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	Oirats - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oirats speak Western Mongolic languages including Oirat, Kalmyk, Dorbot, Torgut, and Darkhat as well as the official languages of the regions they inhabit.
		Oirats share some history, geography, culture and language with both Western and Eastern Mongols, and were at various times united under the same leader as a larger Mongol polity — whether that ruler was of Oirat or Mongol descent.
		The Oirats converted to Tibetan Buddhism around 1615, and it was not long before they became involved in the conflict between the Geluk (or Gelug) and Karma Kagyu schools.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oyirad (1063 words)

	Esen Tayisi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Esen Tayisi was a 15th century Mongolian prince of the Oirat horde (also known as the Kalmyks), best-known for capturing the Zhengtong Emperor after the Battle of Tumu Fortress.
		Under Esen Tayisi's leadership, the Oirats conquered the rest of Mongolia, including the Jurchens and Tuvans (Uriankhais), and took over control of the Hami oasis on the Silk Road between the Gobi and the Takla Makan deserts.
		The Chinese had long pursued a "divide and rule" strategy in dealings with their northern neighbors, maintaining trade and tribute relationships with multiple leaders who they could then turn against one another by inciting jealousy or suggesting intrigue; a unified Mongolia under one ruler was much less susceptible to such tactics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Esen_Tayisi (1355 words)

	The Oirat of China
		The Oirat spend their entire lives attempting to reach nirvana, the state of nothingness, through a system of merits and demerits including worshiping demons and offering continual prayers toward the heavens.
		Oirat are skilled horsemen and enjoy riding and racing horses and camels at festivals, wrestling, archery, shooting slings, dancing and singing.
		The Oirat of China truly are an unreached people group in the purest sense of the term: There is no Christian work taking place among these people at this time, other than an initial effort by a Christian worker to learn as much as possible about the Oirat people and their culture in their homeland.
	archives.tconline.org /news/lastfrontier/archive/oirat.html (582 words)

	Kalmyk people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Oirats moved westward during the 16th and 17th centuries, from the Irtysh River to the grassy steppes of the lower Volga.
		The Oirat migration had reached as far as the steppes of southeast Europe by 1630.
		The Oirat ancestors of the Kalmyks were known as Dörvn Öörd, or "The Allied Four" after the constituent Khoshuud (Хошуты), Ölööd or Dzungar (Олёты (Элюты) or Джунгары), Torgud or Torghuud (Торгуды), and Dörböd or Dörvuud (Дёрвюды) tribes.
	www.vacilando.org /_cliextra/baghdadmuseumorg/includepage.php?title=Kalmyks&action=history (726 words)

	Buryat History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The civil war was due to the contention of the Oirat Mongol prince, Galdan Boshigt, for the position of khan.
		The Oirat, who are closer to the Buryats in dialect and culture, live in western Mongolia, while the Halh live in the central part of Mongolia and in the Gobi regions.
		Some of the Oirats fled westward into Russia, and were allowed by the Russians to settle in the Volga River valley, where they became the Kalmyks.
	www.buryatmongol.com /history.html (3755 words)

	Life of Zanabazar: First Bogd Gegen of Mongolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Under a series of charismatic leaders the Oirat attempted to bring all the Mongol tribes under its control and entertained visions of reclaiming the throne of China lost by the descendants of Khubilai.
		With Esen's death in 1455 Oirat power in eastern Mongolia waned and the Qubilaids, the descendants of Khubilai who considered themselves the legitimate rulers of Mongolia, once again attempted to unite all the Mongol tribes under its control.
		The Oirat regrouped south of the Mongol-Altai Mountains in Zungaria, what is now the Chinese province of Xinjiang, and in addition to advancing westward as far as Mogholistan (current-day Kyrgyzstan) continued to harass Khalka Mongolia itself.
	www.zanabazar.mn /Life/zanabazar.html (1939 words)

