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Topic: Okinawan Languages

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Ryukyuan languages

Japonic languages

Miyako language

Fuyu languages

Yaeyama language

Yonaguni language

Language families and languages

Japanese language

Amami language

Ryukyuan Kingdom

Kansai dialect

Turkic languages

Ryukyuans

Tinsagu nu Hana

Okinawa

In the News (Sun 5 Jul 09)

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	Japan Focus
		The boundaries of languages and language varieties – a term linguists prefer to dialects since it does not connote the idea of a deviation from a chosen standard – do not come into existence by themselves.
		Language ideology, the determination of what language(s) ought to be, played a crucial role in the language shift processes in the Ryukyu Islands.
		Furthermore, nothing is known about local awareness concerning the possible loss of their languages in the speech communities themselves, the attitudes of the speech communities toward language endangerment, and, to be based on such fundamental information, realistic goals for language revitalization have not yet been set.
	japanfocus.org /products/details/1596 (6546 words)

	LINGUIST List 11.1692: Japanese-Okinawan Languages: Ainu
		Dear all, The Department of Asian and Pacific Linguistics of The University of Tokyo is proud to announce the publication of "The Ainu Language" by Suzuko Tamura in English translation.
		The English translation was made under the auspicies of The Department of Asian and Pacific Linguistics, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, as part of its endangered languages project.
		Practically the first book ever published in English which presents a detailed syntax of the Ainu language based on primary data obtained through field research by a first-rate Ainu scholar in Japan, it is a must for everyone interested in the Ainu language and/or is concerned about endangered languages in general.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/11/11-1692.html (192 words)

	Okinawan Koryu Karate
		He is also very busy as a computer programmer, and teaches Okinawan koryu karate on the side.
		Shindo-ryu karate was founded by Okinawan karateka Choshin Chibana, and is related to Shorin-ryu, the traditional style of Okinawan karate.
		Choshin Chibana was born in Shuri, Okinawa in 1885.
	www.aikidojournal.com /article.php?articleID=11 (2903 words)

	LINGUIST List 11.1692: Japanese-Okinawan Languages: Ainu
		Dear all, The Department of Asian and Pacific Linguistics of The University of Tokyo is proud to announce the publication of "The Ainu Language" by Suzuko Tamura in English translation.
		The English translation was made under the auspicies of The Department of Asian and Pacific Linguistics, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, as part of its endangered languages project.
		Practically the first book ever published in English which presents a detailed syntax of the Ainu language based on primary data obtained through field research by a first-rate Ainu scholar in Japan, it is a must for everyone interested in the Ainu language and/or is concerned about endangered languages in general.
	linguistlist.org /issues/11/11-1692.html (192 words)

	Japanese language - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		It is considered an agglutinative language and is distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verbal forms which indicate the relative status of the speaker to the listener.
		The Ryukyuan languages are spoken in the islands of Okinawa Prefecture.
		Their use is often optional, since Japanese is described as a so-called pro-drop language, i.e., one in which the subject of a sentence does not always need to be stated.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/j/a/p/Japanese_language.html (3271 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ryukyuan languages
		Okinawan (Okinawan Uchinaaguchi) is a Ryukyuan language spoken in Japan on the southern island of Okinawa, as well as the surrounding islands of Kerama, Kume-jima, Tonaki, Aguni, and a number of smaller islands located to the east of the main island of Okinawa.
		The Kunigami language is a colloquial variant of the Okinawan language that is spoken largely in the Kunigami district of Okinawa Prefecture in Japan.
		The Ryukyuan languages are spoken in the islands of Okinawa Prefecture.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ryukyuan-languages (1445 words)

	Okinawan - indigenous people of the Okinawan islands
		Their language is usually treated as a dialect of Japanese or less commonly as a discrete language.
		From the latter view, the Okinawan languages constitute one of the two branches of the Japanese linguistic family.
		The Okinawan islands were unified by the Ryukyu Kingdom in the 12th century.
	www.japan-101.com /culture/okinawan.htm (240 words)

