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Topic: Oil Tankers

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	Welcome to Maritime Replicas
		With the main oil producers concentrated in the Middle East and the main consumers being concentrated in the West, the overall size of tankers was generally limited by the maximum that could use the Suez Canal.
		Tankers were built with longitudinal, as well as transverse, bulkheads, to provide a large number of separate tanks for the oil -a precaution to minimize the escape of oil in the case of the vessel being holed.
		The biggest growth in size was in the oil tankers due very largely to extraneous reasons.
	www.maritimereplicas.com /tankersAndCarriers.htm (1263 words)

	GMA: How Big is an Oil Tanker?
		To carry a large amount of oil, tankers are designed to be quite large.
		The Exxon Valdez was considered a midsized oil tanker measuring 967 feet long and 166 feet wide.
		By measuring an average size oil tanker, such as the Exxon Valdez, students will have a much better understanding of how large a typical oil tanker is. In addition, the students will be asked to sketch a scale drawing of a typical oil tanker.
	octopus.gma.org /surfing/human/howbig.html (472 words)

	Oil tankers’ strike continues -DAWN - Top Stories; April, 1 2005
		However, the Supreme Council of All Pakistan Transporters, an umbrella organization of small groups of oil tanker operators, claimed that 16 of its members were picked up by the police.
		Karachi police chief said a minor group of oil tanker association forced fellow operators not to ply their vehicles.
		A delegation of oil tankers’ association met federal communication minister Mohammad Shamim Siddiqui who assured it of solving their genuine problems.
	www.dawn.com /2005/04/01/top8.htm (457 words)

	OIL TANKER SAFETY DESIGN AND DISASTERS - PRESTIGE, EXXON VALDEZ
		Tankers are enormously strong vessels, built with a honeycomb construction, a modern crude carrier typically having fifteen cargo tanks protected by a double hull structure around the sides and bottom, in which sea water ballast can be carried for the empty voyage after the oil cargo has been delivered.
		Specialist tankers include vessels which are configured to carry as many as fifty different grades of chemicals and oils, each with their own separate pumping systems and capable of coping with cargoes that need to shipped hot, cold or under a blanket of nitrogen.
		Tankers have had a bad press, and are associated with oil pollution, but the facts are very different, with pollution steadily reducing year on year, despite the steady increase in the quantity of oil carried by sea.
	www.solarnavigator.net /oil_tankers.htm (1343 words)

	Oil Pollution
		Although tanker accidents are comparatively rare and result in only a small fraction of the total amount of oil entering the sea each year, some accidents have caused very serious local pollution and have had a major impact on the development of environmental legislation.
		Tankers of 5,000 dwt and above must be fitted with double bottoms and wing tanks extending the full depth of the ship's side. The regulation allows mid-deck height tankers with double-sided hulls, such as those developed by Japanese and European shipbuilders, as an alternative to double hull construction.
		Oil tankers of 600 dwt and above but less than 5,000 dwt, must be fitted with double bottom tanks and the capacity of each cargo tank is limited to 700 cubic metres, unless they are fitted with double hulls.
	www.oceansatlas.com /unatlas/issues/pollutiondegradation/oil_poll/oil_pollution.htm (3434 words)

	UN rules ban single-hull oil tankers
		A United Nations ban on oil tankers that use a single layer of steel to separate their cargo from the sea may leave the industry short of tankers, London-based shipbroker E.A. Gibson Ltd said.
		Tankers built before 1997 and those with certain kinds of cargo tank structures were required to have stopped going to sea on Monday.
		Oil tanker rates, which usually fall in the second quarter, may climb in the next three months as OPEC boosts production to meet demand from the United States and China.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2005-04/06/content_431578.htm (629 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Picture 2: Part of an oil slick of some 20 miles, follows the stricken Bahamas-flagged, ‘Prestige’ oil tanker, as it is towed away from the northwestern coast of Spain near Maxi by two tugboats to avoid an environmental catastrophe, Tuesday Nov 14,2002.
		Predominantly, an oil spill is related to the spills caused due to accidents involving tankers, causing a serious impact on coastal activities and on those who exploit the resources of the sea.
		Oil spills, whether or not they are petroleum-based, pose an immediate threat to the environment and require quick and thorough responses.
	www.temple.edu /environment/review_oil_spills.htm (2433 words)

