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Topic: Oilseed rape

	Oilseed rape - its role the UK
		Oilseed rape is always grown as part of a farm rotation and rarely returns to the same field more than one year in six.
		In the UK the oilseed rape crop was barely known until the 1970's when the explosion in commodity prices and targeted support from the CAP raised the price to a sufficiently high level that farmers chose to grow it.
		Oilseed rape is not a very high yielding crop by comparison with cereals.
	www.ukagriculture.com /crops/oil_seed_rape.cfm (506 words)

	Safety research - GM oilseed rape
		Unlike potatoes or maize, oilseed rape is no stranger to Central Europe, where is has numerous wild and cultivated relatives with which it can cross and exchange genes.
		Oilseed rape flowers not only in the fields, but also on verges and along railway tracks.
		If transgenic oilseed rape is grown on a large scale in the future, it could have effects that are not detected in limited laboratory and field trials.
	www.gmo-safety.eu /en/oilseed_rape (286 words)

	Brainboost - what is oilseed rape (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Oilseed Rape as Part of Your Rotation - Oilseed rape is an essential component in the rotational system, providing a valuable contribution to your farm margin as a cash crop..
		Oilseed rape is a crop capable of both self - pollination (70%) and cross - pollination (30%); hence, a pollination control system is required to produce 100% F 1 hybrid seed..
		Oilseed rape is always grown as part of a farm rotation and rarely returns to the same field more than one year in six..
	www.brainboost.com /search.asp?Q=what+is+oilseed+rape&lfmq=1 (648 words)

	biopower - 21st century thinking
		The oilseed rape plant (Brassica napus) is a member of the Brassica family of plants that include cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, sprouts, swede and turnips.
		Oilseed rape varieties can be split into two major subsections, spring types and winter types, spring types are planted in the spring, whilst winter types are planted in autumn and germinate in early spring, both subsections are harvested in late summer; in the UK most oilseed rape is of the winter subsection.
		There are two possible solutions to ensure greater amounts of oilseed rape oil, either to import large quantities from aboard or to cultivate more oilseed rape in the UK; the project has chosen to later solution due to the excessive cost of importing large amounts of oilseed rape.
	www.surrey.ac.uk /eng/InfoPoint/mddp/mddp03/group-1a/cultivation.htm (567 words)

	Volunteer oilseed rape - Weed information - HDRA Weed Management
		Occurrence: Volunteer oilseed rape infestations result from the significant seed losses that occur in both spring and winter oilseed rape crops due to shedding before and during harvest.
		Volunteers from genetically-modified (GM) oilseed rape are a particular problem and may cause a non-GM crop to exceed the EU threshold for the allowed level of GM contamination.
		Rape may be harvested by direct cutting and combining when ripe, the alternative is to swath the crop at an earlier stage of ripening and combine from the swathe after 7-14 days.
	www.gardenorganic.org.uk /organicweeds/weed_information/weed.php?id=85 (944 words)

	Oilseed Rape (Canola)
		Oilseed rape is a very useful crop as the seed is typically 42% oil and the meal left after removing the oil is about 42% crude protein.
		Rape seed is a tiny round fl seed and is sown at 3 to 8 kg/Ha (ie at under 1gm/sq m) which germinates rapidly to produce a typical brassica (cabbage family) plant.
		Historically rape oils were poor quality, containing high levels of eructic acid and the meal contained high levels of glucosinolates.
	www.farm-direct.co.uk /farming/stockcrop/rape (1179 words)

	GM oilseed rape crop encourages pest growth
		The resistance of a transgenic line of oilseed rape expressing constitutively the cysteine proteinase inhibitor oryzacystatin I (OCI) was assessed against Psylliodes chrysocephala L.
		Transgenic oilseed rape lines expressing OCI have been produced (Bonade-Bottino, 1993), as part of a programme to develop insect resistant lines of oilseed rape.
		The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of OCI expression in oilseed rape on adult feeding, larval growth and digestive physiology of P.chrysocphalia...
	www.btinternet.com /~nlpwessex/Documents/gmcroppestproblem.htm (1211 words)

	Joanna Blythman investigates the effect of oilseed rape \| The Guardian \| Guardian Unlimited
		Greedy for nutrients and notoriously dependent on nitrogen-rich fertilisers, oilseed rape is among the worst arable crops for leaching nitrates into waterways and polluting aquifers.
		Oilseed rape is also plagued by a long list of pests and diseases - everything from cabbage stem flea beetle and peach potato aphid to fl leg fungus and white stem rot - all of which require chemicals to keep them under control.
		As a consequence of the intensive way in which they are grown on vast swathes of land, oilseed rape varieties are developing resistance to many of the pesticides routinely used.
	www.guardian.co.uk /g2/story/0,,2060418,00.html (1479 words)

	Rape&Canola oils 2
		The rape oil is than separated from the solvent by indirect heating and direct steam injection, the hexane being recovered for use (Ward).
		Oilseed crops have been used worldwide for centuries as cooking agents and provide a rich source of protein.
		Oilseed rape is a crop grown in temperate regions and has the potential for worldwide export due to the diversity of uses for the end product.
	www.wsu.edu /~gmhyde/433_web_pages/433Oil-web-pages/rapeseed2/rape-canola-oils2.html (2499 words)

