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Topic: Oil Rivers

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In the News (Thu 26 Nov 09)

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	Oil Production and Environmental Damage
		The effects of oil on marine life are cause by either the physical nature of the oil (physical contamination and smothering) or by its chemical components (toxic effects and accumulation leading to tainting).
		Oil waste in the past was placed in holes in the ground that contaminated the forests and the rivers.
		Oil drilling is a profitable business for the exploring corporation as well as the Colombian government which receives a large sum of money for each barrel of oil recovered.
	www.american.edu /TED/projects/tedcross/xoilpr15.htm (5889 words)

	Response Handbook: Response Tactics - Water, on oil-spill-web
		Oil spill response at open sea is a challenging task, and is normaly only initiated if the oil pollution threatens a shoreline or important marine life.
		Please observe that the speed of the river current may require that the booms are positioned in a very small angle relative to the direction of the current.
		The oil must be deflected to the slow side of the river (the inner bank at a curve).
	www.oil-spill-web.com /handbook/3.htm (2798 words)

	Untitled Document
		Oil is thus being continuously pumped from the ground, refined, transported and stored, resulting in spilling by “operations” or “accidents”.
		Predominantly, an oil spill is related to the spills caused due to accidents involving tankers, causing a serious impact on coastal activities and on those who exploit the resources of the sea.
		Oil spills cleanup techniques depend largely on the type of oil, the conditions present at the location and during the time of the spill.
	www.temple.edu /environment/review_oil_spills.htm (2433 words)

	t r u t h o u t - William Rivers Pitt: The Prophecy of Oil
		The oil industry, predictably, considers Campbell to be a doomsaying loony, an espouser of flat-earth economics who totally discounts both the vast amounts of oil yet to be drilled, and the ability of technology to find more.
		Oil is dirty, and its byproducts are doing demonstrable and ever-increasing damage to the environment which sustains life on Earth.
		So long as there is oil and trillions of dollars to be made from it, this gospel will continue to be preached even as all the attendant problems that come with oil attack the basic underpinnings of life and liberty.
	www.truthout.org /docs_2005/030705Z.shtml (1815 words)

	Detroit and Rouge River Oil Pollution \| Indicators \| MED Large Lakes Research Branch \| US EPA
		The lower half of the river is distinct from the upper half in that it is divided and separated with shoals and islands, which provide an increased abundance of food for waterfowl (Hartig and Stafford 2003).
		Oil spills continue to occur, including the largest oil spill in the Great Lakes in the last 12 years that occurred in 2002 (Figure 1).
		Still, oil slicks were reported on the Detroit River one-third of the time during the winter and spring between 1950 and 1955 by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1962).
	www.epa.gov /med/grosseile_site/indicators/oilspills.html (1320 words)

	Niger Delta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Niger Delta, the delta of the Niger River in Nigeria, is a densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it was once a major producer of palm oil.
		The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate.
		The environmental devastation associated with the industry and the lack of distribution of oil wealth have been the source and/or key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements and inter-ethnic conflicts in the region, including recent guerilla activity by the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oil_Rivers (456 words)

	AEHS Magazine- October 2001
		The soot and oil mist eventually settled in the oil fields, urban and desert areas, and in the Arabian Gulf being driven by the predominantly northwest-southeast winds.
		This study, which uses satellite imagery to monitor the spatial and temporal changes in the oil lakes in the affected oil fields, is part of a multidisciplinary study being conducted by the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research to monitor the long-term effect from the oil lakes and oil-polluted soils.
		Initially the oil lakes were indistinguishable from the surroundings in satellite Landsat TM images owing to lack of contrast with the surroundings.
	www.aehsmag.com /issues/2001/october/landsat.htm (1849 words)

