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Topic: Oil Rivers Protectorate

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	Oil Rivers Protectorate
		The protectorate was established in 1885, and in 1893 was extended and re-named the Niger Coast Protectorate.
		The problem is that the Oil Rivers Protectorate and the Niger Coast Protectorate were administered by the Foreign Office and not transferred to the Colonial Office until 1899.
		According to Van Steenbergen the flag of the consul at Creektown, Old Calabar in 1860, was a White Ensign with K in the upper fly, E in the lower hoist and H in the lower fly.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ng_orp.html (178 words)

	Rivers State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		NG-RI Rivers State is one of the 36 states of Nigeria.
		The inland part of Rivers state consists of tropical rainforest; towards the coast the typical river delta environment features many mangrove swamps.
		Rivers state was part of the Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 till 1893, when it became part of the Niger Coast Protectorate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rivers_State (187 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the rivers are rhinoceros, hippopotamus and crocodile.
		The administrative headquarters of Northern Nigeria are at Zungeru, on the Kaduna river, in 6° 09' 40" E., 9° 48' 32" N. Apart from the sea and river ports and the towns in Yorubaland, the chief centres of population are in the open plains east of the Niger.
		In the plains of the north, inhabited by Hausa and by agricultural pagan tribes, and in the fertile river valleys, agriculture is regularly carried on.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=48410 (9496 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Oil Rivers Protectorate
		In 1893 it was extended and re-named the Niger Coast Protectorate.
		In 1900 this enlarged protectorate was amalgamated with the southern part of the territory that had been administered by the Royal Niger Company to form the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria (1900-1914).
		In 1885 the Oil River Irregulars were established, a unit of Africans commanded by British officers.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/westafrica/oilrivers.html (533 words)

	CORRESPONDENCE AND PAPERS OF THE NIGER COAST PROTECTORATE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Oil Rivers Protectorate was proclaimed in 1891 as a major step by the British Government to establish an effective administration in its own sphere of influence after the partitioning of the continent of Africa by the super power in Europe, Britain, Belgium, Germany, France and Spain as aftermath of the Berlin Conference.
		The Niger Coast Protectorate had the same responsibilities as the Oil Rivers Protectorate, that is the promotion of trade as well as the protection of British traders in the new territory.
		His recommendation of a Crown Colony for the Oil Rivers was rejected instead the British government decided to proclaim a protectorate over the territories and in 1891 the Oil Rivers Protectorate was established with Major Mcdonald as the Commissioner.
	www2.hu-berlin.de /orient/nae/nigcoast.htm (1766 words)

	Niger Coast Protectorate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Initially the postage stamps of Britain were used; in July 1892 they were overprinted with "BRITISH / PROTECTORATE / OIL / RIVERS".
		The name change occurred just as new stamps were being prepared, and so the first issue of the Niger Coast Protectorate, featuring a 3/4 portrait of Queen Victoria, was inscribed "OIL RIVERS" but obliterated and overprinted "NIGER COAST".
		These stamps continued for the remainder of the protectorate's existence, with a change over to use the "Crown and CA" watermark from 1897 on (the paper had previously been unwatermarked).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate (245 words)

	Oil Rivers - TheBestLinks.com - Nigeria, Niger River, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, 1893, ...
		The Oil Rivers is a name for the delta of the Niger River in Nigeria.
		The name was given to the region by because the region was a major producer of palm oil.
		The densely populated area became the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Oil_Rivers.html (144 words)

	Nigeria - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		About two-thirds of Nigeria lies in the watershed of the Niger River, which empties in to the Atlantic at the Niger Delta, and its major tributaries: the Benue in the northeast, the Kaduna in the west, the Sokoto in the northwest, and the Anambra in the southeast.
		Several rivers of the watershed flow directly to the Atlantic, notably the Cross in southeastern Nigeria and the Ogun, Oshun, and Osse in the southwest.
		Saro-Wiwa and his fellow dissidents were critics of the oil industry, which had brought a range of environmental ills to their Ogoni homeland in the Niger Delta.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/refarttextonly.aspx?refid=761557915&print=0 (15341 words)

	Odili and his critics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Rivers State Governor, Peter Odili has of late been a victim of unfair attacks from a camp of self-serving politicians obviously lamenting a loss, or lack of hold on power.
		Chibudon Nwuche, have succeeded, as it were, in reducing Rivers State to some other states where in-fighting amongst their elders effectively distracted the governors from propelling the states towards growth and development.
		The fighters in Rivers are unfortunately too obsessed with their individual goals, to see the achievements of the governor; a thing that should have gladdened their hearts as a product of PDP led government.
	www.nigerdeltacongress.com /oarticles/odili_and_his_critics.htm (1019 words)

	Nigeria - HISTORY
		Palm oil was used locally for cooking, the kernels were a source for food, trees were tapped for palm wine, and the fronds were used for building material.
		Although the high commissiones possessed unlimited executive and legislative powers in the protectorate, most of the activities of government were undertaken by the emirs and their local administrations, subject to British approval.
		Oil income was still marginal, but the prospects for continued economic expansion appeared bright and further accentuated political rivalries on the eve of independence.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/nigeria/HISTORY.html (18762 words)

	THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH ADMINISTRATION IN THE URHOBO COUNTRY (1891-1913) By Adogbeji Salubi
		Macdonald became the Commissioner and Consul-General of the Oil Rivers Protectorate with headquarters at Calabar from 1891 to 1896.
		The Chief was an Itsekiri of Batere, Benin River.
		Granville and Felix N. Roth--Notes on the Jekris, Sobos and Ijohs of the Warri District of the Niger Coast Protectorate, (1898).
	www.waado.org /Biographies/Salubi/Publications/British_Urhobo.htm (10560 words)

	Oil Rivers Protectorate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The protectorate was established in 1885, and in 1893 was extended and re-named the Niger Coast Protectorate.
		The problem is that the Oil Rivers Protectorate and the Niger Coast Protectorate were administered by the Foreign Office and not transferred to the Colonial Office until 1899.
		According to Van Steenbergen the flag of the consul at Creektown, Old Calabar in 1860, was a White Ensign with K in the upper fly, E in the lower hoist and H in the lower fly.
	www.fotw.net /FLAGS/ng_orp.html (178 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		The interior was first penetrated by explorers seeking the source of the Niger River, notably the British explorer Mungo Park in 1795–96 and the British explorers Richard Lemon Lander (1804–34) and John Lander (1807–39) in 1830–31.
		In the 19th century palm oil became so important an article of commerce that the delta region was known as Oil Rivers.
		Revenues from oil exports, which exceeded $20 billion in 1980, declined to $10 billion in 1982, and Nigeria was unable to repay its short-term debts.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/nations/nigeria.html (5258 words)

	Niger Delta Fund Initiative - Political definition of N-Delta
		Before oil became the issue in Nigeria and unwholesome politics influenced the true definition of the Niger Delta, it was less contiguous with the old Ahoada, Degema, Opobo, Ogoni, Brass, Western Ijaw and Warri Divisions.
		The consequences of oil and gas exploration arising from air, water and environmental pollution may affect the fertility and life span of the inhabitants in such a manner that fecundity may fall and the birth of abnormal babies and plants may increase.
		Since oil drilling began in the 1960s, migration into the region has greatly increased and there is high population density on habitable land in the riverine and coastal areas.
	www.earthrights.net /nigeria/news/definition.html (2909 words)

	Niger-delta-wiki
		The Niger Delta, the delta of the Niger River in Nigeria, is a densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it was once a major producer of palm oil.
		The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate.
		The environmental devastation associated with the industry and the lack of distribution of oil wealth have been the source and/or key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements and inter-ethnic conflicts in the region, including recent guerilla activity by the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta.
	www.nigerianunion.org /niger-delta-wiki.html (352 words)

	J. P. Clark Bekederemo's Play All For Oil Dramtizes the Ironic Impoverishment of Niger Delta
		All For Oil opens with Chief Bekederimo, "the largest trader and middleman for the Royal Niger Company," in the Oil Rivers Protectorate embroiled in a conversation with Egbe, his friend and brother-in-law, and Fiobode, Egbe's wife.
		Nigeria, in collaboration with the multi-national oil companies, has perpetrated untoward atrocities against the indigenes, in the maintenance of the culture of desperation in the protection of the economic interest which has remained largely the same in the past 100 years.
		In All For Oil, Clark-Bekederimo's biographical drama, the playwright tapped from his knowledge of the historical antecedents of the trade in palm oil, in the colonial period to make a vitriolic castigation of the role of the Nigerian ruling class, in the present crisis of oil in the Niger Delta, and Nigeria.
	www.waado.org /NigerDelta/FedGovt/Federalism/JPClark.html (1209 words)

	A short history of Nigeria
		In the early 19th century the Fulani leader, Usman dan Fodio, promulgates Islam and brings most areas in the north under the lose control of the formation of the Fulani Emirate of Sokoto.
		Britian founds in 1881 the Oil Rivers Protectorate, renamed and enlarged into Niger Coast Protectorate in 1892, Protectorate of Southern Nigeria in 1900 and Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria in 1906, when the colony of Lagos merges into Southern Nigeria.
		Lagos was acquired by Britain in 1861 and orginally subordinated to Sierra Leone between 1866 and 1874 and to the Gold Coast between 1874 and 1886.
	www.electionworld.org /history/nigeria.htm (1072 words)

	A Chronology of World Political History (1851 - 1900 C.E.)
		Britain organised the protectorates in the northern and southern parts of present day Nigeria into the Niger Districts Protectorate (renamed Niger River Delta Protectorate on 1886.7.10) and the Oil Rivers Protectorate (renamed Niger Coast Protectorate on 1893.5.13).
		Britain assigned Ngwato to be leader of the Tswana states and divided Bechuanaland into two parts using River Molopo as the demarcation line: the part to the south of the river became the British Bechuanaland Colony while the part to the north became the Bechuanaland Protectorate.
		Britain reorganised its protectorates in Nigeria as the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate.
	www.geocities.com /kfzhouy/Chron/Chron13e.html (9193 words)

