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Topic: Oka Crisis

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	Ciaccia OKA David T. Nicholson, Wednesday-Night Salon
		Oka had a bit of everything, from a police force that behaved like the Keystone Cops, to a gang of smugglers, the Warriors, passing themselves off as liberators of their people.
		Ciaccia, as Quebec's native affairs minister, was at the centre of the crisis, torn between his role in the government and his evident sympathy for the Mohawks.
		As an actor in the Oka drama, he was too close to it for an impartial reconstruction of events; yet the narrative is compelling, a tick- tock of a summer of sorrow.
	www.wednesday-night.com /CiacciaOKA.htm (1554 words)

	Oka - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oka River is a river in the European part of Russia, flowing into the Volga.
		Oka River (Siberia) is a river in Siberia.
		Oka, Quebec is a small town in Quebec, Canada.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oka (274 words)

	WAKIO : NATIVE HIP-HOP,RAP
		The other victims of the Crisis were an elderly Mohawk woman and an elderly man. The woman died of heart failure in early September; a few days before she was attacked, together with other Native elderly people and children fleeing from Kahnawake, by a stone-throwing mob.
		The Oka crisis was sparked off by the decision taken by the Municipality of Oka and Le Club de golf d’Oka Inc. to extend a nine hole golf course originally built in 1959 on land that the Mohawks claim is, and has always been, theirs.
		Despite the relatively peaceful resolution to the crisis and the five years that have since elapsed, many important issues have still to be addressed, foremost of all the rights, role and standing of the First Nations in Canada today.
	www.freewebs.com /wakio/8990okacrisis.htm (1540 words)

	Oka Crisis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Oka Crisis was a land dispute between the Mohawk nation and the town of Oka, Quebec which began on March 11, 1990, and lasted until September 26, 1990.
		In 1717, the governor of New France granted the lands encompassing the cemetery and the pines to a Catholic seminary permission to hold the land in trust for the Mohawk nation.
		At the peak of the crisis, the Mercier Bridge and highways 132, 138 and 207 were all blocked.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oka_Crisis (2108 words)

	The Oka Crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		After fighting for years to reclaim their native land, the Mohawks of Kanesatake (Oka) erected a barricade to their land.
		When confronted with a plan to expand a golf course on their land, the Mohawks on the Kanesatake reserve [see Map 1 : Oka map] decided to erect a barricade to Oka [see Map 1 : Oka map].
		Indeed, the land which the mayor of Oka [see Map 1 : Oka map] and other citizens of the city were eyeing for the new golf course was being claimed as long-held ancestral land by the Mohawks.
	www.histori.ca /peace/page.do?pageID=343 (483 words)

	Oka Crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		The town council of Oka, Quebec, wished to expand the golf course.
		The Mercier bridge was a vital link to the Island of Montreal and several heavily populated suberbs.
		The chiefs called international leaders to condem Canada for it's handiling of the crisis, and asked the U.N. to investigate.
	members.tripod.com /procanada/oka.html (407 words)

	Indians OKA from david.nicholson
		Oka is bracing for another standoff, but this time Indians and non-Indians are uniting forces to stop the development of a $102 million niobium mine in their backyard.
		Mohawks in Kanesetake and their neighbours in Oka are banding together to block a mine from being built near their homes.
		Quebec's image has been hurt internationally by images of the Oka Crisis and the stoning of Mohawks at the foot of the Mercier Bridge.
	www.wednesday-night.com /IndiansOKA.htm (803 words)

	Oka Crisis Examined
		It also shows that while the crisis started as a land claim issue, divisions emerged as it wore on, until all but a militant few were left in the end.
		The book clearly demonstrates that the roots of the crisis lie in a long history of tensions as Kanesatake Mohawks have seen their land, bit by bit, taken away from them.
		The history of the Quebec government's dealings with natives, the lack of federal involvement in the crisis, and the reasons negotiations failed are not completely explained.
	perc.ca /PEN/1992-02/review2.html (653 words)

	KANEHSATAKE: 270 Years of Resistance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		The Mayor of Oka, a small town in southern Quebec, seemed to be inside someone’s back pocket when he tried to develop the back nine of a private golf course onto sacred Mohawk land while the aboriginal Indians of Kanehsatake were equally committed not to sell out.
		Minutes later, interviews from the citizens of Oka say how most of the town was against the development of the golf course.
		The residents of Oka were denied access to their homes, food and clothing supplies were stopped at army checkpoints, citizens of the town were strip searched and intimidated with live ammunition and journalists were detained while their film and videotape was confiscated.
	www.dontshootthemessengers.com /talktome/kanehsatake.html (2135 words)

