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	Devonian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Devonian is a geologic period of the Paleozoic era.
		The paleogeography was dominated by the supercontinent of Gondwana to the south, the continent of Siberia to the north, and the early formation of the small supercontinent of Euramerica in the middle.
		The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic of Cancer, which is formed as much in Paleozoic times as nowadays by the convergence of two great airmasses, the Hadley cell and the Ferrel cell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Devonian (973 words)

	DEVONIAN SYSTEM - LoveToKnow Article on DEVONIAN SYSTEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Stratigraphy of the Devonian Facies Notwithstanding the fact that it was in Devonshire and Cornwall that the Devonian rocks were first distinguished, it is in central Europe that the succession of strata is most clearly made out, and here, too, their geological position was first indicated by the founders of the system, Sedgwick and Murchison.
		Devonian rocks have been detected among the crumpled rocks of the Styrian Alps by means of the evidence of abundant corals, cephalopods, gasteropods, lamellihranchs and other organic remains.
		It is in the north-east of Europe that the Devonian and Old Red Sandstone appear to be united into one system, where the limestones and marine organisms of the one are interstratified with the fishbearing sandstones and shales of the other.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /D/DE/DEVONIAN_SYSTEM.htm (7828 words)

	Palaeos Paleozoic: Devonian: The Devonian Period
		Historically, the Devonian has been regarded as largely warm and equable, with a disastrous drop in temperatures in the Late Devonian leading to the Frasnian-Famennian "mass extinction(s)." The reason for this impression may be that most work was traditionally done on the "Old Red Continent," i.e.
		The warm tropical oceans of the Devonian period abound in fish, nautiloids, corals, echinoderms, trilobites, and conodonts.
		The Devonian saw the rapid evolution diversification of fish, especially the Placodermi, primitive sharks, Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish and lungfish) and Actinopterygii (conventional bony fish or ray-finned fish).
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Devonian/Devonian.htm (2888 words)

	AllRefer.com - Old Red Sandstone (Geology And Oceanography) - Encyclopedia
		Old Red Sandstone, series of red and brown sandstones, conglomerates, and shales deposited in Wales and Scotland and in England near the Welsh and Scottish borders in the Devonian period of geologic time.
		The Old Red Sandstone, in contrast to the typical formations of the Devonian, is largely a continental formation, laid down in freshwater and on land as a result of the erosion of the highlands of the Silurian period.
		The Old Red Sandstone was correlated with the marine Devonian by the British geologists Rodney Murchison and Adam Sedgwick.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/OldRedSa.html (252 words)

	Non-Marine Devonian - GCR block
		Traditionally, the Old Red Sandstone rocks in Britain were regarded as wholly Devonian age, and as the terrestrial equivalents of the marine Devonian rocks of south-west England (see MAR-DEV).
		The Old Red Sandstone is one of the two major red-bed sedimentary unit in Great Britain, the other being the younger Permo-Triassic rift basin-fill, formerly termed the ‘New Red Sandstone’ (see PER-TRI) to distinguish it from the Old Red Sandstone.
		The fossils that are present indicate that the Devonian Period saw profound changes in the evolutionary record, with the first significant colonisation of terrestrial habitats by vascular plants, the rapid expansion of the first aquatic vertebrates, and their emergence onto land.
	www.jncc.gov.uk /earthheritage/gcrdb/GCRblock.asp?block=60 (1406 words)

	NOVA \| Transcripts \| The Missing Link \| PBS
		The old explanations for the origin of the structure, after all one of the most fundamental and defining structures of being a tetrapod, and, in our own way, of being human, was in the bin.
		And it was during the late Devonian, really, that the land got green...and especially in wet areas like these deltas, that were shedding off and running into a seaway out in Ohio.
		In the Devonian world of forest and rivers bordered by swamp, a whole new way of life was born.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/transcripts/2905_link.html (6159 words)

