The office is headed by the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST), who is currently Patti G. Smith.
		Due to this, the United States requires that rocket manufacturers and launchers adhere to specific regulations to indemnify and protect the safety of people and property that may be affected by a flight.
		The Office of Commercial Space Transportation was created in 1985 by the Commercial Space Launch Act to meet this need.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation (993 words)

	Report blames U.S. space policy for letting Europe, Japan take lead
		He said the 1984 Commercial Space Launch Act, which created the Office of Commercial Space Transportation within the Department of Transportation, is beginning to ease the problem of obtaining government permits and insurance.
		Space Services has yet to sign its first customer for use of the company's small solid fuel rocket, Hannah said, but once an agreement is reached Space Services probably can launch within 18 months.
		He charges that the creation of the Office of Commercial Space Transportation touched off a new turf battle between NASA and the Transportation Department that is still raging.
	www.chron.com /content/interactive/space/archives/87/870329.html (858 words)

	Frustrated Rocket Firms Wait for FAA Licensing Decision
		The coalition is pressing Congress to clarify and strengthen the original intent of the U.S. government’s Commercial Space Act by defining key terms such as "sub-orbital rocket" in law and putting these vehicles exclusively under the jurisdiction of the FAA’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation.
		The bill, the Commercial Space Transportation Act of 2003 (S. 1260), cleared the Senate Commerce Committee in late July and was placed on the Senate legislative calendar.
		In an interview with Space News, Patricia Grace Smith, the FAA’s associate administrator for Commercial Space Transportation, said part of the difficulty is the uniqueness of the sub-orbital projects.
	www.space.com /spacenews/archive03/faaarch_081803.html (976 words)

	The Transportation Department's Office of Commercial Space Transportation's move within the department may make it less ...
		The Office of Commercial Space Transportation, the federal agency charged with issuing licenses for private commercial rocket launches and other space forays, is set to make a move within the Department of Transportation's bureaucracy that observers say will make it less responsive to technology developments and less likely to take risks.
		OCST emerged as a "mini-mode" under the Transportation secretary's direct supervision in 1984 only after an attempt two years earlier to place the new agency under FAA's aegis.
		The then-tiny commercial launch industry, somewhat cowed by the space shuttle's vigorous subsidizing of launch clients, sought a higher profile for the agency to attract more attention, and also expressed concern about whether FAA's entrenched bureaucracy could handle the challenges posed by space delivery's exotic international law and physical principles.
	www.washingtontechnology.com /news/10_1/news/9371-1.html (752 words)

	[No title]
		The Department of Transportation is designated as the lead agency within the Federal government for encouraging and facilitating commercial ELV activities by the United States private sector.
		An interagency group, chaired by the Secretary of Transportation and composed of representatives from the Department of State, the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, the Federal Communications Commission, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, is hereby established.
		Office of Commercial Space Transportation -STATUTE- There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation for the activities of the Office of the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation - (1) $12,607,000 for fiscal year 2001; and (2) $16,478,000 for fiscal year 2002.
	uscode.house.gov /download/pls/49C701.txt (8124 words)

	Space Transportation Hearing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In 1995, the Office of the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation (AST) was transferred to the FAA.
		Under the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act, the FAA is authorized to regulate the industry primarily to protect the uninvolved public and the public interest.
		The first major Commercial Space Transportation Prize encouraging the development of a manned commercial space launch vehicle was the Ansari X Prize, which awarded a $10 million purse to the victor.
	www.house.gov /transportation/press/press2005/release8.html (806 words)

	COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION CONFERENCE
		Commercial space transportation and all of the industries that it enables already contribute $95 billion to the American economy and are responsible for more than half a million jobs.
		We are working on rules for experimental permits for commercial space transportation — much like the aviation community has for experimental aircraft — that will shorten the time and the burden on launch vehicle developers who are in the testing stage.
		Among them are ensuring that the atmospheric conditions aboard the space vehicle can sustain life and consciousness; provisions for stowing in-cabin objects so that they do not interfere with crew operations; and fire detection and suppression to prevent the pilot from being incapacitated.
	www.dot.gov /affairs/minetasp021005.htm (1448 words)

	Office of Space Commercialization
		Space transportation is the movement of items to and from Earth orbit or beyond.
		While the space transportation industry has historically been dominated by government use, commercial providers of space transportation systems have dramatically increased in recent years.
		The Office of Space Commercialization works within the federal government to create a policy environment that benefits commercial launch providers in the United States.
	www.nesdis.noaa.gov /space/launch (762 words)

	U.S. Agency Proposes Rules for Commercial Human Space Flights
		The original statute, the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, requires U.S. citizens to be licensed to launch a commercial rocket.
		AST is chartered to ensure that commercial space launch activities do not endanger the public on the ground, so requirements for launch site licenses involve the facility’s safe operation, the safe storage of propellants and toxic materials and similar factors.
		Space passengers will be informed about the risks of launch and re-entry to the Earth’s atmosphere, and will not legally be able to blame the U.S. government if something goes wrong.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/library/news/2006/space-060113-usia01.htm (1460 words)