	LINGUIST List 13.804: Mongolian Linguistics: Written Oirat
		Written Oirat ATTILA Rï¿½KOS ELTE University Budapest The Written Oirat language and the Oirat script were created in 1648 by the Oirat Zaya Pandita, Oqtor?uyin Dalai.
		It had strict rules in its original form and was used mostly for Buddhist texts, but shortly spread in wider range (codes, documents, historical works, folk-religious texts, etc.), and became under the strong influence of the spoken language.
		Up to the 20th century Written Oirat was the literary language of the Oirats of Western Mongolia and Eastern Turkestan, as well as of the Kalmyks.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/13/13-804.html (321 words)

	Life of Zanabazar: First Bogd Gegen of Mongolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In 1616 one branch of the Oirat, the Torguts, began a long migration westward which would eventually, by the 1630s, bring them to the lower Volga River in what is now Russia.
		Soon the sons of the Oirat nobility were sent to study in the great Gelugpa monasteries of Tibet.
		By then not only many Khalkh, or Eastern Mongols, but also, as noted earlier, many Oirat Mongols were studying in the Gelugpa monasteries of TibetThus the advance of Chogthu the Dark Lord's mercenary army was seen by the Oirat rulers as a threat to themselves, their families, their followers, and their religious tenets.
	www.zanabazar.mn /Life/zanabazar.10.html (1444 words)

	Historical cartography of the Altai Territory. Regional geography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Teleuts conceded conciderably in force to the Oirat union.
		In the 1620-s Hara-Hoola - one of the most influential Oirat leaders - lived in the mouth of the Chumish, the right tributery of the Ob, who after the doom of East-Mongolian Khans wandered to the North, to the Upper Ob-side.
		In 1635 after the death of Hara-Hoola the Oirat unionwas headed by his son Bator, who became "hontaidgi", that means "governor".
	bspu.ab.ru /Faculty/History/atlas/eng/ist_reg/21.html (461 words)

	Route of Wala's invasion of China AD 1449? - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		The Oirat main body crossed the Great Wall at Datong, defeating the defending garrison of the city in battle and killing its generals.
		Ming Yingzong's expedition against the Oirats was meant to relieve Datong, but the vanguard suffered a crushing defeat and the retreating army of 500,000 was annihilated by the Oirats, with Yingzong taken prisoner.
		Esen, the Oirat leader, led 100,000 cavalry eastwards from Datong to Baiyangkou, and then south to capture Zijing Pass on the inner line of the Great Wall.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=4750 (1582 words)

	Life of Zanabazar: First Bogd Gegen of Mongolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This is his alleged meeting in the Tibetan capital with Galdan, the son of Baatar Khongtaiji, the chieftain of the Choros Oirat.
		Although the Khoshot retained great influence because of their role as “Protectors of Tibet“;, in the political realm they were soon out shadowed by the Choros, who in the 1620 and early 1630s were led by the charismatic warlord Khara Khula.
		By then it had become a custom among the Oirat nobility to send some of their sons to Tibet to study and perhaps became monks.
	www.zanabazar.mn /Life/zanabazar.16.html (1332 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:xal
		Buzawa, Oirat, Torgut (Torguut, Torguud, Torghud, Torghoud), Dörböt (Dörböd, Derbet), Sart Qalmaq.
		Their language has diverged from other Mongolian languages and they are called 'Kalmyk' in Russia; 'Oirat' in China and Mongolia.
		In 1628 the Oirat moved from Dzungaria, Eastern Turkistan (Xinjiang, China) to the Volga, north and west of the Caspian Sea.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=xal (257 words)