	Oil tankers may face attacks by rockets - The Boston Globe
		WARRI -- Militants who kidnapped nine foreign oil workers in attacks that forced a 20 percent cut in Nigerian crude exports vowed yesterday to escalate the violence, threatening for the first time to fire rockets at international oil tankers.
		While the military said tankers in Nigerian waters were safe, the country is reeling from militant attacks that blasted oil and...
		While the military said tankers in Nigerian waters were safe, the country is reeling from militant attacks that blasted oil and gas pipelines Saturday, that damaged a key oil loading terminal and that halted the flow of more than 500,000 barrels a day.
	www.boston.com /news/world/articles/2006/02/20/oil_tankers_may_face_attacks_by_rockets (635 words)

	Oil tankers
		Although mineral oil was first used primarily for lighting, the invention of the Diesel and later, the internal combustion engine soon increased its demand enormously.
		The world’s first true oil tanker is generally accepted to have been the Gluckauf, built in 1886 to carry oil in bulk oil to Europe.
		Further increases followed, and the result was a collapse in demand for oil and for the tankers needed to transport it.
	www.oceansatlas.com /unatlas/uses/transportation_telecomm/maritime_trans/shipworld/tanker_pas/oil/oil.htm (1441 words)

	Oil Pollution
		Measures introduced by IMO have helped ensure that the majority of oil tankers are safely built and operated and are constructed to reduce the amount of oil spilled in the event of an accident.
		The potential for oil to pollute the marine environment was recognised by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 (OILPOL 1954).
		The water at the bottom of the tank is pumped overboard and at the terminal oil is pumped on to the oil left in the tank.
	www.imo.org /Environment/mainframe.asp?topic_id=231 (2657 words)

	newsobserver.com \| Nigerian militants threaten oil tankers
		Militants who kidnapped nine foreign oil workers in a flurry of attacks that forced a 20 percent cut in Nigerian crude exports vowed Sunday to escalate the violence, threatening for the first time to fire rockets at international oil tankers.
		Though the military said tankers in Nigerian waters were safe, the West African nation is reeling from militant attacks that blasted oil and gas pipelines Saturday, damaged a key oil loading terminal and halted the flow of more than 500,000 barrels a day.
		Violence and sabotage of the delta's oil operations have been common for 15 years amid demands by the region's impoverished communities for a greater share of oil revenue flowing from their land.
	www.newsobserver.com /672/story/402272.html (451 words)

	Houston Oil Tanker Shipping Pictures of Ships - Stock Photos tankers cargo container terminals docks
		Oil tankers, cargo ships and container ships are constantly loading and unloading their cargo.
		Oil tankers and parcel tankers discharging crude oil at the berthing facility of a fuel terminal on Galveston Bay.
		LPG tanker is berthed at fuel terminal at the Port of Houston.
	www.photohouston.com /port-of-houston-photos/cargo-shipping-oil-tanker-pictures.html (802 words)

	Threats to Oil Transport
		Tankers are too slow and cumbersome to maneuver away from attackers; they don't have any protection and they have nowhere to hide.
		They are so narrow that a single burning supertanker and its spreading oil slick could block the route for other tankers, hence rocking the entire global oil market for several weeks at the very least.
		For a typical supertanker carrying about two million barrels of oil, the rate rose to $450,000 a trip from $150,000, adding about 15 cents a barrel to the delivered cost of the oil -- and that is just for the ship; the cargo is insured separately.
	www.iags.org /oiltransport.html (832 words)

	GGL - Oil Tankers
		Oil is contained directly within the hull itself with only a few millimeters of metal between it and the ocean.
		If a hull breach were to occur in a tanker based on this improved design, the inner hull and the cells holding the oil would stand far more chance of remaining intact.
		The GGL proposes that all new oil tanker constructions are designed to a global standard using safer inner cell structures and that high spill risk tankers be scrapped immediately.
	www.veggieglobal.com /ggl/oil-tankers.htm (717 words)