	Commercial Space Transportation: Beyond The X Prize (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Space transportation is the movement of, or means of moving objects, such as satellites, to, from, in, or through space.
		Under the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act, the FAA is authorized to regulate the industry over the next eight years primarily to protect the uninvolved public and the public interest.
		The first major Commercial Space Transportation Prize encouraging the development of a manned commercial space launch vehicle was the Ansari X Prize.
	www.house.gov /transportation/aviation/02-09-05/02-09-05memo.html (1908 words)

	Space Future - Comments on Certification Standards for New Reusable Launch Vehicles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The responsibilities of OCST from the beginning (1984) have been: to license commercial space launches to protect public health and safety; to safeguard property, national security and foreign policy interest; and to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches by the private sector.
		OCST will be greatly broadened to nurture and govern the expansion of this new spaceways transportation infrastructure.
		This is similar to an example currently being evaluated for commercial transports to incorporate and certify propulsion flight controlled technology (new safety technology) in transport category aircraft.
	www.spacefuture.com /archive/comments_on_certification_standards_for_new_reusable_vehicles.shtml (1791 words)

	Boston.com / News / Nation / House bill says space is the place
		It also requires the Office of Commercial Space Transportation to come up with regulations for crew pertaining to training and medical conditions.
		Space tourists would have to be informed of the risks involved in their travel.
		The bill also extends for three years an existing law under which commercial space launch companies are required to carry liability insurance, capped at $500 million, with assurances that the government will compensate for losses above that.
	www.boston.com /news/nation/articles/2004/03/05/house_bill_says_space_is_the_place?mode=PF (354 words)

	Commercial Space -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Office of Commercial Space Transportation is a division of the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that approves any commercial rocket launches—that is, any launches that are not classified as model, amateur, or "by and for the government." The office is headed by the FAA Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST).
		The office is located in Washington, DC, and ultimately operates under the Department of Transportation.
		The Office of Commercial Space Transportation was created in 1985 by the Commercial Space Launch Act to meed this need.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/34/commercial-space.html (500 words)

	Discovery Channel :: News :: FAA: Space Tourists Fly at Own Risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The guideline requires space travel operators to fully inform passengers of not only their vehicle's risks, but also the safety records of all private and government suborbital and orbital transit systems.
		Space tourists would be required to sign a document stating they understand they are flying aboard an uncertified craft and that they have been provided in writing information about the known hazards and risks associated with their trip, including the launch, which is generally considered the most dangerous part of space flight.
		All the FAA stipulates is that space fliers submit their medical histories to a doctor trained in aerospace medicine for review.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/briefs/20050221/spacetourism.html (608 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Helping New Space Industry Lift Off
		Smith's office provided the regulatory go-ahead for the flight, and Smith awarded the first commercial astronaut wings to Melvill at a ceremony after the pilot landed the stubby, white spacecraft.
		Smith said her office takes pride in "being efficient regulators" and working with industry "to create a result we both can live with." But she also acknowledged the tension between her role as an industry booster and a government regulator.
		The office was formed during the Reagan administration to oversee commercial satellite launchers.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A52542-2004Sep26?language=printer (945 words)

	82. +LICENSING COMMERCIAL SPACE LAUNCH ACTIVITIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In accordance with this authority, delegated to the FAA, the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation (AST) must ensure that commercial space launch activities are conducted in a manner that does not jeopardize public health and safety and the safety of property, without imposing unnecessary regulatory burdens on the commercial launch industry.
		The Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, as amended, 49 USC 70101 to 70119, confers upon the Department of Transportation the responsibility to license and otherwise regulate launches by the private sector of launch vehicles and the commercial operation of launch sites.
		The Assistant Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation of the FAA must ensure that commercial space launch activities do not jeopardize public health and safety and the safety of property and also ensure compliance with international obligations of the United States.
	ciir.cs.umass.edu /cgi-bin/ua/web_fetch_doc?dataset=ua&db=agendaOctober1996&doc_id=82 (719 words)

	Reusable Launch Vehicles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Commercial Space Transportation in the 21st Century, Technology and Environment, 2001-2025: Conference Proceedings.
		Space Access and Utilization Beyond 2000: Proceedings Based on, But Not Limited to, The Symposium on "Space Access and Utilization Beyond 2000," held in Washington, D.C., 18 February, 2000, at the Annual General Assembly of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
		Space Transportation: Progress of the X-33 Reusable Launch Vehicle Program: Statement of Allen Li, Associate Director, National Security and International Affairs Division, before the Committee on Science, Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics, House of Representatives.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/hqlibrary/pathfinders/rlv.htm (786 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement; Commercial Expendable Launch Vehicle Operations
		Because licensing constitutes a major Federal action, section 415.31 of OCST's licensing regulations (14 CFR ch III) states that the potential environmental impacts of licensing commercial launch activities must be considered by the Office in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 42 U.S.C. Sec.
		A programmatic environmental assessment (EA) of commercial expendable launch vehicle programs (Programmatic EA) was prepared by OCST in February 1986, and has served as a basis for licensing determinations for commercial launches to date.
		Alternatives to the proposed commercial launch actions include either a total ban to launch activity or less restrictive approaches such as limits on the number of launches, the size or performance of the launch vehicles, and restrictions to launch mission profiles designed to limit the scope of environmental consequences of commercial launch activities.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/1995/November/Day-27/pr-1532.html (929 words)