	Energy Special: Oil in Troubled Waters
		He denounced oil companies and said he could not be responsible for the safety of foreign nationals working in the area.
		Rivers State officials have attempted to discredit Asari by portraying him as a corrupt oil thief.
		Oil theft is widely thought to be done with high-level official complicity: two rear-admirals were sacked in January after a court martial found them guilty of involvement in the disappearance, in 2003, of an impounded tanker that had been shipping stolen oil from the Delta.
	www.truthout.org /cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi/34/9960 (3675 words)

	Ecuador Oil Exports
		The tribes claim that the oil drilling, which included the dumping of oil and contaminated water into the Amazon basin, has resulted in the death of thousands of people.
		The oil companies that drilled in the rain forest were responsible for "felling thousands of acres of trees, dynamiting the earth, spilling vast amounts of oil, destroying habitats, and fouling rivers."3 This destruction has limited resources available to the tribes living in the Amazon (see BRAZIL case).
		Indigenous groups are calling for a 15-year moratorium on oil drilling, which would include repairing the environment, the receipt of 1 percent of the oil profits, and all companies paying an indemnification.
	www.american.edu /ted/ecuador.htm (2611 words)

	FAQs - Used Motor Oil Collection and Recycling - American Petroleum Institute
		Recycling the motor oil from your car, truck, motorcycle, boat, RV, or lawnmower is one way that you can demonstrate your commitment to protect the environment for future generations while conserving energy resources.
		Used motor oil can be reprocessed into fuel that can be used in furnaces for heat, or in power plants to generate electricity for homes, schools and businesses.
		Oil is an essential part of your engine’s life.
	www.recycleoil.org /faqs/index.html (670 words)

	Violence in Nigeria's Oil Rich Rivers State in 2004 : The Emergence of Armed Groups in Rivers State
		Since oil exploration began in Nigeria in the 1950s, the nine states that constitute the Niger Delta have been sites of intense violence, from the Biafran war of succession in the 1960s to the Ogoni uprising in the early 1990s.
		Oil bunkering is the illegal tapping directly into oil pipelines, often at manifolds or well-heads, and the extraction of crude oil which is piped into river barges that are hidden in small tributaries.
		Oil companies say that they have frequently reported incidents to the authorities, which has prompted the government since 2003, to improve and expand its security patrols on the waterways, seize vessels involved, and more recently prosecute several naval commanders for their involvement.
	hrw.org /backgrounder/africa/nigeria0205/2.htm (2878 words)

	MAS -- Why Recycling Oil Is Important (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Used oil placed in household drains enters sewage treatment systems, but home septic systems and municipal sewage treatment systems are not designed to handle oil, which can stop bacterial action from occurring.
		Oil in waterways rises to the top, forming a film that blocks sunlight, impairs photosynthesis, and prevents oxygen replenishment.
		Oil in surface waters also disrupts the oxygen cycle when certain microorganisms grow and reproduce rapidly, using oil as a food source.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/04/03854/mas/usedoil1.html (510 words)

	Niger Delta Fund Initiative - Political definition of N-Delta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Before oil became the issue in Nigeria and unwholesome politics influenced the true definition of the Niger Delta, it was less contiguous with the old Ahoada, Degema, Opobo, Ogoni, Brass, Western Ijaw and Warri Divisions.
		The consequences of oil and gas exploration arising from air, water and environmental pollution may affect the fertility and life span of the inhabitants in such a manner that fecundity may fall and the birth of abnormal babies and plants may increase.
		Since oil drilling began in the 1960s, migration into the region has greatly increased and there is high population density on habitable land in the riverine and coastal areas.
	www.earthrights.net /nigeria/news/definition.html (2909 words)