	Timeline 415 Million 71 Million
		Known as the Caledonian orogeny, this climax was accompanied by the intrusion of granites and widespread alteration of the old geosynclinal sediments.
		By late Devonian time the fish were accompanied by other bony fish that not only undoubtedly had lungs, but also had stumpy or lobed fins, the antecedents of legs.
		Wide areas of the old shields in Australia and South America were flooded by the shallowest of seas, and when from time to time these were cut off and desiccated, deposits of dolomite, anhydrite and salt were left behind.
	timelines.ws /000415_71MIL.HTML (9240 words)

	DEVONIAN SYSTEM - Online Information article about DEVONIAN SYSTEM
		The Lower Devonian of the Harz contains a fauna which is very different from that of the Rhenish region; to this facies the name The fossil evidence clearly shows the close agreement of the Rhenish and south Devonshire areas.
		The Lower Devonian appears to be thick in northern Maine and in Gaspe, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, but neither the palaeontology nor the stratigraphy has been completely worked out.
		American Devonian is that of South Africa, where they are represented by the Bokkeveld beds in the Cape system.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /DEM_DIO/DEVONIAN_SYSTEM.html (4516 words)

	Geo-NP Net
		Heintz, A. 1962: The Downtonian and Devonian Vertebrates of Spitsbergen.
		Høeg, O.A. 1942: The Downtonian and Devonian Flora of Spitsbergen.
		Stensiø, E.A. 1927: The Downtonian and Devonian vertebrates of Spitsbergen.
	www.npolar.no /geonet/items/bibl_Sval_strat.html (8712 words)

	devonian
		The Devonian or Old Red Sandstones are found from Cornwall to Shetland and although they were only used for roofing in a few locations some of these were very large industries producing a range of products, especially flagstones for 18th and 19th century towns and cities World-wide.
		Howe recorded stone slates from the Old Red Sandstone marls of Stockholm, Pembrokeshire (where) thin sandy layers are obtained, and formally were made into roof tiles.
		The Middle Old Red Sandstone has been used as a local building material in Orkney, Shetland and the north-east of Caithness but it was in the latter that it became a substantial industry.
	www.stoneroof.org.uk /devon.html (1172 words)

	Geo-NP Net
		During the Devonian Period, Svalbard experienced the deposition of a vast thickness of Old Red molasse sediments which are mainly preserved in a downfaulted crustal block in northern Svalbard, bounded by the Northwestern and Eastern basement provinces.
		The main tectonic overprint and tectonic style of this graben system is related to a Late Devonian culmination of tectonism, the ‘Svalbardian Phase’, which resulted in contractional movements predominant in northern Svalbard.
		The Svalbardian Phase is normally considered to be a late, post-molasse-stage phase of the Caledonian orogeny and may be related to the Ellesmerian-North Greenland Foldbelt deformation in the Canadian Arctic and northern Greenland.
	www.npolar.no /geonet/items/Svalbard_ex_outl.html (1468 words)

	Devonian period
		Common invertebrates of the Devonian were crinoids, starfishes, sponges, and early ammonites; trilobites and graptolites became scarcer.
		Of land animals, the chief vestige is the footprint of a primitive salamanderlike amphibian in the Upper Devonian of Pennsylvania.
		Trees made their first appearance; the Devonian plants were the earliest to be extensively preserved as fossils, but their high degree of development suggests that more primitive forms existed earlier.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0815352.html (434 words)

	Palaeos Paleozoic : Devonian : The Middle Devonian Period
		In the Middle Devonian, one could have included many of the more important Northern Hemisphere sites in a broad strip passing roughly southwest to northeast starting in the state of Ohio, USA, passing through Pennsylvania and New York, through Scotland and along the coast of Northern Europe to the Baltics.
		By the Middle Devonian the armoured jawless ostracoderms were in decline, and instead the jawed fish were undergoing a great evolutionary radiation in both the sea and in freshwater.
		The Middle Devonian was a time of progressive innovation, with lycopods, sphenopsids (horsetails), early ferns, and a group called the progymnosperms (ancestral to higher or seed plants) all appearing.
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Devonian/MidDev.html (1222 words)

	CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM - LoveToKnow Article on CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In many parts of the world there is no sharp line of demarcation between the Devonian and the Carboniferous rocks; neither can the fossil faunas and floras be clearly separated at any well-defined line; this is true in Britain, Belgium, Russia, Westphalia and parts of North America.
		This has led certain geologists to classify the Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian into one grand system; E. Renevier in 1874 proposed to include these three into a single Carbonique system, later he retained only the tv o latter groups.
		The fossil plants which are found in the upper beds of the preceding Devonian system are so closely related to those in the Lower Carboniferous, that from a palaeobotanical standpoint the two form one indivisible period.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CA/CARBONIFEROUS_SYSTEM.htm (4708 words)

	The Great Devonian Controversy, by Martin J. S. Rudwick
		But this could only be achieved at the cost of abandoning the full rigor of his insistence on fossil evidence, and of conceding the validity of his opponent's emphasis on the localized character of formations and their fossils.
		The theory about a "Devonian System" proposed by Murchison was eventually secured in the agreement of all significant geologists, though at least one participant continued to claim that he had actually found the elusive unconformity in Devonshire.
		Today the Devonian Period of the Paleozoic (a term coined by Sedgwick) Era, is an unproblematic part of the geological time scale.
	www.friesian.com /rudwick.htm (1735 words)

	Journal of the Geological Society: Volcanic rocks in the Devonian Solund Basin, Western Norway: Large landslides of ...
		The basin fill was derived from the depositional substrate composed of gabbro/diorite, meta-basalt, greywackes, quartzites and rhyolite derived from the west, and granitoids primarily derived from the east (Nielsen 1968).
		Sedimentary rocks in the Devonian basin are locally folded and cleaved (Nielsen 1968; Sturt & Braathen 2001) and metamorphosed to 230-320 deg C (Svensen et aL 2001).
		The Devonian rocks are, however, generally less deformed and rest with a profound unconformity on their substrate.
	newssearch.looksmart.com /p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_200203/ai_n9044917 (1363 words)

	J05 Devonian geology of the Old Red Sandstone paleocontinent
		Southern Laurasia (an area of Pangea) was a separate paleocontinent during the Mississipian and the Devonian.
		This former land is called the "Old Red Sandstone continent." The name long predates the theory of plate tectonics and refers collectively to, now separated by deep oceans, regions in which accumulations of Devonian continental red sandstones are widespread.
		The Devonian red sandstone formation that accumulated on Baltica and Avalon, where originally described in Great Britain, is the Old Red Sandstone (ORS).
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/j05.htm (773 words)

	Geol Evol Virginia-Cross Section J
		Eventually it lapped onto the inland margins of the Acadian mountains in the east and the Antler mountains in the west (Nevada).
		And to the west running though the Valley and Ridge province and the Allegheny plateau was the foreland basin, with rivers carrying all the eroded sediment down to the coastline where much of it then flowed into the deep parts of the basin.
		That is, in the Devonian Catskill coastline they blow steadily from the land toward the sea.
	csmres.jmu.edu /geollab/vageol/vahist/J-MidlatD.html (2795 words)

	Old Red Sandstone -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The easternmost highlands in the park are the Black Mountains (old red sandstone) of Powys county, lying east of the River Usk between Abergavenny and Hay-on-Wye, with their highest point at Waun Fach, elevation 2,660...
		division of the Old Red Sandstone of the Devonian Period of western Europe (the Devonian Period began about 395,000,000 years ago and lasted about 50,000,000 years); the Farlovian Stage follows the Breconian and was named for exposures studied near the town of Farlow, in the English Midlands.
		It is marked by a transformation from a complex arrangement of small streets studded with mosques, temples, monuments, crowded bazaars, and residential areas in the old city to the spacious avenues and arcades of shopping centers in New Delhi.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9056978 (947 words)

	Scottish Geology - Old Man of Hoy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1750, the Old Man was depicted as a headland, but by the 1820's stormy seas had carved the rock into a stack and arch - two legs gave the Old Man his name.
		The rocks of the Old Man are composed of alternating layers of soft sandstones and more resistant flagstones of the Upper Old Red Sandstone.
		Jointing and faulting in the sedimentary rocks occurs in rectangular form and this is reflected in the blocky shape of the Old Man and surrounding cliffs.
	www.scottishgeology.com /classic_sites/locations/old_man_of_hoy.html (252 words)

