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Topic: Ohrid Literary Schools

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	Ohrid Literary School - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ohrid Literary School was one of the two major medieval Bulgarian cultural centres, along with the Preslav Literary School (Pliska Literary School).
		The school was established in Ohrid in 886 by Saint Clement of Ohrid simultaneously or shortly after the establishment of the Preslav Literary School.
		The Ohrid Literary School used the Glagolytic alphabet from its establishment until the 12th century and the Cyrillic alphabet from the end of the 9th century onwards.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ohrid_Literary_School (137 words)

	macedonian orthodox church - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Their mission was continued by several of the disciples of Methodius and Cyril who fled to Bulgaria where two literary schools in Pliska and Ohrid were established under the auspices of Bulgarian king Boris I.
		It existed under the name of Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid until 1767 when it was abolished by Ottoman ruler Mustapha III and its dioceses were annexed to the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
		In 1958, the Second Clergy and Laity Assembly was held in Ohrid and the proposal for restoration of the Ohrid Archdiocese of Saint Clement as a Macedonian Orthodox Church was accepted and Dositheus (Dositej) was appointed the first archbishop.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Macedonian-Orthodox-Church (1404 words)

	Early Middle Ages Encyclopedia Article @ Ensue.us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Cyrillic alphabet was invented by the Bulgarian scholar Clement of Ohrid in 885.
		Institutionally, these new schools were either under the responsibility of a monastery, a cathedral or a noble court.
		This school was founded in Basra by Wasil ibn Ata (700–748) and held that the Koran is a created work and that god desires only the best for man, views rejected by the Ash'ariyyah and Athariyyah ("Textualist") schools now considered orthodox.
	www.ensue.us /encyclopedia/Early_Middle_Ages (7394 words)

	THE REVIVAL
		The literary work "Autobiography" (1885) by Prlicev is a testimony of the Revival process in Ohrid, and of the hardships of the author.
		The exact number of the inhabitants in Ohrid in the late XIX century is uncertain since the Turks did not conduct any statistical quantification of the population.
		That was a period of conflicts between the Municipality of Ohrid and the Bulgarian advocates.
	www.ohrid.org.mk /eng/istorija/prerodba.htm (1334 words)

	Macedonian Orthodox Church
		The Monk Sava, aware of the animosity between the Nicean King Lascaris and the Despot of Epirus, circumvented the Ohrid Archbishop Homatian and sought autocephality for the Serbian Orthodox Church from the Patriarch of Nicea.
		He convinced the Ottoman authorities that the Ohrid Bishops were the enemy of the Ottoman Empire and asked the authorities in Constantinopole to call in Arsenij regarding the debts of the Archbishopric.
		Schools in the Macedonian language and their financial sustenance were to a large extent supported by Macedonian monks from monasteries on Mount Athos.
	www.macedonianchurch.org /HistoryofMacedonianOrthodoxChurch.htm (13956 words)

	Clement of Ohrid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Theophylactus of Ohrid, Clement was born in southwestern Bulgaria.
		The first of the schools was to be founded in the capital, Pliska, and the second one in the region of Kutmichevitza (present-day western Macedonia).
		While Naum of Preslav stayed in Pliska working on the foundation of the Pliska Literary School, Clement was sent by Boris to Ohrid in Kutmichevitza with the commission to organise the teaching of Old Church Slavonic there.
	clement-of-ohrid.iqnaut.net (553 words)

	Makedonija/Macedonia - "Aneta Serafimova"
		Ohrid was thenceforth a spring of new water, a fast-flowing stream which flowed unchecked through Macedonia and merged, as a constituent part, into the vast sea of Slavonic and Byzantine culture.
		Slavonic philologists are unanimous as far as the dating and the origin of these texts are concerned: the manuscripts are morphologically and lexically closely related, composed in Ohrid either at the end of the 10th or the beginning of the 11th century and based on models dating from Clement's time.
		The first of the schools was to be founded in the capital, Pliska, and the second one in the region of Kutmichevitza (present-day western Republic of Macedonia).
	www.makedonija.com /dcforum/DCForumID22/110.html (2874 words)

