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Topic: Olaudah Equiano

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	Olaudah Equiano, slave, slave trade, abolitionist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Equiano's autobiography was the nucleus of the abolishment of slavery.
		Olaudah Equiano said he was born in Essaka, Benin in 1745 (which is highly debated) but by the time he was eleven, he and his sister were kidnapped and taken to the East Coast of America where they encountered white men for the first time.
		Olaudah Equiano knew that by targeting this section of society through public speeches and his autobiography, he would achieve a greater response to the abolition of slavery and also there would be a greater possibility of action on this humanitarian issue.
	www.emma.tv /humanitarian/profiles/olaudah_equiano_biography.aspx (508 words)

	Olaudah Equiano - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Equiano bought his freedom by careful trading and saving and became a seaman, travelling widely over the world.
		A few scholars such as Vincent Carretta, author of Equiano, the African: Biography of a Self-Made Man (2005), claim that records show Equiano was actually born in South Carolina and suggest that his account of the Middle Passage was based on already published accounts or on the experiences of others.
		Although Equiano's death is recorded in London, the location of his grave is unknown.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olaudah_Equiano (478 words)

	100 Great Black Britons - Olaudah Equiano
		Olaudah Equiano, the first political leader of Britain's fl community was born in Essaka, an Igbo village in the kingdom of Benin, in 1745.
		Equiano published his own autobiography, The Life of Olaudah Equiano the African in 1789, 'a detailed account of an African's movement out of slavery', and the most important single literary contribution to the campaign for abolition.
		Olaudah Equiano was appointed to the expedition to settle former fl slaves in Sierra Leone, on the west coast of Africa.
	www.100greatblackbritons.com /bios/olaudah_equiano.html (600 words)

	BBC - History - Olaudah Equiano (c.1745 - c.1797)
		Olaudah Equiano is famous for his autobiography, an account of his childhood in an area called 'Eboe' in Guinea as the son of the chief and experiences as a former slave.
		But Equiano was more fortunate than some of his peers, holding the position of 'gauger' on the plantations, similar to being a quality controller, and after three years of saving his income he was able to buy his freedom in 1766 for £40.
		Equiano appealed to Sharpe in a bid to save former slave and friend, John Annis who had been illegally kidnapped by his former owner who wanted to return him to the Caribbean.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/equiano_olaudah.shtml (586 words)

	Black Peoples of America - Olaudah Equiano
		Olaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in the African country that is now Nigeria.
		Olaudah was so ill from the smell and the conditions in the hold that he was allowed to sit on deck during the day to breathe fresh air.
		Olaudah was not strong enough to work in the fields and so was given the task of sitting with the grandfather of the house who was dying.
	www.historyonthenet.com /Slave_Trade/olaudah_equiano.htm (1190 words)

	Olaudah Equiano
		Olaudah Equiano, an Ibo from Nigeria, was just 11 years old when he was kidnapped into slavery.
		Olaudah Equiano vividly recounts the shock and isolation that he felt during the Middle Passage to Barbados and his fear that the European slavers would eat him.
		Olaudah Equiano offers a first- hand account of his arrival in the West Indies in 1756.
	aalbc.com /authors/olaudah.htm (3331 words)

	Olaudah Equiano: A Critical Biography
		Equiano tells us that he was the son of a chief, and that at about the age of eleven he and his sister were kidnapped while out playing, and were marched to the coast and put on board a slave ship.
		Equiano's first fear was that he would be sent into the plantations, but by now he was a very well-educated slave and therefore much too valuable to be sent into the fields.
		Equiano believed in the project too, and he was given the job of Commissary of Provisions and Stores - it was his job to buy the food and equipment which the ships and the colony would need - a job which made him probably the first fl civil servant in England.
	www.brycchancarey.com /equiano/biog.htm (3077 words)

	Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)
		Equiano, like Franklin, is an enterprising young man rising up in life and playing numerous roles that help to develop his character in a free world of possibility.
		Equiano was aware of this type of writing, especially in the books on Africa by Anthony Benezet, the Quaker antislavery writer; when Equiano recalled his early days in Africa, he relied heavily on his reading in the primitivistic literature.
		Equiano's life story is a journey of education in which he goes from innocence in edenic Africa to the cruel experience of slavery in the West.
	college.hmco.com /english/heath/syllabuild/iguide/vassa.html (1335 words)

	Volume A: American Literature to 1820 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Born in the Ibo village of Essaka in what is now Nigeria, Equiano was sold at the age of eleven to British slavers, transported first to Barbados and then to a plantation in Virginia.
		The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, was published in London in 1789 and printed in New York in 1791.
		Equiano's prose style is powerful, remarkable even in a time of high eloquence.
	www.wwnorton.com /naal/vol_A/explorations/equiano.htm (519 words)

