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Topic: Olbia, Ukraine

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	The Odessa Virtual Museum of Numismatic
		Olbia was placed under the control of Scythian kings Skilur and Akrossa.
		In the south of modern Ukraine still dominated Byzantine coins and cast coins of Chersonessos (Slavic name is Korsun) issued on behalf of Emperors Michael III, Basilius I, Leo IV and Alexander.
		The coins of Russian Empire circulated practically in all the territory of Ukraine by the end of XVIII c.
	www.museum.com.ua /en/fondu/history.html (1866 words)

	Olbia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Olbia (locally "Terranoa" in the Sardinian language or "Tarranoa" in Gallurese), is a town of approximately 40,000 inhabitants in northeastern Sardinia (Italy), in the Gallura sub-region.
		Called "Olbia" in the Roman age, "Civita" in the Middle Ages (Giudicati period) and "Terranova Pausania" before the 1940s, Olbia was again the official name of the town after the period of Fascism.
		Olbia (the name is of Greek origin) is very ancient and was possibly founded by the Greeks, according to a local legend.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Olbia (287 words)

	History of Ukraine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Moreover Ukraine saw some of the biggest battles of the war starting from the encirclement of Kiev (later acclaimed as a Hero City) where more than 660,000 Soviet troops were taken captive, to the fierce defence of Odessa, to the victorious storming across the Dnieper river.
		Ukraine declared itself an independent state on August 24, 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and was a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
		The history of Ukraine after the independence between 1992 and 2004 was marked by the presidencies of Leonid Kravchuk and Leonid Kuchma.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Ukraine (2834 words)

	Ny side 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The climate of Ukraine is moderate-continental; in the southernmost region of the Crimea the climate is sub-tropical.
		Central and southern Ukraine is primarily steppe (prairie), with fertile fl soil exceptionally well-suited for grain farming.
		Ukraine's long economic crisis is over, and in the first half of the year 2000 the country showed indications of economic growth.
	www.world-harmony.net /ukraine.htm (2008 words)

	[No title]
		Ukraine’s major task is to revive its European identity that means in the first place the priority of its integration into European structures, in particular, the European Union, in strengthening of European and Atlantic partnership, and active participation in regional initiatives and mechanisms of cooperation.
		Ukraine is a participant in the process of erecting a new architecture for the European security and actively supports the position that the emergence of new division of Europe, be it iron or paper, cannot be permitted.
		Ukraine’s participation in the Council of Europe is evidence of its steadfast adherence to its European choice and to the commonly recognized principles of pluralistic democracy, the rule of law, and commitment to basic human rights and liberties.
	www.5ci.lt /ukrembassy/Ukraine/Eng/ukraine_main.htm (4128 words)

	History of Ukraine
		Although Christianity had made inroads into Ukraine before the first ecumenical council, the Council of Nicea (particularly along the Black Sea coast) and, in Western Ukraine during the time of empire of Great Moravia, the formal governmental acceptance of Christianity in Rus' occurred at the Baptism of Kiev in 988.
		Most of Ukraine bordered parts of Lithuania, and some say that the name, "Ukraine" comes from the local word for "border," although the name "Ukraine" was also used centuries earlier.
		Ukraine declared itself an independent state on August 24, 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and was a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
	www.stranslation.com /Ukrainian_Translation/history_of_ukraine.htm (2199 words)

	Bread and Salt Mean Hospitality in Ukraine
		Guests in Ukraine are offered a circular bread (klib) and a mold of salt (sil) on an embroidered ceremonial cloth called a rushnyk (pronounced roosh-nick) by their hosts.
		The bread represents hospitality, the warmth of Ukrainian hospitality from the rich fl fertile soil of Ukraine.
		Some Ukrainian historians believe that the babka may have had its early roots in ancient Ukrainian culture where women priestesses were the authority figures who performed various religious rituals using the baka as a ritual bread in their ceremonies for the fertility of the soil.
	www.houseofukraine.com /BREAD.HTML (1027 words)

