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Topic: Ogallala Aquifer

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	Ogallala Aquifer
		The Ogallala Aquifer (shaded area) is in a state of overdraft owing to the current rate of water use.
		Because both the saturated thickness and the areal extent of the Ogallala Aquifer is greater in Nebraska, the state accounts for two-thirds of the volume of Ogallala groundwater, followed by Texas and Kansas, each with about 10 percent.
		The Ogallala Aquifer, whose total water storage is about equal to that of Lake Huron in the Midwest, is the single most important source of water in the High Plains region, providing nearly all the water for residential, industrial, and agricultural use.
	www.waterencyclopedia.com /Oc-Po/Ogallala-Aquifer.html (1054 words)

	Ogallala Aquifer
		The Ogallala Formation in Texas is the southernmost extension of the major water-bearing unit underlying the physiographic province of North America.
		Ogallala groundwater is generally fresh, containing between 300 and 1,000 milligrams per liter (mg/l) of dissolved solids of which calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate are the principal constituents.
		The Ogallala Aquifer within the boundaries of the North Plains Groundwater Conservation District is declining at an average of 1.74 feet per year (1,082,631 acre ft).
	www.npwd.org /Ogallala.htm (1666 words)

	Ogallala Aquifer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ogallala Aquifer, also known as the High Plains Aquifer, is a shallow water table aquifer located beneath the Great Plains in the United States.
		The deposition of the aquifer material dates back to late Miocene to early Pliocene age when the Rocky Mountains were being uplifted.
		Present-day recharge of the aquifer with fresh water occurs at a slow rate; this implies that much of the water in its pore spaces is paleowater, dating back to the last ice age.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer (929 words)

	The Ogallala Aquifer Depletion
		The Ogallala Aquifer underlies approximately 225,000 square miles in the Great Plains region, particularly in the High Plains of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and Nebraska.
		The depth of the aquifer from the surface of the land, its reate of natural thickness, vary from region to region.
		Policies developed in response to depletion of the aquifer that may be technically and economically feasible must also be politically and socially acceptable.
	www.iitap.iastate.edu /gcp/issues/society/ogallala/ogallala.html (1299 words)

	Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Continued Operation of the Pantex Plant
		Aquifer properties of the Dockum Group near Pantex Plant are highly variable, but generally have low permeability, low average yields of 400 liters (105 gallons) per minute, and poor water quality (high total dissolved solids) relative to the overlying Ogallala aquifer.
		The Ogallala aquifer is a primary source of groundwater in the High Plains and is used for irrigation, industrial process water, and the municipal potable water supply at and in the vicinity of Pantex Plant.
		The hydrology and recharge of the perched aquifer is very complex and the effects upon the vadose zone from continual discharge of water into the existing playas and drainage ditches does not necessarily result in contaminated groundwater being driven into the Ogallala aquifer.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/report/enviro/eis-0225/eis0225_46.html (12127 words)

	High Plains Underground Water Conservation District No. 1 - The Ogallala Aquifer
		The Ogallala aquifer not only includes the portion of the Ogallala that is saturated with water, but may also include saturated portions of the overlying and underlying formations that are hydraulically connected to the Ogallala.
		In 1990, the Ogallala aquifer in the eight-state area of the Great Plains contained 3.270 billion acre-feet of water, of which about 65 percent was located under Nebraska.
		Approximately 95 percent of the water pumped from the Ogallala is for irrigation.
	www.hpwd.com /the_ogallala.asp (1667 words)

	The Ogallala Aquifer
		The bulk of the aquifer’s water is ancient, having filled the Ogallala rock formation during the wetter climate at the end of the Ice Age
		Approximately 90 percent of the water pumped from the Ogallala Aquifer is used for irrigation.
		Precipitation and surface streams replenish the aquifer, but surface streams in the arid High Plains are sparse and many are ephemeral, wet only at certain times of the year.
	hungeski.gnn.tv /blogs/21831/The_Ogallala_Aquifer (1817 words)

	Making It Last--Feeders and grain farmers work to conserve the Ogallala Aquifer.
		Aquifer's Formation The Ogallala owes its existence to the Rocky Mountains.
		The aquifer is the backbone of the grain belt which in turn serves the feeding industry.
		On a percentage basis, grain farming is the biggest guzzler of water from the Ogallala.
	beef-mag.com /mag/beef_making_lastfeeders_grain/index.html (1425 words)

	Geospatial Analysis and Geographic Information System Techniques Applied to the Ogallala Aquifer under Southwest Kansas
		The Ogallala aquifer is only a part of the High Plains aquifer, yet it is the single most important water source of the southwest corner of Kansas.
		Because of its lack of contact with the surface, the water contained in the Ogallala aquifer is very clean, and is used for agricultural, livestock, industrial, and domestic consumption.
		In this report, the conclusion was that very little was done to monitor the water coming from the Ogallala, due to its relative availability, and the actual impact on the aquifer water level was extremely insignificant when compared to the biggest influence in water level: farming.
	www.emporia.edu /earthsci/student/driessen1/gsa_gis_ogallala_swks.htm (741 words)