	Okinawan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Their language is usually treated as a dialect of Japanese or less commonly as a discrete language.
		From the latter view, the Okinawan languages constitute one of the two branches of the Japanese linguistic family.
		The Okinawan islands were unified by the Ryukyu Kingdom in the 12th century.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/o/ok/okinawan.html (185 words)

	Japan Focus
		The boundaries of languages and language varieties – a term linguists prefer to dialects since it does not connote the idea of a deviation from a chosen standard – do not come into existence by themselves.
		Language ideology, the determination of what language(s) ought to be, played a crucial role in the language shift processes in the Ryukyu Islands.
		Furthermore, nothing is known about local awareness concerning the possible loss of their languages in the speech communities themselves, the attitudes of the speech communities toward language endangerment, and, to be based on such fundamental information, realistic goals for language revitalization have not yet been set.
	www.japanfocus.org /products/details/1596 (6546 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		When the language A is unintelligible to the language B, A is considered as a different language from B. However, this criteria often disagrees with the actual conventions used.
		The name "Ryukyuan languages" may be used to state Ryukyuan as a different ethnicity from Japanese, or in promote of the Ryukyu independence.
		The name "Okinawan dialects" may be used to state Okinawa residents are Japanese, or in promote of Okinawa as an integral part of Japan.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Ryukyuan_languages (1517 words)

	Japanese Information Center - japanese girls
		It is considered an agglutinative language and is distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verbal forms which indicate the relative status of the speaker to the listener.
		The Ryukyuan languages are japanese translator spoken in the islands of Okinawa Prefecture.
		Humble language is used to talk about oneself or one's own group (company, family) whilst honorific language is mostly used when describing the interlocutor and his group.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_H_-_L/Japanese.html (3297 words)

	Language Isolate - meaning of word (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A language isolate is a natural language with no demonstrable genetic relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been proven to descend from a common ancestor to any other language.
		Language isolates may be seen as a special case of unclassified languages, being languages which remain unclassified even after extensive efforts.
		A Palaeosiberian language spoken in the lower Amur River basin and on the Sakhalin Islands.
	www.wordsonline.org /Language_Isolate (2365 words)

	JPRI Occasional Paper No. 8
		The early language "standardization" program in the Okinawan public schools was not a rousing success partly because sending children to school at all placed a heavy burden on farmers dependent on family labor in the fields.
		The situation was exacerbated because Okinawans seeking education and employment were moving in large numbers to the mainland where their labor was often welcome, but their somewhat differing customs and tendency to use the Ryukyuan language among themselves was said to make them harder for supervisors to control.
		A central theme in the research of Iha Fuyu, the founder of Okinawan ethnography, and mainland anthropologists Yanagita Kunio and Orikuchi Shinobu, was that Okinawan culture, especially in it ancient forms, is of central importance to the culture of Japan.
	www.jpri.org /publications/occasionalpapers/op8.html (5107 words)

	Okinawan language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Okinawan is a language spoken in Japan, on the southern island of Okinawa, as well as the surrounding islands of Kerama, Kume-jima, Tonaki, Aguni, and a number of smaller islands located to the east of the main island of Okinawa.
		It is part of the Ryukyuan family of languages, which along with Japanese and its dialects make up the Japonic family of languages.
		It was the official language used by royalty and aristocracy.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/o/ok/okinawan_language.html (157 words)

	Ryūkyūan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Okinawan (Okinawan: uchinaaguchi) Spoken: southern and central districts of the Okinawan mainland and the surrounding minor islands; Standard: traditionally Shuri, modern Naha; Speakers: 900,000
		Since Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama, and Yonaguni are less urbanised than the Okinawan mainland, their languages are not declining as quickly as that of Okinawa proper, and children continue to be brought up in these languages.
		The proportion of adults to children in speakers of Okinawan is much more uneven than with the other languages: it is quickly losing ground as a native language, while the other Ryūkyūan languages, although they are losing ground, are slipping only gradually.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ryukyuan_languages (520 words)