	Revised phase-out schedule for single-hull tankers enters into force
		It specifies that tankers of single hull construction should be phased out or converted to a "double hull" according to a schedule based on their year of delivery.
		The double hull requirements for oil tankers are principally designed to reduce the risk of oil spills from tankers involved in low energy collisions or groundings.
		Category 2 oil tankers, which have some level of protection from protectively located segregated ballast tank requirements will be phased out according to their age up to 2010.
	www.imo.org /Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1018&doc_id=4801 (1085 words)

	CNN.com - Oil higher ahead of OPEC decision - Dec. 12, 2002
		Oil spiked in Asia on Thursday and continued to rise in early London trading after Venezuelan production fell to less than one-third of daily output as a strike in protest of President Hugo Chavez entered its eleventh day.
		Venezuelan Oil Minister Rafael Ramirez said a total of four oil tankers were loading or had completed loadings at ports across the country in defiance of the strike.
		Saudi Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi said OPEC was likely to reduce supply by 1.5-2.0 million barrels a day and at the same time raise official output limits by 1.0-1.5 million.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/BUSINESS/12/12/oil.opec (501 words)

	Security of oil tankers fuels worry \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		LONDON - Now that OPEC has agreed to raise its crude oil production quotas in hopes of taming high and jittery oil prices, industry experts are growing more concerned about both the capacity and the security of oil tankers, the next link in the supply chain.
		The world's tanker fleet is already stretched thin by robust demand for oil, by looming deadlines for the phase-out of single-hull tankers for safety and environmental reasons, and by lengthening backlogs at the shipyards where new tankers are built.
		Tankers and tanker-loading facilities have already been the targets of attacks by al-Qaida and other anti-Western groups, threatening to disrupt oil supplies and adding to the upward pressure on prices, maritime insurance premiums and tanker charter rates.
	www.energybulletin.net /617.html (519 words)

	DNV - Common Structural Rules
		The new standard applies to all double hull oil tankers equal to or above 150 meters in length and all bulk carriers, single or double side, equal to or above 90 meters in length.
		In response to the new Rules, Nauticus Hull for Bulk and Nauticus Hull for Tanker, developed by DNV Software, has undergone a major upgrade to provide efficient support for the new Common Structural Rules.
		DNV was the first Classification Society to launch complete software support for CSR for Oil tankers, January 2006.
	www.dnv.com /maritime/rulesandregulations/csr.asp (457 words)

	- OAO «LUKOIL» - Oil transportation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		There are also plans to start shuttle deliveries of oil from the terminal to a new transshipment complex on the coast near Murmansk, where the oil will be loaded onto tankers with deadweight up to 180,000 tons and carried to Rotterdam and the eastern seaboard of the USA.
		Oil is carried to the terminal by railway, where it is transshipped to river-sea tankers.
		Pumping of oil from the Kumkol field through the CPC began in October 2003 (the oil is carried by pipeline from the field to the town of Dzhusaly, and from there by rail to the CPC).
	www.lukoil.com /static_6_5id_256_.html (979 words)

	China need own oil tanker fleet - experts
		Based on this estimation, the oil tanker fleet should be able to handle 75 million tons of the oil imports by the year 2010.
		The oil tankers are small and each can carry less than 100,000 tons of oil, compared with the 270,000-ton and 300,000-ton oil tankers commonly used in the international market.
		During the past couple of years, the oil imports shipped by China's oil tankers made up only 10 percent of the total, and 90 percent were shipped by leasing foreign oil tankers.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2005-04/22/content_436704.htm (545 words)

	Worldmapper: The world as you've never seen it before
		This map shows the distribution of the places of registration of oil tankers.
		The map is distinctive because some territories record extremely high oil tanker registration whilst surrounding territories have low or non-existent oil tanker registration.
		In the Bahamas there are 93 deadweight tons of oil tanker registered for each person who lives there.
	www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk /worldmapper/display.php?selected=39 (180 words)