	Rupert Deese \| Nancy Hoffman Gallery
		Deese was born in California, and often returns to the landscape that kindled his mind and imagination while growing up.
		The rivers and mountains provide infinite opportunities for the artist, combining meditative abstract painting with a careful rendering of the landscape, a unique approach.
		The right edge dips into the Tuolumne River, near the Hetch Hetchy Valley, now a reservoir for San Francisco." The Col series is orchestrated around a rise in the landscape rather than a bowl, unique for Deese in his work.
	nancyhoffmangallery.com /deese/2004.html (551 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Oil Rivers Protectorate
		The British sphere of interest in the Niger basin was internationally recognized in 1885, as the second British outpost in the Niger river region, after Lagos (1862).
		In 1900 this enlarged protectorate was amalgamated with the southern part of the territory that had been administered by the Royal Niger Company to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria (1900-1914).
		In 1885 the Oil River Irregulars were established, a unit of Africans commanded by British officers.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/westafrica/oilrivers.html (549 words)

	NOAA's National Ocean Service Office of Response and Restoration \| Emergency Response \| Responding to Oil Spills
		Apart from oil spills caused by human actions, oil also is released into the environment from natural oil seeps in the ocean bottom.
		The way oil behaves depends on the kind of oil, the kind of ground it has spilled onto (e.g., coarse or fine sand, rock, mudflat, and so on), the kind of environment it spills into, and the weather at the time of the spill.
		Oil may not penetrate at all into a fine-grained beach, because the sand grains are so closely packed together that there's little space between them for the oil to penetrate.
	response.restoration.noaa.gov /faqs/oilspills.html (1700 words)

	Oil excavation in the U
		Following the first success in oil drilling in Pennsylvania, 1859 (versus skimming it off rivers), oil production became a focus of competition to capture the market of illumination.
		Under J. Rockefeller, Standard Oil built itself into the largest refinery in the U.S., and consequently was indicted for being a monopoly by the Anti-trust law.
		Conclusion: by early 20th century, oil had become a political commodity, and its control led to international competition for the control of the oil producing countries by not private companies, but governments.
	www.indiana.edu /~hisdcl/h232/oil1.htm (498 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - UK issues proposals for control of oil storage facilities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Oil is a major source of pollution, accounting for over 6,000 substantiated incidents annually - some 26 % of all substantiated incidents.
		The Government proposes, therefore, to introduce Regulations setting minimum standards for the construction of oil storage facilities for industrial and commercial, institutional and institutional residential premises.
		Some expenditure would be offset by a reduction in lost oil, in clean-up operations and in fines imposed after an incident.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/nte65205.htm (215 words)

	Rivers State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		NG-RI Rivers State is one of the 36 states of Nigeria.
		The inland part of Rivers state consists of tropical rainforest; towards the coast the typical river delta environment features many mangrove swamps.
		Rivers state was part of the Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 till 1893, when it became part of the Niger Coast Protectorate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rivers_State (194 words)

	Alabama Water Quality Information System - FAQ Results
		Here are four reasons why oil spills in rivers differ from spills that occur in the open ocean: 1) Some oils are denser than river water.-- Oil usually floats because it is less dense than the water it is floating on.
		Sometimes the density of an oil is so close to that of river water that the oil moves along the river partly underwater.
		Unlike in a bay or the open ocean, currents in a river are generally directed downstream (except very close to the mouth of the river, where it enters the ocean; here, a flood tide might actually reverse the flow of the surface water).
	www.aces.edu /waterquality/faq/faq_results.php3?rowid=2319 (598 words)

	glassdog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The BBC shows the devastating effect that the discovery of oil in Nigeria is having on...
		The BBC shows the devastating effect that the discovery of oil in Nigeria is having on the land and its population.
		Sure, the government earns US$10billion annually, but the people remain mired in poverty, and Shell Oil's decision to burn off the natural gas rather than refine it, repeated oil spills and very lax equipment maintenance is causing untold environmental damage.
	www.glassdog.com /archives/2004/06/23/rivers_of_oil.html (141 words)