	Gambia Health and Education Liaison Project
		The river cuts a winding course through a low plateau, which slopes from a maximum elevation of 50 m (160 ft) down to sea level.
		The river banks are low and fringed with mangroves for the first 130 km (80 mi) from the coast.
		The slightly elevated and rather flat land that slopes up from the river valley has a light, sandy soil on which the villages are built and where peanuts and grain crops such as millet and sorghum are grown.
	www.gambiahelp.org /facts.html (2618 words)

	NIGERIA.Arena \| HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In 1914, the area was formally united as the "Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria." Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the northern and southern provinces and Lagos colony.
		From the outset, Nigeria's ethnic, regional, and religious tensions were magnified by the significant disparities in economic and educational development between the south and the north.
		The Oil Rivers Protectorate and its neighbourhood became Southern Nigeria while areas under the RNC administration in the north became Northern Nigeria.
	web.1asphost.com /siyanbola/Nigeria/nigeria01.htm (692 words)

	NIGERIA - Online Information article about NIGERIA
		Greenwich D E F 1 2 to 3 8 4 5 I2° protectorate and is part of the great plateau of North Africa.
		Duke Town, on the Calabar river; Opobo, Bonny Town and Brass Town, all on the rivers of the same name.
		Lokoja on the west bank opposite the confluence with the Benue, and the headquarters of the protectorate's military force; Baro, on the east bank, 7o m.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /NEW_NUM/NIGERIA.html (5573 words)

	Bonny. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		), town, SE Nigeria, in the Niger River delta, on the Bight of Biafra.
		In the 18th and 19th cent., Bonny was the center of a powerful trading state, and in the 19th cent.
		From 1885 to 1894 it was the administrative center of the British Oil Rivers Protectorate.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bo/Bonny.html (133 words)

	Sandafayre Stamp Auctions \| Stamp Atlas \| Nigeria
		On 1 January 1914 all the Nigerian territories came under one administration (British Crown Colony and protectorate).
		Amalgamated on 16 February 1906 with the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria.
		A German protectorate of the coastal area round Duala (1884) was extended to Lake Chad in 1894.
	www.sandafayre.com /atlas/niger.htm (987 words)

	Nigeria - Evolution of Nigeria, 1849-1960 - OnlineNigeria.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The result, in time, was that the British converted the coastal consulate and its immediate hinterland into the Oil Rivers Protectorate in 1885, which, in 1893, transformed into the Niger Coast Protectorate.
		The apparently irreversible logic of this development led to deeper and closer involve- ment in the administration of the peoples and soci- eties of this segment of Nigeria which, by the mid- dle of the twentieth century, came to be known as Eastern Nigeria.
		According to Nigerian historians, on the other hand, they did so to be better able to pro- tect their interest in the vital trade route that ran from Lagos, through Ikorodu, lbadan and similar communities, to the Niger waterway in the north and beyond into Hausaland.
	www.onlinenigeria.com /history (447 words)

	Ian Kimmerly Stamps \| Weekly Feature #228
		It was declared a Protectorate in 1885 and first issued stamps in 1892 by overprinting issues of Great Britain with a three line overprint "British / Protectorate / Oil Rivers".
		Incidentally Oil Rivers was named not for petroleum oil, but for palm oil (which was a more valuable commodity in the nineteenth century and before).
		This week we offer a lovely registered envelope from Oil Rivers on which is the complete first set of overprinted British stamps.
	www.iankimmerly.com /features/wf228.html (308 words)

	Quick Kill In Slow Motion: The Nigerian Civil War
		The oil revenue with which they expected to finance their war effort was soon cut off as the Federal blockade was enforced.
		One battalion of Biafran infantry was defending both Calabar, to the east of the Cross River inlet, and Oron to the west of the inlet.(23) Adekunle ignored the company- sized Oron contingent and attacked near Calabar to seize that city.
		First, they lost their oil revenue (two thirds of the total Nigerian production) early in the war,; hence, they were denied the revenue to finance the war.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1984/SMR.htm (19789 words)

	Nigeria
		6 Aug 1861 Bights of Biafra and Benin a united protectorate.
		1 Jan 1900 Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria.
		1 Jan 1914 Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
	www.worldstatesmen.org /Nigeria.htm (1414 words)

	Oil Rivers Protectorate to England 08/02/93
		The consulate for the Bight of Biafra was transferred to Old Calabar in 1852.
		"A British protectorate was proclaimed over the coastal area, with the exceptions of the colony of Lagos and the centre of the Niger delta, on 5 June 1885.
		It was not, however, until July 1891 that steps were taken to set up an administration with the consul-general at Old Calabar and vice-consuls at some of the river ports.
	www.stampwhiz.com /080293.html (479 words)

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