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	Oil Shale
		Oil shale differs from coal whereby the organic matter in coal has a lower atomic H:C ratio and the OM:MM ratio of coal is usually greater than 4.75:5.
		Oil shales were deposited in a wide variety of environments including freshwater to saline ponds and lakes, epicontinental marine basins and related subtidal shelves.
		One of the interesting oil shales is the Swedish alum shale of Cambrian and Ordovician age that is noted for its alum content and high concentrations of metals including uranium and vanadium.
	emd.aapg.org /technical_areas/oil_shale.cfm (923 words)

	WEC Survey Of Energy Resources 2001 - Oil Shale
		The oil shale (known as "brown combustible shale" in China) in the formation can be divided into two parts of differing composition: the lower 15 m of light-brown oil shale of low-grade and the upper 100 m of brown to dark-brown, finely laminated oil shale.
		The proved amount of oil shale in place is reported by the WEC Member Committee to be 40 billion tonnes; proved recoverable reserves of shale oil are put at 4 billion tonnes, with estimated additional reserves of 20 billion tonnes.
		Oil shale development had always been on a small scale but the project that was to represent the greatest development of the shale deposits was begun immediately after World War II in 1946 - the US Bureau of Mines established the Anvils Point oil shale demonstration project in Colorado.
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/reports/ser/shale/shale.asp (4219 words)

	Oil shale extraction process - Patent 4428821
		Hydrocarbon liquids are recovered from kerogen-containing oil shale by treating the oil shale with gaseous ammonia or a gaseous aliphatic amine prior to or during contact of the oil shale with an organic solvent.
		Oil shale is considered to be one of the best candidates of all carbon-containing materials for processing in such a retorting or pyrolysis scheme since it comprises a mixture of a minor amount of solid organic matter called kerogen and a major amount of mineral matter.
		The oil shale solids introduced into the top of contactor 12 are passed downwardly through the vessel in contact with gaseous ammonia introduced into the bottom of the contactor through line 14.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4428821.html (3893 words)

	Oil shale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oil shale is a general term applied to a group of rocks rich enough in organic material (called kerogen) to yield petroleum upon distillation.
		Oil shale is considered to be formed by the deposition of organic matter in lakes, lagoons and restricted estuarine areas such as oxbow lakes and muskegs.
		Oil distilled from shale was first burnt for horticultural purposes in the 19th Century, but it was not until the 1900s that larger investigations were made and the Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves was established in 1912.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oil_shale (2651 words)

	Oil shale
		Oil shale is a general term applied to a group of fine fl to dark brown shales rich enough in bituminous material (called kerogen) to yield petroleum upon distillation.
		Oil shale was formed in the distant past by the simultaneous deposit of silt and organic debris on lakebeds and sea bottoms.
		Oil shale exploitation has all the normal environmental effects from open-pit mining, the pre-refining stage to get crude oil may emit ash, pipelines must be built to an oil refinery, and the waste rock must be disposed of, rock which incidentally is a known carcinogen.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/oi/Oil_shale.html (470 words)

	Oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oil, in a general sense, is a chemical compound that is not miscible with water, and is in a liquid state at ambient temperatures.
		The triglycerides in cooking oil tend to contain unsaturated fatty acid chains (siccative oil), hence the terms monounsaturate and polyunsaturate.
		Oils used for this purpose are usually derived from petroleum, but biological sources of energy are being evaluated as an alternative to the increasingly expensive crude oil.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oil (549 words)

	Method for extracting oil from oil shale - Patent 4028222
		Referring to the drawings in detail, it may be seen that the process for extraction of oil from oil shale and the like of the present invention is generally indicated by the arrow 11, and includes the step of crushing the oil shale, as in a crusher, as schematically indicated at 12.
		The crushed, classified and heated oil shale is then centrifuged, as indicated schematically at 16, each portion being separately centrifuged at a centrifuge speed and for a time selected for the greatest efficiency of oil extraction per unit of driving energy applied to the centrifuge.
		The classified oil shale particles are then conveyed to a bank of centrifuges 22, where each separate batch of particle sizes may be separately centrifuged for a longer or shorter time, at a higher or lower centrifuge rotation rate, according to the most energy-efficient program of extraction of the oil therefrom.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4028222.html (1857 words)

	About Oil Shale
		Oil shale was formed millions of years ago by deposition of silt and organic debris on lake beds and sea bottoms.
		Oil shale can be mined and processed to generate oil similar to oil pumped from conventional oil wells; however, extracting oil from oil shale is more complex than conventional oil recovery and currently is more expensive.
		The volume of oil shale is heated over a period of two to three years, until it reaches 650–700 °F, at which point oil is released from the shale.
	ostseis.anl.gov /guide/oilshale/index.cfm (1133 words)