	[No title]
		It is spoken by Kalmyks in Russian and Oirats in China and Mongolia.
		The major part of Kalmyks lives in Russia, the Republic of Kalmykia (146 thousand), which is located in the steppes between the Don and Volga rivers (lower Volga region) east of the Caspian and north of the Caucasus.
		Total population of all Kalmyks and Oirats in all countries is about 518,000.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /~uhdoc/kalmyk/gram.doc (2982 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		During the 14th and 15th centuries, the Mongols lost their previous unity and were divided into Eastern Mongols and Western Mongols (Oirat Mongols).
		At the beginning of the 17th century, the Zurchid tribe of Manchurians became powerful and established the State of Chin.
		The Manchurians subdued Inner Mongolia in the 1630s, Khalh Mongolia in 1691 and Oirat Mongolia in 1757.
	laurier.vsb.bc.ca /studentp/joe%20and%20wei/14-15%20centuries.html (97 words)

	Phrasebase - Kalmyk Language Facts And Information
		Dialects: BUZAWA, OIRAT, TORGUT (TORGUUD, TORGHUD, TORGHOUD), DÖRBÖT (DÖRBÖD, DERBET), SART QALMAQ.
		Summary: Their language has diverged from other Mongolian languages and they are called 'Kalmyk' in Russia; 'Oirat' in China and Mongolia.
		Different from other varieties in China called Oirat, which are sometimes called 'Asiatic Oirat.' Tibetan is used as religious language.
	www.phrasebase.com /languages/index.php?cat=131 (327 words)

	Script codes in RFC 3066
		When considering the request, I suggested to the ISO 639 Joint-Advisory Committee that "Kalmyk-Oirat" be added to ISO 639, but some members of the JAC were not convinced this was only one language, and so it was decided to simply add "Kalmyk", leaving for now the issue of "-Oirat" ambiguous.
		If "Oirat" were added to ISO 639 as a separate item, this would be another case of one thing in Ethnologue corresponding to multiple things in ISO 639.
		In cases like Serbo-Croatian and Moldavian/Romanian, the Ethnologue editor will certainly entertain a change if there is linguistic or sociolinguistic evidence indicating a divergence resulting in distinct language identities.
	www.alvestrand.no /pipermail/ietf-languages/2003-April/000860.html (430 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - AGC-EEP Timurids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Their culture had begun to differ from those of other Mongols prior to Khayr's conquest, and his efforts allowed the Uzbek peoples to declare their complete independence.
		The Oirats pillaged and destroyed much of the east and are mainly responsible for the lack of expansion during the rest of Khayr's reign.
		In 1469, Janibek and Ghirei, distant relatives of Khayr, exploited this vacuum of power and established their state in the lands between the Chu and Talas rivers.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=165773&page=1 (497 words)

	Formulaic Density in Arimpil's Jangar Epic Singing
		The Oirat epics, centered on the famous Jangar, were the mature stage.
		As for the epic distribution, we found the epic Jangar cycle sung only among the Oirat peoples both in tile Tian Shan Mountains in Xinjiang and in Kalmuck Republic on the bank of the Volga River in Russia.
		A German traveler Benjamin Bergmann collected the first Jangar in the beginning of the 19th century among the Kalmucks in Russia.[3] There was a tradition to keep and treasure the epic text in written form in Mongolian families, especially in high-ranking families.
	iel.cass.cn /English/epics/Jangar.htm (2440 words)

	Defining Territories and Empires: from Mongol Ulus to Russian Siberia1200-1800(3)
		Altogether, the Ching reduced the Oirats from perhaps 600,000 people to 30-40,000, the latter being those who managed to flee into Russian territory.
		Their expansion beyond eastern Turkestan was not precluded by Russian might, but by Ching fears of a possible uprising in their Mongolian (Khalka) rear.
		With the Ching army gone and the Oirats virtually exterminated, the Russians moved finally advanced south, consolidating their hold on southern Siberia up to the mountains (on the other side of which lay the Mongolian plateau).
	src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp /sympo/Proceed97/Kotkin3.html (2766 words)

