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Topic: Okinawan dialects

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ryukyuan languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Okinawan (Okinawan: uchinaaguchi) Spoken: southern and central districts of the Okinawan mainland and the surrounding minor islands; Standard: traditionally Shuri, modern Naha; Speakers: 900,000
		Okinawan (Okinawan Uchinaaguchi) is a Ryukyuan language spoken in Japan on the southern island of Okinawa, as well as the surrounding islands of Kerama, Kume-jima, Tonaki, Aguni, and a number of smaller islands located to the east of the main island of Okinawa.
		The Kunigami language is a colloquial variant of the Okinawan language that is spoken largely in the Kunigami district of Okinawa Prefecture in Japan.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ryukyuan-languages (1308 words)

	Okinawa Prefecture
		There remain numerous Okinawan dialects that have their origins in the Ryukyu language, and are more-or-less incomprehensible to Japanese speakers.
		Okinawans are ethnically very mixed because of the intermarriage with the American occupation forces (Caucasian), Chinese, Japanese and the Latinos (Okinawan temp workers wives in South America).
		Other prominent examples of Okinawan culture include the sanshin - a three-stringed Okinawan instrument, somewhat similar to a banjo, whose body is often bound with the skin of Okinawa's poisonous Habu snake - and the Eisa dance - a traditional drumming dance.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/o/ok/okinawa_prefecture.html (809 words)

	Japanese language - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Dialects from less central regions, such as the Tōhoku or Tsushima dialect may be unintelligible to speakers from other parts of the country.
		The dialect used in Kagoshima in southern Kyūshū is famous for being unintelligible not only to speakers of standard Japanese but to speakers of nearby dialects elsewhere in Kyūshū as well.
		Young people usually speak their local dialect and the standard language, though in most cases, the local dialect is influenced by the standard, and regional versions of "standard" Japanese have local-dialect influence.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/j/a/p/Japanese_language.html (3271 words)

	Ryukyuan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Okinawan (Okinawan: uchinaaguchi) Spoken: southern and central districts of the Okinawan mainland and the surrounding minor islands; Standard: traditionally Shuri, modern Naha; Speakers: 900,000
		Since Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama, and Yonaguni are less urbanised than the Okinawan mainland, their languages are not declining as quickly as that of Okinawa proper, and children continue to be brought up in these languages.
		The Kagoshima dialect of Japanese, however, is 80% lexically similar to Tokyo Japanese.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ryukyuan_languages (516 words)

	Okinawan language - Definition, explanation
		Okinawan (Okinawan: Ucinaaguci) is a Ryukyuan language spoken in Japan on the southern island of Okinawa, as well as the surrounding islands of Kerama, Kume-jima, Tonaki, Aguni, and a number of smaller islands located to the east of the main island of Okinawa.
		The Shuri dialect was standardized during the era of the Ryukyuan Kingdom, during the reign of King Sho Shin (1477-1526).
		Nakasone Seizen manuscripts (mostly on the Nakijin dialect)
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/o/ok/okinawan_language.php (425 words)

	Okinawan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Okinawan (Okinawan: Ucinaːguci) is a Ryukyuan language spoken in Japan on the southern island of Okinawa, as well as the surrounding islands of Kerama, Kume-jima, Tonaki, Aguni, and a number of smaller islands located to the east of the main island of Okinawa.
		Okinawan has three short vowels, /a i u/, and five long vowels, /aː eː iː oː uː/.
		Okinawan dialects retain a number of old grammatical features, such as a distinction between the terminal form (終止形) and the attributive form (連体形), the genitive function of が ga (lost in the Shuri dialect), the nominative function of ぬ nu (Japanese: の no), as well as honorific/plain distribution of ga and nu in nominative use.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Okinawan_language (377 words)

	japanese language - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Dialects typically differ in terms of pitch accent, morphology of the verb and adjectives, particle usage, vocabulary and in some cases pronunciation.
		The dialect used in Kagoshima in southern Kyūshū is famous for being unintelligible not only to speakers of standard Japanese but to speakers of nearby dialects in northern Kyūshū as well.
		If considered as a system of morae instead of syllables, (as the katakana and hiragana phonetic writing systems explicitly do) the sound structure is very simple: The language is made of morae (or moras), each with the same approximate time value and stress (stress, here, being correlated with loudness, not pitch).
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/japanese-language (4126 words)