	Coaxing oil from huge U.S. shale deposits
		The area's deposits of oil shale are believed to be larger than all the oil reserves of the Middle East.
		Oil shale deposits in Colorado and neighboring areas of Utah and Wyoming are estimated to contain 800 billion recoverable barrels, three times larger than Saudi Arabia's proven reserves of conventional crude, and the equivalent of 40 years of U.S. oil consumption.
		Though often compared to the oil sands being mined in the Canadian province of Alberta, oil shale is much more difficult to extract and to transform into crude.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/09/04/MNGIEKV0D41.DTL&type=printable (1782 words)

	Oil Shale Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Although oil shale commercialization plans are presently suspended, rock mechanics instrumentation has been continued as part of Colony's policy in maintaining readiness to proceed with a commercial shale oil plant when national energy policies became better defined.
		The objective was to study the dilution of methane released by rubbled oil shale during blasting.
		Pillar design in oil shale by the induced horizontal stress method is based on in situ stress determinations of pillars before and during failure, on computer analysis incorporating site-specific rock properties, and on the pre-mining stress field.
	www.agapito.com /oil_shale1.htm (4154 words)

	DOE - Fossil Energy: Oil Shale Activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Addition of shale oil to the country's proved oil reserves could occur in a manner similar to the addition of 175 billion barrels of oil from Alberta tar sands to Canada's proved oil reserves.
		Oil shale in the United States, which is as rich as tar sand, could similarly be developed and become a vital component in America's future energy security.
		The program is also involved in characterizing the oil shale resource, assessing oil shale technology, summarizing environmental and regulatory issues, and reviewing tar sand commercialization in Canada as an analog for oil shale development in the United States.
	www.fossil.energy.gov /programs/reserves/npr/NPR_Oil_Shale_Program.html (509 words)

	Oil Shale
		Shale outcrops are common in Colorado, but in prehistoric times the Utes did not use oil shale for heat.
		Oil shale is said to be "rich" when one ton of it contains 30 gallons of petroleum—less than one barrel.
		Retorting a million barrels of shale oil each day, as some propose, would entail mining 700 million tons of shale per year, disposing of an equivalent amount of mining waste, digging the world's deepest open pit mines, constructing a hundred retorts, and platting new cities to house tens of thousands of workers.
	www.grinningplanet.com /2005/12-13/oil-shale-article.htm (3799 words)

	DenverPost.com - Oil-shale leases OK'd
		The approval was for relatively small-scale "research and development" leases, but it was the government's biggest endorsement yet of oil shale, a vast petroleum resource with a checkered past.
		Oil shale is a fl rock bound with organic material that turns into oil when heated.
		The 1.8 trillion barrels of oil believed to be trapped in the Green River formation in Colorado, Wyoming and Utah amount to more than three times the size of Saudi Arabia's proven reserves and could meet 25 percent of current U.S. demand for more than 400 years, advocates say.
	www.denverpost.com /energy/ci_4653897 (789 words)

	Oil Shale • Hubbert Peak of Oil Production
		The report describes the oil shale resources in the western United States; the suitability, cost, and performance of available technologies for developing the richest of those resources; and the key energy, environmental, land-use, and socioeconomic policy issues that need to be addressed by government decisionmakers in the near future."
		"Oil shales are a misnomer being neither shale or oil, in fact an immature source-rock which has not yet generated any oil and needs to be heated at 600 °C to yield oil by pyrolysis.
		The Shale Oil Project is the first major fossil fuel development in the world to be dropped because of its massive greenhouse problem, Greenpeace said.
	www.hubbertpeak.com /shale (1116 words)

	Michael Fumento: Fill 'er Up with Oil Sands!
		The evidence is in something called oil sands (also called tar sands), a gooey substance that can be surface mined as coal often is. The oil is then separated from the dirt using energy from oil or natural gas extracted from the site itself to produce a thick liquid called bitumen.
		Oil sands in a single Venezuelan deposit contain an estimated 1.8 trillion barrels of petroleum, with 1.7 trillion in a single Canadian deposit.
		Oil sands as a whole provide over a third of the nation's needs, with almost all of the rest going to the U.S. Between pumped oil and oil from sands, Canada is our largest supplier of crude and refined petroleum.
	www.fumento.com /environment/oilsands.html (733 words)

	Bloomberg.com: Canada
		Oil shales are sedimentary rocks that contain a high proportion of organic matter that can be converted into crude oil or natural gas.
		Oil sands, oil shales and other energy forms, such as liquid fuels produced from coal or gas, are often grouped under the term ``unconventional oil'' because they differ from standard oil and gas fields.
		Oil shale production is expected to rise to 100,000 barrels a day worldwide by 2030, from none now, Guy Caruso, the head of the department's Energy Information Administration, said earlier this month at conferences in Vienna and London.
	www.bloomberg.com /apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=agBZ87o5myWU&refer=canada (517 words)