	O'Quinn - "The State of Things: Olaudah Equiano and the Volatile Politics of Heterocosmic Desire" - ...
		Equiano's response is perfectly apposite, for he argues that "if he and these people went to hell together, their pains would not make his any lighter" (204).
		Because Equiano's identification with the martyred figures in Fox is guaranteed by his deployment of George in the position of the King, the sailors' taunt effectively destroys Equiano's masochistic identification by depriving him of his tormentor—of his "sovereign" George.
		Equiano's ability to phantasmatically align himself with both the Levite and his mutilated wife is deeply connected to Equiano's experience of slavery, for the Levite owns his wife as property in much the same way that Equiano owns himself.
	www.rc.umd.edu /praxis/sexuality/oquinn/oquinn.html (6714 words)

	Olaudah Equiano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Olaudah Equiano was a man that was kidnap into slavery.
		Olaudah Equiano had many roles in his society that he as in.
		Olaudah learned that he could become a merchant and gain money from what he was doing for King.
	daphne.palomar.edu /marguello_students/Fall_2003/006080233/olaudah_equiano.htm (412 words)

	The Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African
		At the age of 11, Olaudah Equiano was abducted from his Ibo village in West Africa (presently in the area of Benin) and was sold into slavery.
		Equiano lives with a woman as her slave and is instructed in reading and writing.
		Equiano was intelligent, and was able to quickly learn the language, religion, law and commerce of his enslavers.
	www.wmich.edu /dialogues/texts/lifeofolaudahequano.htm (1293 words)

	English 251: American Lit. (1600-1865)
		Two representative instances are Olaudah Equiano (whose Europeanized name was Gustavus Vassa) and Phillis Wheatley (separated so young from both Africa and her mother that she seems to have forgotten her African name).
		Equiano's Narrative borrows from both the Puritan spiritual autobiography and the narratives of Indian captivity to create a new literary form: the slave narrative.
		Perhaps one of the most striking aspects of Equiano's narrative is that it provides readers with a view of Europeans from the viewpoint of a captured African.
	www.uky.edu /AS/English/courses/online/eng251/assignment13.html (665 words)

	The Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African
		This autobiography became the prototype for the genre of the slave narrative, and was the beginning of the canon of African literature in English.
		Olaudah Equiano was abducted from his Ibo village in West Africa at the age of eleven and was sold into slavery.
		Equiano's narrative, bound in the 1830's with the poems of former slave Phyllis Wheatly, marks the beginning of popularized fl African literature.
	www.wmich.edu /dialogues/texts/equiano.html (659 words)

	Heath Anthology of American LiteratureOlaudah Equiano - Author Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Olaudah Equiano and his sister were kidnapped in Africa, in what is present-day Nigeria.
		The eleven-year-old Equiano was later separated from his sister and placed aboard a slave ship that sailed across the Atlantic on the Middle Passage, the deadly link on Great Britain’s lucrative commercial route in the eighteenth century.
		However, while it is true that Equiano relies to some extent on various sources that he acknowledges in his narrative, his work comes forth as the lively portrayal of a deeply spiritual and sincerely humanitarian person.
	college.hmco.com /english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/eighteenth/equiano_ol.html (1139 words)

	Creative Corner - Mime: The Silent Art - Laureen Ricks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Olaudah’s story is a true account that shows the cruelty and severity of the slave trade.
		Equiano worked his way from slavery to being an author whose work is one of the most celebrated slave narratives.
		Equiano’s story is enlightening and opens the door for the inclusion of other slave narratives in the curriculum.
	www.jou.ufl.edu /rolemodels/creativecorner/OlaudahEquiano.shtm (342 words)

	Notes - O'Quinn - "The State of Things: Olaudah Equiano and the Volatile Politics of Heterocosmic Desire" - ...
		Equiano, like most followers of Whitefield and Wesley, refers to himself as a member of the Church of England.It is important to remember Henry Abelove's persuasive account of the erotic substrate of Methodist practice in The Evangelist of Desire: John Wesley and the Methodists.
		Equiano may be distinguishing George's actions from the rules for personal conduct laid out by Wesley, or he may be referring to more traditional Protestant definitions of prayer.
		Equiano's "femininity" has been a topic of some concern in Wilfred D. Samuels "Disguised Voice in The Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African," and in Catherine Obianuju Acholonu, The Igbo Roots of Olaudah Equiano.
	www.rc.umd.edu /praxis/sexuality/oquinn/oquinn_notes.html (1621 words)