	SCYTHIAN GOLD
		The steppe of Southern Ukraine was occasionally referred to as Scythia (Skufia and Great Skuf in the Primary Chronicle) and Sarmatia until the Igth century.
		Objects found in Ukraine are distinguishable from their Caucasian counterparts, which reflect more the influence of Iranian, Urartian (ancient Armenian), Altaic, and, through this last, Chinese art.
		The lower Boh region near *Olbia was inhabited by Hellenized Scythians, known as Callipidae; the central Dniester region was home to the Alazones; and north of them were the Aroteres.
	www.geocities.com /ludm_2000/scyt1.htm (1796 words)

	Olbia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		For Pontic Olbia, the Greek colony on the Black Sea coast, see (Click link for more info and facts about Olbia, Ukraine) Olbia, Ukraine.
		Called "Olbia" in the Roman age, "Civita" in the Middle Ages (Giudicati period) and "Terranova Pausania" before the 1940s, Olbia was again the official name of the town after the period of (A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)) Fascism.
		Olbia (the name is of Greek origin) is very ancient and was possibly founded by the (A native or inhabitant of Greece) Greeks, according to a local legend.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/O/Ol/Olbia.htm (274 words)

	Ukraine Placement List (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Olbia - is an antique city on the coast of the sea (Bugsky estuary), by modern settlement Parutino village.
		Olbia was a significant industrial and trade centre of Greek colonization of the Northern Black Sea Coast.
		It was very successful and volunteers made a great contribution to archeological discoveries: it was our volunteers who made the best find in a season (a vase with fully extant engraving) and the best find from the very first digging day (200 years ago!!!) &endash; the gravestone with clear and fully extant epitaph.
	www.volunteering.org.au /ukraine_p.html (1373 words)

	Ukraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Derevlians were a tribe of early East Slavs between the 6th and the 10th century inhabiting northwestern Ukraine between the Slich River to the west and the Teteriv River to the southeast - basically, the region between Kiev and Pinsk, Belarus.
		With the accession of the Gediminas dynasty in Volhynia, Lutsk became the capital of Volhynia.
		The modern city is built on the ruins of the ancient Greek colony of Olbia (not to be confused with Odessos, which is modern day Varna, Bulgaria.)In the 19th century it was the fourth city of Russia, after Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kiev.
	www.hostkingdom.net /ukraine.html (2984 words)

	Apartment rental in Pittulongu, near Olbia, North Sardinia, Italy. Book direct with private owner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Olbia is a lively city, whilst the glamour of the Costa Esmeralda is a 45 minute drive away.
		Olbia airport is 15 min drive away, and Alghero 1½ hour drive.
		Olbia is also a sea port, ferries take you to various major sea ports on mainland Italy.
	www.ownersdirect.co.uk /italy/IT832.htm (765 words)

	AllRefer.com - Olbia (Ancient History, Greece) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		B.C. It is on the right bank of the Buh River between Mykolayiv and Ochakov, S central Ukraine.
		B.C., Olbia was incorporated into the Scythian state of the Crimea.
		Excavations have unearthed towers and city gates from the Hellenic period and parts of a fortified wall and a temple of Apollo from the Roman period.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/Olbia.html (216 words)

	UKRAINE
		It is situated on the banks of one of the most beautiful rivers in Ukraine - the Dnieper, 100 km to the south-east of Kyiv – the capital of Ukraine.
		Olbia - is an antique city on the coast of the sea (Bugsky estuary), by modern settlement Parutino village.
		Olbia was a significant industrial and trade centre of Greek colonization of the Northern Black Sea Coast.
	www.vfp.org /directory/ukraine.htm (8220 words)

	Olbia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Olbia, whose name meant ‘Prosperity,’ dominated the trade of the Dniepre, “tapping the inexhaustible fertility of the Black Earth Belt in the Ukraine.
		Olbia occupied the area where the bug (Hypanis) and the richly meadowed Dnieper (Borysthenes), merged as they approached the Black Sea.
		Olbia occupied a sheltered position of the estuary of the Hypanis (Bug) and faced the river’s junction with the Borysthenes (Dnieper).
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/olbia.htm (491 words)