	The Illusive Bonanza: Oil Shale in Colorado \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		Oil shale has one-third the energy density of Cap’n Crunch, but no one is counting on Kellogg to become a major energy producer soon.
		Oil and gas are generated when kerogen is exposed to heat deep in the Earth’s oven.
		Large scale oil shale development of the kind proposed by the U.S. Department of Energy in its report would be a disaster for the region.
	www.energybulletin.net /11707.html (3568 words)

	The Oil Drum \| oil shale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The process is anticipated to produce 3 million tons of oil from 2 million tons of bitumen and 6 million tons of oil shale.
		The retorting can be self-energized and, by heating the oil it can be transformed into a form of butumen that can then be further refined into a commercial grade of shale oil that can be similar to a more conventional crude.
		Shale oil was a principal source of fuels for Japan during World War II.
	www.theoildrum.com /tag/oil_shale (2245 words)

	Drillbits & Tailings: June 21, 1998: Page Three (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The prospect of oil shale mining has been described as a "double whammy" for the Barrier Reef because the local impacts and risks of toxic spills will be compounded by the global warming it will engender which will lead to coral bleaching of this two thousand mile reef system.
		Oil shale mining has yet to become highly viable because the price is not competitive with conventional oil production which externalizes many of the real costs associated with oil drilling.
		However as oil becomes a scarcer commodity (SEE Vital Statistics: An Oil Crunch Cometh) economic pressures to mine oil shale are expected to mount.
	www.moles.org /ProjectUnderground/drillbits/980621/98062103.html (512 words)

	kutv.com - Feds Moving To Lease Western Land For Oil-Shale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In Colorado, three oil companies won environmental clearance in August for their plans to start producing shale oil by heating layers of rock using electric oven-like elements, steam injection or hot natural gas.
		Oil Shale Exploration Co. first plans to send 1,000 tons of crushed oil shale to a plant in Calgary, Alberta, operated by a division of UMA Engineering Ltd., whose retort was judged by Oil Shale Exploration to be the best in the business.
		Oil shale is said to be “rich” when it contains 30 gallons of petroleum for each ton of rock, but pound for pound that amounts to only 1/10th of the energy of liquid crude oil.
	www.kutv.com /topstories/local_story_262173122.html (796 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Study reveals huge U.S. oil-shale field
		For years, the industry and the government considered oil shale — a rock that produces petroleum when heated — too expensive to be a feasible source of oil.
		However, oil prices, which spiked above $70 a barrel this week, combined with advances in technology could soon make it possible to tap the estimated 500 billion to 1.1 trillion recoverable barrels, the report found.
		Shell Oil is working on a process that would heat the oil shale in place, which could have less effect on the environment.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002463368_oilstudy01.html (289 words)

	Econbrowser: Oil shale retort
		Three barrels of water are needed per barrel of oil produced, and it is not clear how current users of that water might be persuaded to surrender its use for oil shale.
		Posted by: John at September 28, 2005 01:28 AM Oil shales as a source of crude oil are are really an energy source of the past.
		Shale oil is in the same boat and is probably even behind nuclear power in terms of desirability (aside from any need for actual hydrocarbons as opposed to just potential energy of some sort).
	www.econbrowser.com /archives/2005/09/oil_shale_retor.html (10092 words)

	New oil shale technology under development
		Oil shale contains a substance called kerogen that is thought to be a precursor to petroleum.
		The oil shale rock must be heated to a high temperature and the resulting liquid must be separated and collected.
		By eliminating mining and large-scale processing aspects of oil shale development, such in situ technology could slash recovery costs by half or more while minimizing disturbance of the land, researchers said.
	www.earthtimes.org /articles/show/20331.html (226 words)

	TSOP: Selected References: Oil Shale
		Hutton, A.C., 1991, Fluorescence microscopy in oil shale and coal studies, in C.E. Barker and O.C. Kopp, eds., Luminescence microscopy and spectroscopy: quantitative and qualitative aspects: SEPM Short Course 25, p.
		Korth, J., A.C. Hutton, and J. Ellis, 1990, A comparison of microscale pyrolysis and organic petrography for the estimation of yield from oil shale: Organic Geochemistry, v.
		O’Brien, N.R., R.M. Slatt, and J. Senftle, 1994, The significance of oil shale fabric in primary hydrocarbon migration: Fuel, v.
	www.tsop.org /refs/oilshale.htm (1925 words)

	Oil Shale and Tar Sands Programmatic EIS Information Center
		Public participation in the Oil Shale and Tar Sands Leasing PEIS is important.
		Public scoping meetings for the Oil Shale and Tar Sands Leasing PEIS will be held in seven cities in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming in January 2006.
		The planning area for the oil shale resources is the Piceance and Washakie Basins in Colorado, the Uintah Basin in Utah, and the Green River and Washakie Basins in Wyoming.
	ostseis.anl.gov (471 words)

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