	Ryukyuan history - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Ryūkyūan languages may all be grouped together to form one of the main branches of the Japonic language family; the other main branch is comprised of the various Japanese dialects.
		The dominant economy was farming of sugar cane, and later on, the sweet potato, without which far more Okinawans would have died in the 1945 battle.
		Some Okinawans refuse to raise the Japanese flag at official events, because of the flag's perceived link to Japan's emperor, the Japanese Imperial Military, and the World War II Battle of Okinawa.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Ryukyuan_history (2073 words)

	Okinawa in Postwar Japanese Politics and the Economy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Okinawans frequently accused these courts of excessive leniency in dealing with such offenses, and, indeed, a common response to serious criminal offenses by U.S. soldiers was to transfer the offenders out of Okinawa to a different military unit.
		Okinawans in all of these places suffered various forms of discrimination from mainland Japanese, and the jobs they occupied were typically at the low end of the pay and safety scale.
		The vigorous Okinawan affirmation of Japaneseness during the years of U.S. control was a reasonable strategy given the circumstances, but it could not erase Okinawa's long history of an ambiguous and often difficult relationship with the land to the north known as "Japan," "Yamato," or whatever.
	www.east-asian-history.net /ryukyu/history/Okinawa/Postwar (10480 words)

	ZNet \|Japan \| The Okinawan Election and Resistance to Japan's Military First Politics
		The respected Okinawan scholar Hiyane Teruo described the islands late in 2005 as in a state similar to that of the shimagurumi toso, the island wide struggles of resistance that marked the seizure at bayonet-point of agricultural lands for base construction during the 1950s.
		Okinawan citizens and scholars began to argue that, only by insisting on their constitutional rights, turning to maximum advantage the Tokyo government's tentative, and so far insubstantial, talk of increased regional autonomy and ultimately pursuing the principle of "self-government," could Okinawa begin to stand on its own feet.
		Okinawans face their fifth shobun, but despite their fatigue, with the confidence born of a decade of successful resistance, they might yet be able to avert it and write an Okinawan history of the future.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=17&ItemID=11419 (3243 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Some Okinawans feel that the large presence places an undue burden on their small island (20% of land on Okinawa Island is U.S. territory) and have been upset by a number of incidents involving U.S. servicemembers and local citizens.
		While the U.S. military presence provides employment for the residents of the communities near the bases, some Okinawans feel that their livelihood and human rights have been violated throughout the 50 years of the post-war era by high-level noise pollution from military drills, aircraft accidents, environmental destruction, and crimes committed by U.S. military personnel.
		In November of 1995, a group called "Okinawan Women Act Against Military Violence" was organized to raise awareness of crimes alleged to have been committed by U.S. military personnel on the island.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Okinawa (2127 words)

	HLW: Word Forms: Processes: Change
		As with other language change, it is usually not clear how the change begins, but the prototypical phone for some phoneme starts to move.
		So by examining a set of related dialects or languages, it is sometimes possible to infer how some of them have changed and what the dialect or language that is the ancestor of the whole set was like.
		Because languages tend to be systematic, we would expect whatever holds for one of these to be true for the other as well.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/PhonProcess/change.html (3984 words)

	Japanese - Language Directory
		It is considered an agglutinative language and is distinguished by a complex system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary which indicate the relative status of speaker and listener.
		There are two forms of the language considered standard: hyōjungo (標準語, hyōjungo?) or standard Japanese, and kyōtsūgo (共通語, kyōtsūgo?) or the common language.
		The Ryukyuan languages are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands.
	language-directory.50webs.com /languages/japanese.htm (1734 words)

	ipedia.com: Japanese language Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Japanese is a language isolate, unrelated to any other known language except other Japonic languages (notably Okinawan).
		The Ryukyuan languages used in and around Okinawa are related to Japanese, but the two are mutually unintelligible.
		Unlike languages like Chinese, knowing a standard Japanese suffices most of the time but it may be necessary to be familiar with local dialects on some occasions.
	www.ipedia.com /japanese_language.html (3845 words)