	Ottawa XPress - News - 15 years since the Oka Crisis
		The incident at OKA received front page coverage 15 years ago because it was a story featuring conflict in Oka (it didn't matter what the issues were to most people who picked up the paper or tuned in to the news that couple of days back in 1990).
		I remember the Oka Crisis as the media covered it quite extensively and I, like others remember especially the Indian with a kerchief on his face.
		He became a symbol of the Oka Crisis as the fierce warrior standing mighty and alone against the invaders.
	www.ottawaxpress.ca /news/news.aspx?iIDArticle=6505 (3159 words)

	Haudenosaunee: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		The mission had sold much of their original land grant and the Oka Mohawks had united with other Mohawk communities to file a land claim but it was denied in 1975.
		Oka Mohawk traditional Chief Samson Gabriel asked the Grand Council for assistance, claiming that the warriors had taken over the representation of the issues.
		During the confrontation at Oka, the warriors took over the agenda and turned it from land rights for the Oka Mohawks to demanding that the warriors be given the right to operate high-stakes bingo.
	www.sixnations.org /Threats_to_Traditional_Governments (9167 words)

	American Indian Film Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		Indian Summer: The Oka Crisis is fiction based on headline news events that took place in the summer of 1990 in the town of Oka, near Montreal (Quebec), Canada.
		In the largest deployment of Canadian troops since the Korean War, Canadian troops move into the town of Oka to dismantle blockades of Mohawk Indians who are protesting against the town's plans to build on Mohawk sacred land.
		The land in question consists of a pine forest and an ancient burial ground on which the town plans to expand an existing golf course and pave a parking lot.
	www.aifisf.com /aifi/aiff/2006/indiansummer.html (232 words)

	Dramatic showdown - The Oka Crisis - CBC Archives
		CBC Canada: A People’s History: Standoff at Oka: A Mohawk standoff becomes a rallying cry for native anger and frustration
		It's a scene of hysteria, pandemonium and high tension as more than 2,500 soldiers descend upon Oka.
		People prepare for the worst as the army advances to the main barricade at the edge of the sacred Mohawk territory.
	archives.cbc.ca /IDC-1-71-99-581/conflict_war/oka/clip7 (251 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		After several years of trying to convince the Federal Government, in negotiations, of its legitimate claim to a parcel of land, that the Mohawks of Kanesatake had never surrendered or otherwise legally given up, a barricade was erected in April 1990 to stop the expansion of a private golf course.
		In addition, I would ask that you determine whether or not water supplies and electricity are being tampered with by police in an attempt to harass or intimidate people in the Kanesatake/Oka area.
		There are also reliable reports from several sources including a call to my office that native residents of Oka are being refused access to the village.
	www.bcgreen.com /~samuel/lubicon/1990/OKA.DOS.txt (2337 words)

	Role C
		The High Cost of the Oka Crisis provides figures on the financial costs associated with the Oka standoff.
		This story "John Ciaccia reflects on 1990: A crisis that should never have happened" reveals some of the backstory with respect to what happened during the negotiations and what contributed to their collapse.
		While this occurred after Oka, references are made to the event, and a link at the end of the article goes to an interview with a Warrior who had been part of the Mercier Bridge closing and who is now involved in growing hemp.
	www.campus-adr.org /Webquest/RoleC.htm (929 words)

	Role A
		A Chronology of the Mohawk's history in the Oka region prepared by the native director of the film Rocks at Whiskey Trench, a film documenting the experience of Mohawks who were attacked by an angry crowd of rock throwers.
		Interspersed with her analysis of the powwow is information on how the media had characterized the Mohawks (and especially the Warrior Society members) and some of the impacts of the bridge closing on local residents.
		A Kahnawake Clan Mothers and Chiefs Council statement on the Oka crisis written in 1992.
	www.campus-adr.org /webquest/RoleA.htm (992 words)

	Kanesatake.com \| Heritage \| Summer of 1990
		The land claim issue at the root of the 1990 Oka crisis go back far beyond the 20th century, but the events leading to the crisis are more recent.
		In march of 1988 Mohawks ask municipal Oka employees to interrupt their work near the golf course, arguing they are on Native Land.
		June 4: The municipality of Oka is willing to declare another moratorium for three months, provided the barricades are taken down, end in the case of a refusal an injunction will be requested.
	www.kanesatake.com /heritage/crisis/events.html (1459 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		With the passing of the 11th anniversary of the 1990 Oka Crisis earlier this week we, as a community, should pause and reflect on the events of July 11, 1990, and the ensuing 78-day standoff.
		And what it boiled down to was the Mohawk people defending their land from the incursion of non-Native development in the form of a golf course onto a Mohawk cemetery.
		Because the politicians and police viewed the Oka Crisis simply as a case of a group of "Canadians" breaking the law, the situation deteriorated as tensions escalated and the Surete du Quebec, with 100 officers, raided the pines at dawn on July 11.
	www.easterndoor.com /archives/10-25/10-25-Editorial.htm (438 words)