	HLW: Word Forms: Processes: Change
		So by examining a set of related dialects or languages, it is sometimes possible to infer how some of them have changed and what the dialect or language that is the ancestor of the whole set was like.
		That is, it is the dialects of Northern England and Ireland that are more like the ancestor dialect with respect to these vowels and it is the ancestor of the other dialects that changed.
		The modern dialects of Japanese, spoken on the main Japanese islands, and Ryukyuan, spoken in the Ryukyu islands of southern Japan, are the descendants of a single language, spoken perhaps 1000 years ago.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/PhonProcess/change.html (3984 words)

	Japanese_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		The final category of dialects are those that are descended from the Eastern dialect of Old Japanese; these dialects are spoken in Hachijojima, Tosa, and a very few other locations.
		Dialects from peripheral regions, such as TÅhoku or Tsushima, may be unintelligible to speakers from other parts of the country.
		Kansai-ben, a group of dialects from west-central Japan, is spoken by many Japanese; the Osaka dialect in particular is associated with comedy.
	www.school-explorer.com /Japanese (5044 words)

	History Of Matsumura Seito
		The Ryukyu Islands, better known as the Okinawan islands are a small chain of islands surrounded by China to the west, Japan and Korea to the north, with Taiwan and the Philippine islands to the south.
		Most Okinawan’s lived in small farming and fishing villages, usually isolated from foreigners and even other villages as evidenced by the various dialects still found between the northern and southern parts of the islands.
		This is an important event in the history of Okinawan martial arts because as part of those families came several Chinese martial arts masters, who shared their art with many in their new found home.
	www.matsumuraseitohozonkai.com /History_Of_Matsumura_Seito.html (3431 words)

	Isshin Ryu ARGENTINA
		Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama, and Okinawa all have their own dialects and within those dialects are numerous others which may vary from village to village.
		Local dialects are still spoken at home, but many new generations of Okinawans are not capable of speaking them.
		Okinawans, in the past used several different names during different periods of a person's lifetime.
	www.isshinryu.com.ar /ampliar.php?ampli=10 (928 words)

	E-Budo.com - linguistics and ryukyu martial traditions
		When Okinawan weapons were popularized in the west, the term kobudo (literally "ancient martial ways") gained the incorrect connotation of "old weapons arts" and began to refer to, at least in the western mind, the Okinawan weapon arts.
		Ifm not a practitioner of Okinawan martial arts, so I canft comment on the outlook of Okinawan people, but my experiences in the old school of traditional martial arts in Japan and China is that there is an inherent responsibility to preserve the teachings in their original form.
		Then the Okinawan aikijujitsu art, is supposed to have been taught to the Okinawan nobility by the Satsuma samurai invaders.It is supposed to be from the jigen ryu martial arts.
	www.e-budo.com /forum/printthread.php?t=2571 (4135 words)

	Untitled Document
		Some dialects such as those spoken in the southern parts of Japan (Kyushu, Okinawa) are virtually incomprehensible to the speakers of other dialects, requiring the use of the standard (or "common") dialect for communication.
		The two dialect families with the largest number of speakers are the dialect spoken in and around Tokyo, which is equivalent to the "common" dialect and the dialects of the Kansai region spoken in western Japan in cities such as Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe.
		The Japanese common language used to be based on the dialects of the Kansai region, but since the 17th century is based on the dialect of Tokyo in the Kanto region, as Japan's political and economic center moved from Kyoto and Osaka to Tokyo.
	www.lerc.educ.ubc.ca /lerc/courses/489/worldlang/Japanese/classification.htm (1979 words)

	Won Hop Loong Chuan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Most arts that claim to blend Okinawan and Chinese concepts are primarily Okinawan with a few Chinese "flavors" thrown in.
		Since the curriculum is designed to be analogous to the training that M. Kushubi received, it consists of Okinawan concepts initially and then transitions into Chinese concepts.
		This is because neither is pure Chinese, due to the Okinawan curriculum of pyong hwa do and the modifications that Kushubi made to won hop loong chuan, some of which were based on Okinawan principles.
	www.hiddendragon.com /wonhoploongchuan/faq.php3 (986 words)