	J. P. Clark Bekederemo's Play All For Oil Dramtizes the Ironic Impoverishment of Niger Delta
		All For Oil opens with Chief Bekederimo, "the largest trader and middleman for the Royal Niger Company," in the Oil Rivers Protectorate embroiled in a conversation with Egbe, his friend and brother-in-law, and Fiobode, Egbe's wife.
		Nigeria, in collaboration with the multi-national oil companies, has perpetrated untoward atrocities against the indigenes, in the maintenance of the culture of desperation in the protection of the economic interest which has remained largely the same in the past 100 years.
		In All For Oil, Clark-Bekederimo's biographical drama, the playwright tapped from his knowledge of the historical antecedents of the trade in palm oil, in the colonial period to make a vitriolic castigation of the role of the Nigerian ruling class, in the present crisis of oil in the Niger Delta, and Nigeria.
	www.waado.org /NigerDelta/FedGovt/Federalism/JPClark.html (1209 words)

	How to Organize a Collection Event for Waste Oil
		An estimated 6.5 million gallons of waste oil is generated from Nebraska automobiles and light trucks each year, with an additional 5.3 million gallons generated by farm and ranch operations in Nebraska.
		Waste oil which is improperly disposed in sewers disrupts local treatment plants and in some cases drains directly into streams or rivers.
		Immediate notification is required regardless of the quantity of oil released which occurs beneath the surface of the land, or impacts or threatens waters of the state, or threatens the public health and welfare.
	www.deq.state.ne.us /Publica.nsf/pages/was011 (2217 words)

	A REVIEW OF UNITED NATIONS ACTION FOR AN OIL EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA
		Refined oil products are shipped to South Africa from several Western countries and no action has been taken by them to prevent the involvement of oil tanker companies and other interests from involvement in illegal supply of oil from oilexporting countries to South Africa.
		The oil embargo received further attention in 1977 because of revelations concerning the illegal supply of oil to Southern Rhodesia, as well as a decision of the Organization of African Unity to establish a special committee to promote an oil embargo against South Africa.
		A total embargo on the supply of crude oil and oil products to South Africa is essential as a reinforcement and extension of the mandatory arms embargo imposed by the Security Council in resolution 418 (1977) of 4 November 1977.
	www.anc.org.za /un/reddy/oilembargo.html (5609 words)

	Philippine News -- Manila Standard Today -- Nigerian rebels free 2 Filipino oil workers -- june27_2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Port Harcourt is the hub of the country’s multibillion-dollar oil and gas industry in the Niger Delta, where several major oil firms have their operational bases.
		Nigeria is Africa’s largest oil producer and the world’s sixth exporter with a daily output of 2.6 million barrels, most of which is derived from the Niger Delta.
		The Rivers State administration, headed by Gov. Peter Odili, led negotiations with the kidnappers to secure the men’s release.
	www.manilastandardtoday.com /?page=news05_june27_2006 (492 words)

	Oil Rivers Protectorate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1900 this enlarged protectorate was amalgamated with the southern part of the territory that had been administered by the Royal Niger Company to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria.
		The problem is that the Oil Rivers Protectorate and the Niger Coast Protectorate were administered by the Foreign Office and not transferred to the Colonial Office until 1899.
		According to Van Steenbergen the flag of the consul at Creektown, Old Calabar in 1860, was a White Ensign with K in the upper fly, E in the lower hoist and H in the lower fly.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ng_orp.html (178 words)

	Rivers of Oil Blood Run near the Eiffel Tower (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Rivers of Oil Blood Run near the Eiffel Tower
		Unable to reach him on a cell phone, the situation must be dealt with as it stands.
		The Eiffel Tower looms in the background and a man-made river turns a dirty mixture of oil and blood.
	www.red-ice.net /specialreports/riversofoilblood.html (458 words)

	NOAA's National Ocean Service Office of Response and Restoration \| Emergency Response \| Planning for Environmental ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Oil usually floats because it is less dense than the water it is floating on.
		This doesn't happen very often, but it's something we have to think about whenever oil is spilled in a river.
		The greater predictability of river currents makes it easier to forecast which way the oil will move.
	response.restoration.noaa.gov /faqs/riverspills.html (613 words)

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