	UH Press: Books and Journals published by the University of Hawaii Press
		The Okinawan-English Wordbook, written by the late Mitsugu Sakihara, historian and native speaker of the Naha dialect of Okinawa, is an all-new concise dictionary of the modern Okinawan language with definitions and explanations in English.
		Thus, in addition to being a comprehensive portrait of the modern Okinawan language, the Wordbook serves as an implicit introduction to the rich field of Japanese dialect studies.
		Prefatory material discusses the phonology of Okinawan and the romanization scheme employed in the book, with particular attention to phonological features of the language likely to be unfamiliar to native English speakers and those acquainted only with Japanese.
	www.uhpress.hawaii.edu /cart/shopcore/?db_name=uhpress&page=shop/flypage&product_id=4441&category_id=b3e6237d1b1b3b8594488ed1c40d0dfb&PHPSESSID=fa8e682dfd54c286cd9561b80186d0bf (301 words)

	E-Budo.com - linguistics and ryukyu martial traditions
		When Okinawan weapons were popularized in the west, the term kobudo (literally "ancient martial ways") gained the incorrect connotation of "old weapons arts" and began to refer to, at least in the western mind, the Okinawan weapon arts.
		I?fm not a practitioner of Okinawan martial arts, so I can?ft comment on the outlook of Okinawan people, but my experiences in the old school of traditional martial arts in Japan and China is that there is an inherent responsibility to preserve the teachings in their original form.
		Then the Okinawan aikijujitsu art, is supposed to have been taught to the Okinawan nobility by the Satsuma samurai invaders.It is supposed to be from the jigen ryu martial arts.
	www.e-budo.com /forum/printthread.php?t=2571 (4135 words)

	Okinawa - Wikitravel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		With their own language and customs, Okinawans still regard themselves as different from the mainland Japanese and some still harbor a certain degree of resentment towards the mainland for the brutal way the islands were treated as colonies and during World War II.
		Okinawans proudly call themselves uminchu (海人) or "sea people" in the local dialect and talk of the way things are done on the shima (島) or island(s), in contrast to the ways of the mainland, known as hondō (本土) or the slightly derisive yamato (ヤマト).
		In the Daito Islands, the obscure Hachijo dialect of Japanese by immigrants from the Hachijo Islands is the native language.
	wikitravel.org /en/Okinawa (2426 words)

	International JFL Cafe. Japanese language information.
		The best attested of these is the language of Goguryeo, with the less-attested languages of Baekje and Buyeo hypothesized to also be related because of all these cultures' historic close ties of kinship.
		Kanto-ben is very close to the standard language, and varies essentially in slang; some consider it to be equivalent to the standard language.
		Japanese dialects are mutually intelligible, although extremely geographically separated dialects such as the Tōhoku-ben and Kyūshū-ben may not be; in such cases speakers switch to the standard language with which all Japanese are familiar from school and from the media.
	internationaleflcafe.com /japanese-language-information.htm (3125 words)

	Japanese language - Gurupedia
		Estonian, Turkish, and Korean, Japanese is an agglutinative language, with two (phonologically distinctive) tones, similar to Serbian/Croatian and Swedish.
		topic-prominent language, which means it marks topic separately from subject, and the two do not always coincide.
		Most nouns in the Japanese language may be made honorific by the addition of お o- or ご go-; as a prefix.
	www.gurupedia.com /j/ja/japanese_language.htm (3446 words)

	Japanese Language: Article from Wikipedia
		The Japanese language is a spoken and written language used mainly in Japan.
		Japanese is a relative of the Altaic language family.
		Humble language is used to talk about oneself or one's own group (company, family) whilst honorific language is mostly used when describing the interlocutor and his group.
	www.japanese-name-translation.com /site/japanese_article.html (3119 words)

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