	The Front: Mohawks
		They marched to the golf course, whose proposed expansion had sparked the 1990 armed standoff now known as the Oka Crisis, and planted the Mohawk flag into the hole on the ninth green.
		"I was 14 at the time of the crisis, and it was a total trip--I had the time of my life," he says, referring to the guns and the tanks and the soldiers and all the other things 14-year-olds think are cool.
		Judging from the Oka residents' apathetic response to the march through town, Chief Gabriel has hit the nail on the head.
	www.montrealmirror.com /ARCHIVES/1998/071698/news5.html (785 words)

	Oka Crisis the first of mny bloody battles
		In 1717, the governor of New France granted the lands encompassing the cemetery and the pines to a Catholic seminary to hold the land in trust for the Mohawk nation.
		The Mohawks at Oka felt betrayed at the loss of their most effective bargaining chip, for once traffic was flowing again, the Quebec government rejected all further negotiations.
		Were the Oka Warriors, terrorists or just that, warriors protecting their nation when they were pushed to far.
	forums.canadiancontent.net /history/49867-oka-crisis-first-mny-bloody-battles.html (4471 words)

	Kanesatake.com \| Heritage \| Our History
		As expected, the richest portions of their territory was the Seigneurie of Two Mountains, on which dwelt the Oka Mohawks.
		He studied at College de Montreal and returned to Oka to be secretary to the Sulpicians.
		The Sulpicians had erected a high wooden fence in the middle of the village to separate the Mohawks from the Algonquins, and had built their church directly in the middle.
	www.kanesatake.com /heritage/identity/ident3.html (1233 words)

	History: Crisis Inspired Many Native People
		It was during the 1990 Oka crisis and a convoy of children, elderly and weak residents were leaving Kahnawake.
		The crisis began in the scenic town of Oka, 60 kilometres west of Montreal, in a dispute over a planned condominium expansion to golf complex.
		Within an hour of the SQ's arrival, in support of their fellow natives in Oka, hard-line Mohawks at Kahnawake south of Montreal blocked the Mercier bridge, a major thoroughfare used daily by 70,000 suburban commuters.
	www.firstnationsdrum.com /fall2000/hist_oka.htm (1329 words)

	Mohawk Nation News - From Nation to Nations
		Most recently, she was behind the Canadian Army razor wires that surrounded the Mohawk compound in Kanehsatake, known as the "Oka Crisis" that plagued the summer of 1990.
		After almost 20 years of service, Kahentinetha was fired by the Department of Indian Affairs for her involvement in the Oka Crisis.
		She was involved in Oka in 1990 before, during and after the Mohawk Standoff.
	www.mohawknationnews.com /about.php (815 words)

	bailey83221: '''Index:'''SLANTED STORY ACCOUNT OF 199
		Throughout the crisis, media reports generally bolstered the Warriors' image as valiant defenders of the land, men who had no choice but to take arms to defend their way of life.
		The group was further discredited midway through the crisis, when a broad-based coalition of Kanesatake Mohawks (those living near Oka) accused the militia of intimidating local natives and cynically hijacking their land-rights struggle to advance the commercial interests of Warrior backers from outside the settlement.
		He was present at Kanesatake and reported on the Oka conflict for most of the length of the standoff between the Warrior Society and the Canadian Army.
	bailey83221.livejournal.com /93624.html (6139 words)

	Eastern Door Volume 9 Number 24 Story 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		Ciaccia was the chief negotiator during the Oka Crisis in 1990 and he is just about to release a book about his experiences this Monday, July 10.
		I wrote a letter to Oka Mayor Jean Ouellette asking him not to call in the SQ and try for a negotiated settlement two days before.
		The Oka Crisis was a turning point in his political career.
	www.easterndoor.com /archives/9-24/9-24-4.htm (957 words)

	Canada in the Making - Aboriginals: Treaties & Relations
		For instance, the Oka crisis pitted Mohawks against police officers and the Canadian military during a tense standoff over a land claims issue near Montréal, Québec, during the summer of 1990.
		When municipal leaders in the village of Oka, Québec, decided to allow construction of a golf course on the burial grounds at a nearby reserve, it angered the Mohawk nation living there.
		The crisis helped to increase the awareness of the Canadian public to the concerns of the Aboriginal peoples, and led to a long Royal Commission on this issue.
	www.canadiana.org /citm/themes/aboriginals/aboriginals13_e.html (805 words)

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