	Mining Water
		It found that the Ogallala had discharged perhaps 3 maf/yr into springs and rivers before development: this, then, would be a sustainable yield from the aquifer as it used to be, compared with the 1980 pumping rate of 18 maf/yr.
		The aquifer could possibly have its life extended by methods that would squeeze out the interstitial water from between the grains in the aquifer, but the extension would be brief and the end result the same.
		The High Plains of Texas have less water left in the Ogallala aquifer than in the other states, but that represents only a matter of time at present rates of depletion, especially as the other states were still increasing their acreages of irrigated land, and their pumping rates, in the late 1970s.
	www.geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL115/115CH18miningwater.html (7474 words)

	HA 730-E High Plains aquifer text
		The aquifer consists predominantly of the Ogallala Formation of late Tertiary age; locally, unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age are included in the aquifer.
		The average hydraulic conductivity for the 35,450 square miles of High Plains aquifer in Texas is estimated to be 65 feet per day; the average for the 7,350 square miles of the aquifer in Oklahoma is estimated to be 61 feet per day.
		The density of acreage that was irrigated by ground water from the High Plains aquifer during 1978 is shown in figure 46.
	capp.water.usgs.gov /gwa/ch_e/E-text5.html (2521 words)

	KSU - Western Kansas Irrigation Research Project - Brochure
		The importance of the Ogallala Aquifer in to region
		The economy of western Kansas is intricately tied to the Ogallala Aquifer.
		The aquifer is the principal water source for irrigation as well as industrial, municipal, and household use.
	www.wkarc.org /Research/WKIRP/brochure.htm (1239 words)

	Panhandle Plains Historical Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The southern Plains is under lain by the Ogallala aquifer, a vast underground geologic reservoir stretching from the Texas Panhandle northward to South Dakota.
		The Ogallala is neither an underground lake nor an underground river as envisioned by many, but a gigantic sponge holding enough water to fill Lake Huron.
		Most aquifers are replenished naturally by infiltration of water from precipitation of rain and snow; however, for several reasons, the Ogallala has a low recharge rate.
	www.panhandleplains.org /education/pop_geo_ogallala.php (531 words)

	Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer and Senate Bill 1
		It is now known that recharge to the aquifer is only through water infiltration from the surface, and fifty years of pumping has significantly lowered the water levels in the aquifer.
		The aquifer underlies the states from South Dakota to Texas and is the primary source of water for this region.
		Most of the water pumped from the aquifer is used for irrigation of farmlands, and this pumping has led to drastic reductions in the water levels of the aquifer.
	www.ce.utexas.edu /prof/maidment/grad/romanek/wtrproject/report.htm (4224 words)

	Senator Sam Brownback (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The High Plains Aquifer Hydrogeologic Characterization, Mapping, Modeling and Monitoring Act (S. 212) authorizes the U.S. Secretary of the Interior to cooperate with the High Plains Aquifer states in conducting a hydrogeologic characterization, mapping, modeling and monitoring program for the High Plains Aquifer.
		Given the charge to explore all possible options for long-term conservation, the Ogallala Task Force brought forth many of the same ideas that we are fortunate to now be seeing action taken on through the combined effort of local and state governments, as well as Congress.
		With an accurate assessment of the Aquifer levels we will be able to more efficiently focus our efforts at preserving the resources of the Ogallala.
	www.senate.gov /member/ks/brownback/general/pressapp/record.cfm?id=191072& (823 words)

	Scientists say drought accelerating depletion of Ogallala Aquifer
		Eight university scientists recently spent a week in western Kansas to measure the water levels of 500 wells that draw water from the aquifer.
		The Ogallala stretches from northern Texas to South Dakota and is a major source of water on the High Plains.
		Carl Holmes, a Republican from Liberal, served on a legislative committee with Clark that examined the aquifer's administration.
	www.uswaternews.com /archives/arcsupply/3scisay2.html (455 words)

	Water is Life - Groundwater drawdown (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The water pumped from Ogallala Aquifer is used mostly for irrigation purposes.
		Since people had started to rely on the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation of their fields, 6% of the aquifer has dropped to an unusable level that can no longer be pumped.
		One estimate states that the aquifer is being depleted at a rate of approximately 12 billion cubic meters per year.
	academic.evergreen.edu /g/grossmaz/WORMKA (1403 words)

	U.S. Senator Sam Brownback -- Ogallala Aquifer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The average decline throughout the aquifer since the advent of large-scale irrigation in the 1950s is about 13 feet.
		Rates of recharge (or the natural movement of water back into the aquifer) are low on the High Plains--less than an inch per year in most places.
		Because water is being removed at the rate of feet-per-year, the aquifer is, on the scale of human lifetimes, a non-renewable resource.
	brownback.senate.gov /liogallala.htm (208 words)