	History of the Macedonian People from Ancient times to the Present - Part XVIII, by Risto Stefov
		During his stay in Ohrid he was instrumental in founding the Ohrid Literary School and developing the first university in the Balkans and perhaps in all of Europe.
		Some historians argue that Kliment of Ohrid's visit to the Bulgar capital and his resignation as bishop a few months before his death was in response to the violence and devastation the Bulgars inflicted on the territory of the Bishopric of Velika.
		Bogomilism was strongest in the territory defined by the triangle of the Vardar River, Ohrid and Mt. Shar.
	www.maknews.com /html/articles/stefov/stefov37.html (9875 words)

	Macedonia for the Macedonians
		Lake Ohrid and the town of Ohrid are under the protectin of UNESCO.
		Ohrid was the cradle of Slavonic literacy, which the brothers Cyril and Methody and later their students spread to other Slav peoples starting from the 9th century.
		The Ohrid Summer Festival was established as an expression of the growing potential in the fields of music and drama in Macedonia.
	www.makedonija.info /culture.html (2582 words)

	Bulgarian literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As the Bulgarian Empire was subjugated by the Byzantines in 1018, Bulgarian literary activity declined.
		Literary activity largely ceased, being concentrated in the monasteries that established themselves as centres of Bulgarian culture in the foreign empire.
		A literary tradition continued to exist relatively uninterrupted during the early Ottoman rule in northwestern Bulgaria up until the Chiprovtsi Uprising in end of the 17th century among the Bulgarian Catholics who were supported by the Catholic states of Central Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bulgarian_literature (791 words)

	MACEDONIAN LANGUAGE
		Kliment of Ohrid (Kliment Ohridski 840-916) was the founder of the Ohrid literary school.
		The Macedonian literary language, the official language of the Republic of Macedonia has already been in the use for three decades (1945-1972), for the rich and developed literature of the Macedonian's.
		Besides its use in administration, public communications, schools, newspapers, radio, and television and theatres, the Macedonian language is used in literary works, translations as well as in foreign universities which hold permanent language courses in Macedonian language.
	www.cybermacedonia.com /mlanguag.html (1136 words)

	[No title]
		Attention is focused on the life, public and literary activity of the Slav First Teachers, their disciples and followers.
		The Cyrillo-Methodian sources in the Slavonic, Byzantine and Latin literary heritage, and the Cyrillo-Methodian translated and original works are researched, as well as the activity of the Preslav and Ohrid literary schools - heirs and continuers of the literary and spiritual-educational work of the Holy Brothers Cyril and Methodius.
		The attention was directed also to the literary heritage of the Slavs’ First Teachers (the Methodian translation of the Old Testament), to the church calendars and to the Cyrillo-Methodian traditions during the Middle Ages and the National Revival.
	kmnc.bas.bg /research.html (553 words)

	Short history of Macedonia
		They included the opening of schools in an attempt to inculcate a particular linguistic and confessional identity, the control of ecclesiastical office, influence over the course of railway building, diplomatic attempts to secure the ear of the Turkish Sultan.
		The Ohrid Archbishopric was restored in 1958, and its autocephaly was declared in 1967.
		Literary circles and cultural and artistic associations were founded contributing to the spreading of the Macedonian culture.
	www.historyofmacedonia.org /ConciseMacedonia/ShortHistory.html (5577 words)

	LITERATURE
		Their students, out of whom Clement of Ohrid was the most renowned author, wrote the first original literary works.
		Although written in village Ravne- Ohrid, Slavic put this script in the Bitola written heritage, due to the fact that it is considered that this Psalter had been used in Bitola.
		Among the thick stone walls and the dark premises of Christian temples, under the weak light of the candles and the stuffy fire of pines, rich Bitola written heritage was born.
	www.orbis.com.mk /Literature.htm (1952 words)