	Global Exchange : Got Oil? Now, Try to Find Tankers to Carry It
		Tankers and tanker-loading facilities have already been the targets of attacks by Al Qaeda and other anti-Western groups, threatening to disrupt oil supplies and adding to the upward pressure on prices, maritime insurance premiums and tanker charter rates.
		Tankers of the next largest size, known as Suez Max tankers because they barely fit through the Suez Canal, are also booked close to capacity.
		Fleet operators have been actively scrapping older single-hull ships as new double-hulls become available, but even so, about a third of large-scale oil deliveries worldwide this year will still be made by single-hulled vessels, and the looming shortage of tanker capacity may lead operators to extend their service lives.
	www.globalexchange.org /countries/mideast/iraq/2048.html (1122 words)

	Global Marine Oil Pollution Information Gateway • Facts • Oil spills (accidental discharges)
		Discharges of oil from shipping, offshore extraction of oil, and transport of oil in pipelines is the result of either accidents or "normal", deliberate operational discharges.
		According to estimates made of the contribution of oil to the sea from different sources (NRC), accidents involving oil tankers and offshore installations account for some 10 per cent of the annual total amount of oils entering the marine environment.
		The percentages of oil spilled from different sources vary greatly from year to year; in some years, tanker accidents represent the largest single source of spilled oil, but only in a very few years is it the case that most of the oil spilled (in significant spills) during that year came from tankers.
	oils.gpa.unep.org /facts/oilspills.htm (2180 words)

	Oil Tankers: Short on Supply, Long on Profits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		To supply all of the world's crude oil needs today, there are only about 3,500 tankers steaming out on the open seas or anchored at ports.
		Demand for their services far exceeds this supply, and as a result, tanker rates have soared in the past year much faster than the price of crude oil itself.
		Rates on the big bruisers that haul 2 million barrels of oil from the Persian Gulf to Japan hit as much as $250,000 per day last fall and are not too far off that pace today.
	www.thestreet.com /funds/supermodels/10215395.html (477 words)

	kutv.com - Nigeria Militants Threaten To Hit Oil Tankers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, which claims to be fighting for a greater local share of Nigeria's oil wealth, claimed responsibility Saturday for a series of raids, including one in which militants abducted three Americans, two Egyptians, two Thais, one Briton and one Filipino.
		A man identifying himself as a commander of the movement told The Associated Press by telephone his group was poised to escalate the violence by firing rockets at crude oil tankers offshore.
		Oil prices jumped more than $1 and settled near $60 a barrel Friday on supply concerns sparked by a militant threat to wage war on foreign oil interests.
	kutv.com /topstories/topstories_story_050110747.html (874 words)

	Adventures in the Charlottes: Oil Tankers & the Straits of Juan de Fuca
		In fact, of the U.S. tanker fleet of 43 vessels, 18 must be retired by the year 2000 according to the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
		The oil tanker Amy and I saw was an example of these requirements at work.
		An oil spill in Northwest waters makes me as sick to the stomach as the next person, however, decisions need to be made logically and methodically.
	www.tgw.net /sailing/qca/tankers.htm (1450 words)

	Navy warns of threat to oil tankers - Sep. 10, 2002
		The price of October futures for a barrel of Brent oil rose 53 cents to a one-year high of $29.02 a barrel in London trading after the warning, before retreating slightly to $28.80 a barrel.
		Despite the warning, oil tankers are loading as normal in the Gulf, industry sources said Tuesday.
		About a quarter of the world's traded oil -- or some 12 million barrels per day -- is shipped out of the strategic waters of the Gulf through the straits of Hormuz between Iran and Oman.
	money.cnn.com /2002/09/10/news/navy/index.htm (511 words)

	Oil Tankers Slow to Shift to Anti-Spill Double Hulls
		On a recent morning, the tanker Polar Endeavour is anchored behind a spit in calm waters off Port Angeles, waiting to offload some of its 37 million gallons of crude to a Ferndale refinery.
		In December, a fully loaded tanker leaving the Gulf of Alaska accidentally dropped its anchor — which typically weighs up to nine tons — while the ship was in motion.
		Building new tankers takes years and costs hundreds of millions of dollars, and federal law requires that ships operating between U.S. ports be made in the United States, where labor costs are higher.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines03/0505-07.htm (1900 words)

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