	Ancient Imports - Early Olbian Cast Dolphin Money
		The bronze dolphin coinages of ancient Olbia are one of the most interesting bronze coinages of the Black Sea area.
		Olbia Thrace was located in the area of modern Bulgaria and Ukraine and was populated by Greek peoples.
		Some examples seem to be cast as singles as the tail is quite distinct and well formed which would point to a second form of casting or perhaps, as was the practice of the Celts of France, a second casting was made using an original piece as a copy.
	www.ancientimports.com /cgi-bin/category.pl?id=79 (783 words)

	City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Nikolaev is located in the southern part of Ukraine, about 600 km south-east from Kiev, 150 km from Odessa and 80 km from the Black Sea on the estuary of Southern Bug and Ingul rivers.
		The archaeological site of Olbia and the Natural Reserve of Gola Prystan, with their history and beautiful natural surroundings, are two of the most attractive tourist and recreation centres on the Black Sea Cost.
		The port of Octyabrskiy is equipped with modern gantry cranes of 40 tons capacity, folk-lift trucks from 1,5 tons to 25 tons, roll-trailers and motor prime movers for the total transportation of cargo.
	www.aip.net.ua /projects/nikolaev/city.html (1911 words)

	Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of the Netherlands - Welcome
		Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of the Netherlands
		In the Neolithic period (fourth millennium BC) the Tripillyans, Ukraine's most widely known archeological culture, built proto-towns with houses laid out in concentric circles of up to 1.5 km in diameter.
		On Decembers, 1991, President Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine, President Boris Ycltsyn of the Russian Federation, and Chairman Stanislav Shushkevych of the Belarus Supreme Council signed the historic document bringing the Soviet Union to an end.
	www.oekraine.com /core/history_e.htm (1842 words)

	Mykolayiv on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		511,000), capital of Mykolayiv region, S Ukraine, at the confluence of the Buh and Inhul rivers and on the bank of the Dnieper-Buh estuary.
		Founded in 1784 as a fortress near the site of the ancient Greek colony of Olbia, the city was named Mykolayiv in 1788 when it became a shipbuilding center.
		UKRAINE: Construction start-up on planned 120,000 to 180,000 aluminum plant is said to be imminent, RUSSIAN ALUMINIUM (RUSAL) [Russia] - Order #: 025003.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Mykolayiv.asp (295 words)

	Scythia - SCC Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		For the duration of the Rebelion and the regaining control of the nation by the king, all trade has been outside the kings controll and taxation and therefor no taxes on it were collected even IF the merchants made their routes.
		Now that Gelonus has been regained by the king, All caravans are being stoped and held in the city in preperation for restarting regular trading after Olbia falls and the rest of the Rebel forces are eliminated.
		I still gotta write up the attack on Olbia and then have it resolved, but i wont consider Olbia to be within my controll till next turn anyway (assuming this goes smoothly), so this is where hte nation is now.
	www.stratcommandcenter.com /forums/index.php?showtopic=241 (1265 words)

	Classical Views \| 2000 \| No. 2 \| S. D. KRYZHITSKII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In this connection it should be noted that the limits of the area of greatest settlement density coincide on the whole with natural boundaries, defined by the shores of the river estuaries, which form as it were a peninsula, and the opposite banks.
		For a city the method of calculation is based on a determination of the approximate size of the territory occupied by residential blocks, the average dimensions of the houses and the average size of families.
		Calculations were made for Olbia at the time of its greatest expansion at the end of the fourth and in the first half of the third century B.C. The resulting figure for the population of the city is approximately 15,000 persons (Kryzhitskii [1985] 102).
	www.mun.ca /classics/mouseion/2000/kryzhitskii (3364 words)

	Ukrain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Ancient Inventions of Ukraine - The Ancient World created many of the inventions which have contributed to the progress of civilization.
		Olbia Excavations - Excavation summary and images of the Greek colony of Olbia.
		Archaeology is New Target for Ukraine's Mafia Gangs - From the Scotman, experts in ancient antiquities have become the latest recruits to the notorious Eastern European crime families.
	www.oxalia.org /verzeichnis/Science/Social_Sciences/Archaeology/Regional/Europe/Ukraine (228 words)