	Commercial Space Act Introduced (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Second, it amends the Commercial Space Launch Act to enable the Office of Commercial Space Transportation to license reentry activities for the industrial sector.
		It is recognized that the commercial market opportunities for GPS are extensive, and that the economic interests of the U.S. would best be served if the current U.S. GPS system became the world standard.
		In his remarks to the House, Sensenbrenner stated that the commercial space industry generated $7.5 billion in revenue in 1995, and according to a RAND Corp. study, the market for GPS goods and services alone could reach $8.47 billion by the year 2000.
	www.sdsc.edu /SDSCwire/v3.12/space_comm.html (280 words)

	AIAA - Aerospace America Online - AIAA News - H.R. 3245—The Commercial Space Act of 2003
		On 5 November, the Space and Aeronautics Subcommittee held a hearing on the legal, regulatory, and public policy ramifications of the burgeoning commercial human space flight industry.
		Currently, the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation mission is to ensure protection of the public, property, and the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during a commercial launch or re-entry activity and to encourage, facilitate, and promote U.S. commercial space transportation.
		The AST regulates the commercial space transportation industry, only to the extent necessary, to ensure compliance with international obligations of the United States and to protect the public health and safety, safety of property, and national security and foreign policy interest of the United States.
	www.aiaa.org /aerospace/bullarticle.cfm?btocid=413 (337 words)

	Space Frontier Foundation - FAA License
		AST has issued licenses for over 150 commercial launches since its inception in 1984, but this is the first license to authorize a civilian human carrying rocket flight.
		The Foundation, which has long fought for an open frontier in space, congratulated the FAA (the home of the AST) and enthusiastically supports the work of visionary leaders like Patti Grace Smith, who heads the office and has championed this cause for many years.
		Our definition of a "frontier enabling" technology or policy is one which has as its effect the acceleration of the creation of low cost access to the space frontier for private citizens and companies, enables or accelerates our use of space resources, and/or accelerates the rate at which wealth can be generated in space.
	www.space-frontier.org /PressReleases/2004/20040416faalicense.html (691 words)

	www.GovExec.com - :NEWS+ANALYSIS: :Touring Space (8/1/04)
		The 1984 Commercial Space Launch Act did not foresee corporate astronauts or the need for government authority over them, so OCST simply assumed it had responsibility in the case of SpaceShipOne.
		In consultation with several X Prize applicants, the commercial space transportation office also is evaluating future mission plans based on regulations covering launch and re-entry licensing and financial responsibility for launch activities.
		A proposed Commercial Space Transportation Act amendment passed by the House of Representatives in March spells out the commercial space transportation office's authority over suborbital rockets and suborbital trajectories.
	www.govexec.com /features/0804-01/0804-01newsanalysis1.htm (1057 words)

	Space Coalition Urges Passage Of Commercial Space Act
		A coalition of space policy organizations and aerospace companies has urged the Congress to pass the Commercial Space Act of 2003 (HR 3245) in an expeditious manner.
		Most important, the bill confirms the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation (AST) as the sole authority to license suborbital launch vehicles, and provides clear guidance that its primary mission is to aid this new industry with reasonable regulation that will help develop suborbital vehicles and companies.
		The Heinlein Prize, a major new award for practical accomplishments in commercial space activities, was announced today at the 54th International Aeronautical Congress underway in Bremen, Germany.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/spacetravel-03f.html (479 words)

	Commercial Space Transportation Act of 2003
		S. To promote the development of the commercial space transportation industry, to authorize appropriations for the Office of the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation, and for other purposes.
		To promote the development of the commercial space transportation industry, to authorize appropriations for the Office of the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation, and for other purposes.
		This Act may be cited as the `Commercial Space Transportation Act of 2003'.
	www.theorator.com /bills108/s1260.html (202 words)

	Statement on Signing the Commercial Space Launch Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This administration views facilitation of the commercial development of expendable launch vehicles as an important component of America's space transportation program.
		In developing the administration's approach toward encouraging this emerging industry, I have been guided by the belief that the procedures a company must comply with before being permitted to launch a launch vehicle or a payload were duplicative and should be streamlined and otherwise made efficient.
		Additionally, I want to thank Secretary of Transportation Dole and Jennifer Dorn, Director of the Office of Commercial Space Transportation, for the enormous amount of work they have already done to prepare for the responsibilities they will have under this historic legislation.
	www.reagan.utexas.edu /archives/speeches/1984/103084i.htm (339 words)

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