	Japanese Dialects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Dialect in Yamagata - Short explanations on dialects in Yamagata.
		Dialects, History - Gives brief history and development of the Japanese language and various dialects.
		Tokushima Dialect - Demonstration of dialect, their equivalent in standard Japanese, and example sentences.
	us.a7find.com /Regional/Asia/Japan/Society_and_Culture/Language/Japanese_Dialects (202 words)

	Okinawa: Birthplace of Shorin-Ryu, Matsubayashi-Ryu Karate-Do
		The Okinawan king, Sho Hashi, unified the Ryukyu Kingdom, with Okinawa as its seat of power, in 1429 (63 years before Columbus discovered the Americas).
		When children spoke Hogen in schools they were forced to wear a placard around their neck known as a "Hogen-fuda" (dialect disgrace tag).
		At the same time, during the battle for Okinawa, the Japanese military delcared anyone speaking the traditional Okinawan language would be regarded as a spy.
	www.okinawan-shorinryu.com /okinawa (588 words)

	APCS Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The term "Uchinanchu" is used by Okinawans to describe themselves - it is the term for Okinawans in uchinaguchi, Okinawan dialect.
		As there are numerous dialects of uchinaguchi (Okinawan), those from similar linguistic groups had language and culture in common, and in the face of fairly hostile relations with Japanese and other migrant groups, looked to their origins for fellowship.
		A number of anthropological theories had been published by the end of the nineteenth century proposing that the Okinawan dialects were in fact "proto-Japanese", and Ryukyuan culture was a less evolved form of Japanese culture.
	www.apcsjournal.org /001/19 (1510 words)

	Shorin Ryu Karate
		The main police weapon, the iron truncheon or "sai", was the Okinawan equivalent of the Western billy-club, and several very old sai kata remain current in the Shorin Ryu style as well.
		This effort can be seen as a continuation of the work begun by Itosu, aimed at popularizing and rationalizing karate in a more systematic art (more in line with Judo, which had become the model of a well organized martial art or "do" in Japan at the time).
		Characteristic of this form is the one legged stance occurring repeatedly, which resembles the splendid sight of a crane poised on a rock and about to strike down upon its victim.
	www.nyc-shorinryu.com /shorin.html (3383 words)

	E-Budo.com - 'Dialect broadcaster' leads revival of Okinawan tongue
		If Ikari were to forget her dialect, she would lose sayings that her grandmother learned from her own grandmother -- phrases like "All five fingers on the hand grow differently," and "What is mine is yours" -- that saw her generation through war, disease and 27 years of U.S. rule over the island prefecture.
		At the same time, they need to be used in daily life to survive," she said, adding that the decline of dialects could be halted in part by having some classes at school use dialect or by organizing dialect speech contests.
		"Now, 'uchinanchu' (the Okinawan dialect) is my greatest treasure," she said, recalling how an elderly man in a nursing home began crying when she started using the old dialect.
	www.e-budo.com /forum/showthread.php?t=13728 (707 words)

	Okinawa Masters and History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Okinawan became an efficient 'street fighter' because if he did not kill the oppressive Samurai soldier,the soldier would kill him simply for being a member of an 'inferior' group.
		The Okinawans had decided that they, NOT the Japanese, are the experts when it comes to Karate and will only recognise Okinawan styles.
		The Okinawans feel they are the sole authority when it comes to what is and isn't karate so they decided to form the Okinawa version of the Budokan.
	pages.zdnet.com /oika/oika/id18.html (1693 words)

	Listing of Japanese Dialects - Japan Forum
		well, dialects were kind of borne from the limited movement of folk back in the feudal era: people of one town would not have very extensive interaction with their neighbors, and pretty much no interaction with faraway cities.
		Although the decision on a "standard" dialect (which I think was really more about standardizing the writing system than speaking) was meant to diminish these communication problems, I recently saw a TV show where a girl speaking heavy Touhokuben proved to be pretty unintelligible to the hosts and the Japanese people I watched it with.
		One thing about the Okinawan dialect is that there are no words or phrases that would equate with a separation or finishing.
	www.jref.com /forum/showthread.php?t=3660&goto=nextoldest (2557 words)