	High Plains Regional Ground-Water Study - High Plains aquifer system
		Approximately 20 percent of the irrigated land in the United States is in the High Plains and about 30 percent of the ground water used for irrigation in the U.S. is pumped from the High Plains aquifer.
		The quality of water in the High Plains aquifer generally is suitable for irrigation use but, in many places, the water does not meet U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards with respect to several dissolved constituents (dissolved solids/salinity, fluoride, chloride, and sulfate).
		The first and most aerially extensive component of the intensive study phase is the "Occurrence and Distribution Assessment." The goal of this assessment is to characterize, in a nationally consistent manner, the broad-scale geographic variations of ground-water quality related to major contaminant sources and background conditions.
	co.water.usgs.gov /nawqa/hpgw/HPGW_home.html (306 words)

	Ogallala Aquifer Symposium -- Washburn University School of Law
		The Ogallala Aquifer is part of the High Plains Aquifer system, an important source of groundwater for central and western Kansas.
		There has been concern in recent years that the level of groundwater in the aquifer is declining, and that it will not last in sufficient quantities to support such heavy use for irrigation.
		He discussed the geology of the aquifer, observing that there are several places with a great deal of groundwater available, and several places where the groundwater has already been substantially depleted.
	www.washburnlaw.edu /news/2005/2005-03els-ogallala.php (500 words)

	Nebraska's Sandhills conceal massive aquifer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the entire High Plains aquifer, the place where the water is deepest is beneath the Sandhills.
		The aquifer is estimated to be more than 1,000 feet thick in parts of the Sandhills, Pederson said, compared with an average of 100 feet in areas with less sandy and less permeable soils.
		Aquifer formation is just one of the sand's many effects in the Sandhills, said Pederson, who explained that the permeability of this sandy region limits surface runoff which would otherwise erode the land, forming permanent stream channels.
	www.uswaternews.com /archives/arcsupply/6nebsan.html (423 words)

	Maximum Yields for Ogallala Aquifer Established by State Water Board
		The Ogallala Formation is a bedrock aquifer that is part of the High Plains Aquifer, which underlies approximately 174,000 square miles.
		The U.S.G.S. calculated that the aquifer held 63.4 million acre-feet of groundwater in storage in the Oklahoma Panhandle in 1998.
		Although consumption from the Ogallala Formation totals 1,165,367 acre-feet per year for the seven counties -- and is high in some areas, such as heavily irrigated Texas County -- less than 10 percent of the entire basin is actually dedicated to water-use permits, Mathis said.
	www.lsb.state.ok.us /house/news5487.htm (830 words)

	WRIR 00-4188 Ogallala Aquifer and White River Aquifer
		The Ogallala aquifer and the underlying White River aquifer are important ground-water resources of public and private drinking water in the Cheyenne, Wyoming area.
		The temperature differences between the municipal water and the Ogallala aquifer water were examined in relation to selected hydraulic conductivities and it was found that the warmer municipal water would slightly increase the hydraulic conductivity if the water were injected into the Ogallala aquifer.
		Single aquifer completion may be particularly important in the Cheyenne area where the Ogallala aquifer may function as a porous media aquifer while the White River aquifer may function as a dual permeability or fracture flow aquifer (Wyoming Water Development Commission, 1994, 1995, 1998).
	pubs.usgs.gov /wri/wri004188/htms/report.htm (4851 words)

	Committee Suggests Plan for Preserving Ogllala Aquifer 11/21/01
		Beneath the region — and parts of seven other states — is the large sea called the Ogallala Aquifer, so mighty that if it were pumped out over the nation, the Ogallala would cover all 50 states with one and one-half feet of water.
		The Ogallala Aquifer is the western portion of the High Plains Aquifer, which underlies an even-larger portion of Kansas.
		Dodge City farmer Tom Bogner, who was the chairman of the Ogallala Aquifer Management Advisory Committee that drafted the recommendations, is sympathetic to irrigator’s concerns.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /news/sty/2001/ogallala1101.htm (1586 words)

	Choices Article - Conserving the Ogallala Aquifer: Efficiency, Equity, and Moral Motives
		The Ogallala Aquifer is a vast geologic formation that sprawls underneath parts of eight states from South Dakota to Texas.
		The aquifer is depleted in parts of northern Texas and west central Kansas.
		A large share of Ogallala water lies beneath the Nebraska Sandhills, where the resource remains largely untapped because crop irrigation is uneconomic.
	www.choicesmagazine.org /2003-1/2003-1-04.htm (2154 words)

	As Ogallala aquifer drops, Plains towns brace for costly future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The vast underground pool that fills Ulysses' faucets, called the Ogallala aquifer, is running low, forcing towns and farmers to spend beyond their means to tap alternative sources.
		In some places, the aquifer is flush with water; in the area near Nebraska's Platte River, for instance, streams quickly recharge the water table's deep channels.
		Aquifers hold the trapped runoff of several ice ages, but many in the United States are being depleted and contaminated.
	www.freenewmexican.com /news/38862.html (2253 words)

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