	AllRefer.com - Oirat Autonomous Oblast (CIS And Baltic Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Oirat Autonomous Oblast (CIS And Baltic Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Oirat Autonomous Oblast, CIS And Baltic Political Geography
		Oirat Autonomous Oblast or Oirot Autonomous Oblast: see Altai Republic, Russia.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/X/X-OiratAut.html (149 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Oirats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This is an extract from The Middle East Open Encyclopedia, made possible through the Wikimedia Foundation.
		Iraq Museum International always displays the most recent published revision of the source article, Oirats; all previous versions may be viewed here.
		They link directly to authoring tools for you to start writing a particular article.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref?title=Oirats (1175 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		They are primarily located in the western part of Mongolia, near the border of Russia.
		Having arrived in the land of their ancestors, the surviving Oirat were accepted under Manchu rule and given pastures for grazing their herds.
		Their descendants are still found in western Mongolia, as well as in the Xinjiang region and Qinghai province of China.
	www.ksafe.com /profiles/p_code2/1217.html (762 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		They are the only Buddhist people group in Europe and are 2,500 miles away from their spiritual motherland, Tibet.
		In the early 1600's, most of their ancestors (the Oirat) left their homeland, Dzhungaria, which is now part of the Xinjiang region of China, in hopes of settling in the rich pastures of the northern Caucasus Mountains.
		In 1771, the majority of the Oirat decided to move back to Dzhungaria in order to escape the Russian dictatorship, but only a few survived the long journey.
	www.ksafe.com /profiles/p_code2/1212.html (775 words)

	In The News - November (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The epic can also be found in some areas of Russia, along the course of the Volga River, home to the Kalmyk Mongols.
		It was printed after the 13th chapter was discovered in the Oirat version.
		Today, there are several copies of the epic which have been translated into numerous languages all over the world.
	danielroy.tripod.com /cgi-bin/alternate/mongolia/november-2000.html (13582 words)

	Japan Forum - View Single Post - Turkish languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Although their lingusitic similarities are equal to either side (Turkic or Mongolic) of Altaic family, they prefer to be related to Turkish as such (because Mongolia is very "low prestigious" something again), hence claim their language is "clearly" a turkic sub-group.
		My book tells me that Oirat used to have its own alphabet since 1648, but turned to Cyrillic in 1944, and that Kalmuk started using Cyrillic in 1917, Roman in 1931, and back to Cyrillic in 1937.
		I wasn't aware that there was so much controversy over Oirat's linguistic affinity to the Mongolic family, especially coming from the Oirats themselves.
	www.jref.com /forum/showpost.php?p=158894&postcount=12 (1277 words)

	Mongol Scripts
		This is based on the Classical Mongol Script with ambiguous letters, such as 'O' and 'U', differentiated to be more clear cut.
		This was used by Oirats in the region between the Ijil River, Ezen River and Kökö Lake.
		It is still used today by Oirats in Shinjaan.
	www.viahistoria.com /SilverHorde/research/MongolScripts.html (2659 words)

	Short Review: Aspects of Buddhism: Some Rare Oirat Manuscripts in St. Petersburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Za ya Pandita translated the Ma ni bka' 'bum in 1644, years before creating the Oirat script.
		Uspensky marks only the most important features of these texts but states he does so for being able to compare with already known copies of these texts; the article is not thought to be a catalogue.
		Nonetheless, reading these short descriptions causes interest in the whole collection of Oirat texts in St. Petersburg.
	userpage.fu-berlin.de /~corff/im/Buch/Buddhism-5.html (138 words)

	MARRIAGE AS POLITICAL STRATEGY AND CULTURAL EXPRESSION
		The Onggirat tribe, the Ikires tribe, the Oirat tribe, the Korean royal family, the Öngüt tribe, and the Uighur Idug-qut’s Clan have been selected for examination.
		Based on the exploration, description, and discussion in the proceeding chapters, the dissertation concludes that the Mongolian imperial marriages during the 13
		Oirat Women Married into the Chinggisid Clan (146)
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~zqingzhi/thesis.html (778 words)

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