	A SON OF AFRICA - Resources for Teachers
		Olaudah Equiano offers a first-hand account of his arrival in the West Indies in 1756.
		In this extract from his memoirs, Olaudah Equiano describes Ibo religion in present-day eastern Nigeria and observes that certain aspects of African religious belief resemble those found in Judaism and Christianity.
		I was named Olaudah, which, in our language, signifies vicissitude, or fortune also; one favored, and having a loud voice, and well spoken.
	www.newsreel.org /guides/equiano.htm (3599 words)

	Equiano, autobiography
		First, it is the story of Equiano's captivity as a slave and his struggle to achieve freedom; as such it is one of the first of a long line of slave narratives.
		Equiano's description of what has become known as the "middle passage" reveals the terrible and dehumanizing ordeal by which human beings were turned into chattel, movable property.
		Equiano's Life was one of the first accounts of the experience of forced exile from family and home to be narrated by a slave who survived the middle passage and became free.
	www.msu.edu /user/carterca/equiano.htm (4310 words)

	Olaudah Equiano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When he was about eleven, Equiano was kidnapped and after six months of captivity he was brought to the coast where he encountered white men for the first time.
		As if it were no crime in the whites to rob an innocent African girl of her virtue, but most heinous in a fl man only to gratify a passion of nature, where the temptation was offered by one of a different color, though the most abandoned woman of her species.
		Unfortunately, many humane gentlemen, but not residing on their estates, are obliged to leave the management of them in the hands of these human butchers, who cut and mangle the slaves in a shocking manner on the most trifling occasions, and altogether treat them in every respect like brutes.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /Sequiano.htm (2336 words)

	Olaudah Equiano's life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Olaudah Equiano (Gustavus Vassa) was kidnapped from his African village at the age of eleven, shipped through the arduous "Middle Passage" of the Atlantic Ocean, seasoned in the West Indies and sold to a Virginia planter.
		Equiano recalls his childhood in Essaka (an Igbo village formerly in northeast Nigeria), where he was adorned in the tradition of the "greatest warriors." He is unique in his recollection of traditional African life before the advent of the European slave trade.
		Equally significant is Equiano's life on the high seas, which included not only travels throughout the Americas, Turkey and the Mediterranean; but also participation in major naval battles during the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), as well as in the search for a northwest passage led by the Phipps expedition of 1772-1773.
	www.atomicage.com /equiano/life.html (430 words)

	Africans in America/Part 1/Olaudah Equiano
		Captured far from the African coast when he was a boy of 11, Olaudah Equiano was sold into slavery, later acquired his freedom, and, in 1789, wrote his widely-read autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African.
		The youngest son of a village leader, Equiano was born among the Ibo people in the kingdom of Benin, along the Niger River.
		Equiano's early experiences as a slave were not all disagreeable; some families treated Equiano almost as a part of the family.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aia/part1/1p276.html (507 words)

	Olaudah Equiano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Olaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in the village of Isseke in what is now Nigeria.
		At age eleven, he was kidnapped by African slave traders, purchased by Europeans, and sent to the Americas in 1756.
		Following his self-emancipation, Equiano lived primarily in England and worked in the slave trade into the 1770s.
	www.virginia.edu /history/courses/courses.old/hius323/equiano.html (216 words)

	Olaudah Equiano
		Olaudah Equiano would eventually be sold to a man by the name of Michael Henry Pascal, an officer of the British Royal Navy, who set sail for the American continent.
		In 1789, Equiano's autobiography was published in London and by 1790 Equiano was fully involved in the antislavery movement in Britain.
		As a sailor, Equiano had escaped many dangers, and it was these brushes with death that caused him to reflect deeply on his eternal state.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/26/hmd143.shtml (1214 words)

	DEADLINE EXTENDED FOR the $1000 OLAUDAH EQUIANO PRIZE - The Nigerian Village Square
		Olaudah Equiano was born in Essaka, an Igbo village in the country now known as Nigeria in the year 1745.
		Equiano was an intelligent man who was able to learn the language, religion and laws of his enslaver.
		Naming this prize after Equiano is more of tribute to a man who was the first to tell the African story in English, the first to challenge the oppressive environment Africans in the Diaspora find themselves and the first to overcome the obstacles and make a success of himself.
	www.nigeriavillagesquare.com /board/showthread.php?t=3490 (1189 words)

	From Revolution to Reconstruction: Outlines: Outline of American Literature: Early American and Colonial Period to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Equiano, an Ibo from Niger (West Africa), was the first fl in America to write an autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789).
		In the book - - an early example of the slave narrative genre -- Equiano gives an account of his native land and the horrors and cruelties of his captivity and enslavement in the West Indies.
		Equiano, who converted to Christianity, movingly laments his cruel "un-Christian" treatment by Christians -- a sentiment many African-Americans would voice in centuries to come.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/LIT/equiano.htm (159 words)

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