	FDA/CFSAN: Note to the File for BNF No. 000032
		Oilseed rape is a crop capable of both self-pollination (70%) and cross-pollination (30%); hence, a pollination control system is required to produce 100% F
		Oilseed rape is grown for its seed, which, in turn, is further processed to yield oil and meal for human food and animal feed, respectively.
		PGS also reported several chemical analyses conducted on rape seed, which included oil and protein contents, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile, and glucosinolate content; overall composition was reported to be comparable between transgenic and control oilseed rape varieties.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~rdb/bnfm032.html (1447 words)

	No to GM Oilseed Rape GT73
		Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is grown as a commercial crop in 50 countries with a combined harvest of over 40 million metric tonnes.
		Oilseed rape is called canola in North America because the commercial oil-producing varieties were developed in Saskatchewan, Canada.
		The widespread deployment of GM oilseed rape for a variety of herbicides is leading to pyramiding of the genes for herbicide tolerance [19], creating crops that turn into fertile weeds that are difficult to eradicate.
	www.i-sis.org.uk /NTGMORGT73.php (2207 words)

	APSnet Education Center - Plant Disease Lessons - Black of oilseed rape - Significance (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Oilseed rape (Brassica napus, B. rapa, and some other Brassica species) ranks third in the world among the oilseed crops, and production is increasing faster than for any other.
		Oilseed rape was first cultivated in Asia and the Mediterranean and was used as a source of cooking and lighting oil.
		Canola (Figure 1) is a type of oilseed rape defined by erucic acid levels lower than 2% in the oil (so the oil is edible) and less than 30 mol/g of glucosinolates in the meal (so it can be fed to livestock).
	www.apsnet.org /education/lessonsplantpath/BlacklegCanola/signif.htm (280 words)

	Genetically engineered oilseed rape
		Oilseed rape is the fourth most widely grown crop in the United Kingdom (1).
		Oilseed rape has a wide range of fungal pests (14) therefore it is possible that widespread use of glufosinate will increase the need to use fungicides.
		At present, broadleaved weeds often grow in amongst oilseed rape crops and provide valuable food and habitats for insects which in turn are a source of food for small mammals and birds (22).
	www.foe.co.uk /pubsinfo/briefings/html/19971215150352.html (2343 words)

	[No title]
		Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is grown on approximately 400,000 hectares in Britain annually and mainly along the eastern side of England and Scotland.
		Because the oilseed rape has been modified to tolerate Liberty, farmers will be able to spray their crop with the herbicide, killing all the weeds but not harming the crop.
		Feral and Volunteer Oilseed Rape Feral or ‘escaped’ populations of oilseed rape are widespread throughout the UK, especially on disturbed and waste land.
	www.genewatch.org /uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/Oilseed_rape_v2.doc (942 words)

	Friends of the Earth: Press Releases: 2003: NEW MAPS REVEAL MASSIVE EXTENT OF GM POLLUTION THREAT
		Scientists are concerned that allowing GM oilseed rape to be grown in the UK could lead to herbicide tolerant genes and other traits escaping into the wild plant relatives.
		Oilseed rape pollen can be carried great distances by the wind; low levels of pollen have been detected up to 2.5 km from fields [5].
		Oilseed rape is not grown in upland regions where wild relatives are less abundant.
	www.foe.co.uk /resource/press_releases/new_maps_reveal_massive_ex.html (682 words)

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	Oilseed rape, Rape
		The rape beetle (Meligethes aeneus) and the pollen beetle (Meligethes viridescens) attack the flower buds and can cause serious damage in the spring, especially in spring rape.
		The rape stem weevil (Ceuthorhynchus napi), the cabbage seed weevil (C.
		The rape winter stem weevil (Ceuthorhynchus picitarsis, Gyllenhal, Col., Curculionidae) destroys the terminal bud during early stem extension growth.
	www.inra.fr /internet/Produits/HYPPZ/CULTURES/6c---013.htm (403 words)

	setaside
		All the oilseed rape has been harvested by now and the fields show as almost white colour due to the chopped straw lying on the surface as can be seen in the image on the right.
		Much of the winter Oilseed rape crop has been swathed in the East midlands and, as can be seen, it is still far to tall to land in.
		Some Oilseed rape is desiccated prior to direct harvesting and this crop will appear a dirty grey/brown colour until harvest.
	www.field-landings.co.uk /osr.html (610 words)

	GM-FREEIRELAND : MAP
		So any farmer wishing to grow GM oilseed rape would need to ensure that his or her property is surrounded by – at minimum – a 54km wide buffer zone area devoid of farmers who want to conserve their GM-free status, and devoid of protected areas as well.
		Oilseed rape is described by the European Environment Agency as "high risk" and maize as "medium-to-high risk".
		26km dispersal from a single GMO oilseed rape seed spilled at dockside during unloading from a ship in Galway in one generation could lead to the GMO genes being found from coast to coast all the way to Dublin in five or six years.
	www.gmfreeireland.org /map (1190 words)

	Debate at gmo-safety.eu
		Not only, are rape flowers extremely attractive to insects, but oilseed rape can also survive outside the cultivated area.
		Above all though, oilseed rape seeds are capable of surviving in the soil for years.
		If GM oilseed rape is grown, such ‘volunteer’ plants would be a source of GMO presence in conventional crops.
	www.gmo-safety.eu /en/debate (782 words)

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