	Italy Hotel and Resorts - Melia Olbia Resort Sardinia Italy
		Melia Olbia Resort Sardinia is located in the Geovillage Resort, designed by Geocenter SpA, near the city center and the beaches.
		Melia Olbia Resort Sardinia is only 8 Kilometers from the airport and 15 from the 'Il Pevero' golf course.
		While in Olbia it is possible to visit the Arcipelago of 'La Maddalena' (1 hour by boat), the Emerald Coast (at 15 km with the picturesque Porto Cervo), the Gennargentu Natural Park (80 km) and the old harbour of Alghero.
	www.southtravels.com /europe/italy/meliaolbiaresort/index.html (435 words)

	The additional items of information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Thyra and Olbia disappeared as antique centers, and the Bosporus Kingdom was temporary subjugated to the Barbarian protectorate; Chersonesus became the only center that remained its independence.
		Beginning from the mid third and the second half of the third century, in addition to Alan tribes which dominated in that region over the second century and the first half of the third century, Gothic multiethnic union of tribes had also strengthened their positions.
		Because of the peculiarities of historical development of Olbia and Tyra - both had ended as antique centers no later than in the third quarter of the third century - the remnants of Christian religion were not yet found there.
	www.fortunecity.com /campus/creators/1050/dop.html (3754 words)

	Olbia car hire Olbia car rental airport budget car hire Olbia airport cheap Olbia car rental airport
		Beneluxcar can help you to rent a car in Olbia Whether it is one way interstate rental car Olbia, Beneluxcar has just the right car hire for you.
		We look forward to satisfying your Olbia car hire needs, make it simple for you to travel when and where you want...
		Olbia, situated at the bottom of a deep inlet, is home to Sardinia's main harbour and tourist airport.
	www.beneluxcar.com /car-rentals/italy/olbia (267 words)

	Remarks on Scythian Sarmatian, Meotian beliefs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Scythian golden plates of a horse saddle are housed in the Museum of the historian jewelry of the Ukraine (Kiev, the Ukraine); one ornament is shown in figure 3.
		I think that the three stones at one ashery in the first case and the three asheries in the second case describe the sun/fire deity who is situated in the three parts of the Universe simultaneously according to the Indo-Aryan beliefs (Rjabchikov 2002e: 51).
		The signs of the water and the sun are engraved on a Sarmatian jug from the burial ground Zhurovka (the Rostov region, Russia) (Rjabchikov 2003a: figure 4).
	www.anthroglobe.ca /docs/Sergei/scythian-sarmatian-meotian-beliefs.htm (4339 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Ancient fleet unearthed in Sardinia
		For half a millennium the port at the Bay of Olbia was the breadbasket of the Roman Empire, and some of its ancient ways can even be glimpsed today.
		But Olbia is being updated, and workmen digging tunnels to end traffic jams have stumbled across the evidence of a naval disaster.
		Eventually, some will be reconstructed and moved into Olbia's new museum, by chance adjacent to the excavation.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/1385326.stm (408 words)

	Mykolayiv — FactMonster.com
		511,000), capital of Mykolayiv region, S Ukraine, at the confluence of the Buh and Inhul rivers and on the bank of the Dnieper-Buh estuary.
		Olbia - Olbia Olbia, Ionic Greek colony of Miletus, founded at the beginning of the 6th cent.
		Ukraine: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Information on Ukraine — geography, history, politics, government, economy, population statistics, culture, religion, languages, largest cities, as well as a map and the national flag.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0834639.html (164 words)

	Olbia travel guide
		Olbia is the real "main port" for tourist on Sardinia.
		Due to its fertile hinterland and its strategic position for the trade towards other Mediterranean countries, Olbia became a rich and important town.
		Olbia is also a suitable starting point for exploring the well-known resorts of the Costa Smeralda, Porto Rotondoor the island of La Maddalena.
	www.world66.com /europe/italy/sardinia/olbia (301 words)

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