	History of Bulgaria biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The alphabet and the Old Church Slavonic language gave rise to a rich literary and cultural activity centered around the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by order of Boris I in 886.
		The flowering of the Turnovo school of art was related to the construction of palaces and churches, to literary activity in the royal court and the monasteries, and to the development of handicrafts.
		Remarkable achievements of this school have been preserved down to this day: the murals of the Boyars' houses in Trapezitsa and the Forty Holy Martyrs church in Veliko Turnovo, the Boyana Church (1259) and the rock church near the village of Ivanovo.
	www.biography.ms /History_of_Bulgaria.html (5464 words)

	HISTORY OF MACEDONIA, ИСТОРИЯ НА МАКЕДОНИЯ, MACEDONIA HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		That the invention of a separate Macedonian nation, a Macedonian literary language and even a Macedonian history, is divorced from all the evidences of historical research and scholarship.
		It goes without saying that the endeavors to divest the Macedo-Bulgarians of their national identity were accompanied in recent times by violent measures designed to lend force to the arguments set forth by Pan-Serbian propaganda, no matter whether this propaganda appeared disguised as scholarship or downright indoctrination.
		This was not only upon the basis of the logically had introduced in their schools, but on the basis of all other ethnic features by which a given nationality is judged.
	macedonia-history.blogspot.com /2006/10/historicals-about-macedonian-history.html (5137 words)

	macmodnat2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The careers of some of the important literary figures in Macedonia in the nineteenth century illustrate the degree to which the different languages and cultures of the Balkans had not yet become separated into bounded, mutually exclusive national spheres.
		Grigor Prlichev, who was born in Ohrid in western Macedonia in 1830, gained his reputation as a famous poet when his poem 'The Bandit' written in Greek, won a prize in Athens in 1860.
		Dimitar was born in Struga on Lake Ohrid in 1810.
	www.ucc.ie /staff/jprodr/macedonia/macmodnat2.html (1194 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 6
		According to an alternative theory, the alphabet was devised at the Ohrid Literary School
		by Saint Climent of Ohrid, a Bulgarian scholar and disciple of Cyril and Methodius.
		A pious monk and hermit St Ivan of Rila (Ivan Rilski, 876-946), became the patron saint of Bulgaria.
	www.ewtodanmark.dk /magazine/Data/p09.html (1412 words)

	Bulgaria Encyclopedia Article @ AgeEighteen.com (Age Eighteen) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A country often described to lie at the crossroads linking the East and West, Bulgaria was the centre of Slavic Europe during much of the Middle Ages, exerting considerable literary and cultural influence over the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world by means of the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools.
		Bulgaria is also the birthplace of the Cyrillic alphabet, the second most widely used alphabet in the world, which was developed in these two schools in the 10th century.
		A number of ancient civilizations, most notably the Thracians, Greeks, Romans and Bulgars have left their mark on the culture, history and heritage of Bulgaria.
	www.ageeighteen.com /encyclopedia/Bulgaria (3980 words)

	Short History
		Following the death's of St. Clement and St. Naum, the literary school was continued by their students.
		The church-school communities and their church, cultural, educational and patriotic activities were a confirmation that following the abolition of the Ohrid Archbishopric the Macedonian people of the church acted in the spirit of St. Clement's and St.
		This National Church Assembly has reached a decision to restore the ancient Macedonian Ohrid Arch bishopric that was forcefully abolished in 1767, and whose eparchies were annexed to the Patriarchy of Constantinopole; the same is to carry the name "Macedonian Orthodox Church."
	www.m-p-c.org /History/history.htm (13975 words)

	Timeline of the History of Macedonia
		Cyril and Methodius’ disciples Clement and Naum of Ohrid spread the Christianity in the Slavonic language and establish the first Slavonic University, the Ohrid Literary School.
		In this same year Krste Misirkov from Pella (Postol), the founder of the modern Macedonian literary language and orthography, publishes his "On Macedonian Matters", in which he projects the principles for standardization of the Macedonian literary language.
		The Ohrid Archbishopric, abolished in 1767 by the Ottoman Turks under Greek pressure, is restored.
	www.historyofmacedonia.org /ConciseMacedonia/timeline.html (2473 words)