	Hogen Terminology-Kuda Yuichi, Kaicho, Matsumura Kenpo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Within the Ryukyuan language (extending from Amami Oshima to Yonaguni), the Okinawan language itself is comprised of many different dialects and sub-dialects from village to village.
		Most Okinawan songs and poems were composed in the Shuri dialect.
		The Shuri dialect is characterized by complexity of honorific markers which differentiate class, sex, and age.
	www.shorinji.net /hogen_terminology.htm (434 words)

	Education Japan \| Japan Guide \| Origins of Japanese
		The result is two main dialect groups: those of the Ryukyu Islands (Okinawan dialects) and the mainland of Japan.
		The dialects of northern Honshu and Kyushu, for example, are not mutually intelligible at all.
		This has served to unite the country linguistically, and while most people still speak or know the dialect of the region where they were brought up, they also know and use regularly the standard form.
	educationjapan.org /jguide/origins.html (1019 words)

	Ryukyuan language as a Heritage language of Okinawan people: Education and language maintenance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		There is a myth that Ryukyuan is just a dialect of Japanese so that people had not been paid attention to it as a language.According to Hattori (1959) the Ryukyuan language separates from the Japanese language sometime between the beginning of the sixth century and the middle of the twelfth century.
		The situation was exacerbated because Okinawans seeking education and employment were moving in large numbers to the mainland where their labor was often welcome but their somewhat differing customs and tendency to use the Ryukyuan language was not.
		A central theme in the research of Iha Fuyu the founder of Okinawan ethnography and mainland anthropologists Yanagita Kunio and Orikuchi Shinobu was that Okinawan culture especially in it ancient forms is of central importance to the culture of Japan.
	02.members.goo.ne.jp /~member/task.cgi?id=shinakosan@goo (4736 words)

	Ethnologue: Japan
		Dialects: MANABE-SHIMA, SANUKI, KINKI, SOGO, NAIRIN, CHURIN, GAIRIN, OKI, KAGOSHIMA.
		The dialects listed have noticeable differences, but not impossible communication.
		Dialect differences are noticeable, but communication is not impossible.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Japa.html (1150 words)

	Our Location
		One characteristic common to the Oriental languages is their use of the same written characters; however, the way the written characters are pronounced make the spoken language completely different from one country to another, or even from one part of the country to another.
		The second meaning -- the one used by the Japanese and Okinawans is "Karate" : "Kara" (empty) "Te" (hand).
		This became the father of all modern Okinawan and Japanese Karate, reflecting the changes they had made.
	www.coloradoexecutive.com /id5.html (574 words)

	Culture of Japan - History and ethnic relations, Urbanism, architecture, and the use of space
		The resulting dialect, hyōjungo ("the standard language"), was based on the linguistic patterns of Tōkyō's samurai ("warrior") classes and has become the norm in the educational system, the mass media, government, and business.
		Okinawan dialects are considered by many linguists to be distinct from Japanese.
		The two regions have markedly different dialects, and linguistic differences are sometimes taken as evidence of cultural sophistication, level of education, politeness, personality, and other social traits.
	www.everyculture.com /Ja-Ma/Japan.html (9442 words)

	Okinawan language - spoken on the southern island of Okinawa
		Okinawan language - spoken on the southern island of Okinawa
		Okinawan is a language spoken in Japan, on the southern island of Okinawa, as well as the surrounding islands of Kerama, Kume-jima, Tonaki, Aguni, and a number of smaller islands located to the east of the main island of Okinawa.
		It is part of the Ryukyuan family of languages, which along with Japanese and its dialects make up the Japonic family of languages.
	www.japan-101.com /language/okinawan_language.htm (213 words)

	LINGUIST List 5.328: Japanese labial weakening
		The Okinawan dialects, spoken on the Ryuukyuu islands in the Southern-most part of Japan, still retains (at least some of the dialects do) those segments that the mainland dialects have long lost.
		I was told that the Okinawan Dialcects inherited some aspects of the Old and Middle Jpanese dialcects.
		I am sure there is data from borrowing and dialectal development that confirms this too, but I am not at the moment on top of it.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/5/5-328.html (534 words)

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