	Bulgarians - Definition, explanation
		Medieval Bulgaria was the most important cultural centre of the Slavs at the end of the 9th and throughout the 10th century.
		The two literary schools at Preslav and Ohrid developed a rich literary and cultural activity with writers of the rank of Constantine of Preslav, John Exarch, Chernorizetz Hrabar, Clement and Naum of Ohrid.
		Bulgaria exerted a similar influence on its neighbouring countries in the middle and the end of the 14th century, at the time of the Turnovo Literary School, with the work of Patriarch Evtimiy, Grigorii Tsamblak, Konstantin of Kostenets (Konstantin Kostenechki).
	www.calsky.de /lexikon/en/txt/b/bu/bulgarians.php (1946 words)

	Clement of Ohrid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first of the schools was to be founded in the capital, Pliska, and the second one in the region of Kutmichevica (present-day western Republic of Macedonia and eastern Albania).
		For a period of seven years — between 886 and 893 — Clement taught the Slavonic language and the Glagolitic alphabet to some 3,500 disciples.
		Kliment Ohridski on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Saint Clement of Ohrid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid (610 words)

	SOUVENIRS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Bulgaria accepted their disciples who laid the foundations of the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools.
		A new stage in the development of the Orthodox culture was marked by the Turnovo Literary School (14-th c.).
		The Christian missioners, the brothers Constantine-Cyril, the Philosopher, and Methodius gave a new impetus to the Ancient Bulgarian civilization.
	tangra.bitex.com /eng/souvenirs.htm (1322 words)

	Macedonia FAQ: A Concise History of Macedonia
		Their disciples St. Clement and St. Naum established the first Slavic University, the Ohrid Literary School, located in Plaoshnik (Imaret), a part of Ohrid's Old Town.
		The establishment of the first Slavic bishopric, later to become an Ohrid Archbishopric during the reign of Tsar Samuil, marked the beginning of the Macedonian Orthodox Church.
		Although first calls for the restoration of the Macedonian Orthodox Church emerged at the end of 1944, and beginning of 1945, the Ohrid Archbishopric was restored in 1958, and its autocephaly was declared in 1967.
	faq.macedonia.org /history/concise.history.html (4459 words)

	History of Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Remarkable achievements of this school have been preserved down to this day: the murals of the Boyars' houses in Trapezitsa and the Forty Holy Martyrs church in Veliko Tarnovo, the Boyana Church (1259) and the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo.
		Since few outside the church were literate, the dominance of the Greek clergy led to the decline of Bulgarian elite culture.
		There was not a single pure Bulgarian-language modern school in the country until 1835.
	history-of-bulgaria.iqnaut.net (6075 words)

	History of Bulgaria : About Bulgaria
		He organised the translation of a number of Christian Orthodox books from Greek into Bulgarian, patronised the Pliska-Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools and himself was a man of letters.
		The Turnovo Literary School, especially during the work of the great man of letters and clerical leader Patriarch Euthimius (1375-1394), exerted powerful influence on the Orthodox world, mostly to the emerging new great power — Russia of Moscow.
		The struggle for independent church and freedom of religious belonging, the publishing of books, and later of Bulgarian periodicals, the foundation of Bulgarian secular schools as well as the official establishment of Bulgarian language and culture, were the steps towards the revival of the nation.
	en.zonebulgaria.com /general_information/history (6206 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC -
		Parents, local officials, teachers and school administrators have made a powerful choice to lead the way in modeling healthy behaviors for our children...
		Even though the school board approved this calendar, maybe they forgot the miraculous birth that split time (B.C. and A.D.) on...
		A 37-year-old Lexington woman reported to police that a man punched her in the face three times and stole $4 from her purse in the parking lot of the Davidson County Governmental Center on Wednesday.
	the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?...&template=wiki&text=Bulgaria (961 words)

	Bulgaria 7 :: The brothers Cyril and Methodius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		They set up two renowned literary schools – the Ohrid and Preslav ones.
		In his celebrated poem Alphabetic Prayer Constantine Preslavski extolled the Slavonic alphabet as a symbol of enlightenment and progress.
		The Preslav school prospered during the reign of Tsar Simeon the Great in 10 c.
	www.bulgaria7.com /content/the-brothers-cyril-and-methodius (1253 words)

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