	Chapter 1.4: Discovery as Negotiation: The Great Devonian Controversy
		Sedgwick objected to this Old Red idea because it corresponded to strata he had labeled Cambrian--the amount of Cambrian in England was shrinking, and with it the possibility of finding more than a handful of distinctive fossils so it could be extended world-wide, like the Silurian.
		The difficulty was that there were Silurian fossils in the Devonian strata, in addition to other new fossils that promised to be characteristic of this system.
		The Devonian case illustrates that what constitutes data is often the outcome of a process of negotiation.
	repo-nt.tcc.virginia.edu /book/chap1/chapter1sec4.htm (4686 words)

	Encyclopedia: Old Devonian
		The language is only known from a few inscriptions discovered that were written in a variety of the Northern Italic alphabet, which was related to the Old Italic alphabet.
		It is the common ancestor of Cornish and Breton, which in the opinion of some (such as Schrijver) did not become distinct before the 12th century, the terms "Old Cornish" and "Old Breton" being geographical rather than linguistic.
		The Cornish language (in Cornish: Kernowek, Kernewek, Curnoack) is one of the Brythonic group of Celtic languages that includes Welsh, Breton, the extinct Cumbric and perhaps the hypothetical Ivernic.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Old-Devonian (1015 words)

	Hugh Miller's Old Fish Story
		In describing the Devonian Old Red Sandstone strata of his native Scotland, he says it thusly: "I am particular, at the risk, I am afraid, of being tedious, in thus describing the Geology of this northern county (Caithness), and of the Cromarty section, which represents and elucidates it.
		The pyramid, with its three huge bars (referring to the way the formation is laid out across Scotland), its foundations of granitic rock, its base of red conglomerate, its central band of dark-colored schist, and its lighter tinted apex of sandstone, is inscribed from bottom to top, like an Egyptian obelisk, with a historical record.
		The Old Red Sandstone is exposed at or near the surface of the landscape as far south as the Firth of Clyde, and, along its northern extent, the coast of Caithness.
	www.fossilnews.com /2001/hughmiller/fishstory.html (1391 words)

	SFC Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Rationalisation of the largely informal lithostratigraphy of the Lower Devonian in the Southern Uplands Terrane is suggested and the terms Great Conglomerate, Auchencrow Burn Sandstone and White Hill Sandstone formations are proposed.
		The group terminology in the northern Midland Valley of Scotland has been rationalised from six to four, recognising the recent research indicating that the Lower Old Red Sandstone lithofacies was laid down in three sedimentary basins.
		Middle Devonian strata are not represented as a result of non-deposition or erosion during the Acadian Orogeny.
	www.bgs.ac.uk /reference/sfr/reports.html (1649 words)

	Summary of Citation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Old Port Formation is divided into (ascending) Shriver Chert and Ridgeley Sandstone Members (reduced in rank).
		Lower Devonian Old Port Formation is divided in descending order into four members in central PA according to the usage of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey: Ridgeley, Shriver, Corriganville, and New Creek Members.
		Name Old Port has been used throughout the Valley and Ridge province from east-central to southern PA. In the mapped area, the Old Port is composed of a lower limestone (7 m) and the Mandata (27 m), Shriver (26 m), and Ridgeley (7 m) Members.
	ngmdb.usgs.gov /Geolex/Refsmry/sumry_3095.html (380 words)

	Traveling with Mike and Judy - San Diego Zoo, Wild Animal Park, Sea World, Flume, White Mountains, Old Man, New ...
		Old boat nearby the docksThe origins of the village name seem lost in antiquity, the mundane explanation being that it's an abbreviation of "Margaret", and this is the first cove off the Bay.
		A more romantic version describes the rescue of a sole survivor of a shipwreck, a damsel named "Peggy", who washed up on the rocks during a hurricane, and stayed to marry a local bachelor.
		The boulders are 415 million years old Devonian granite, deposited by the last of the retreating glaciers.
	www.judyn.trest.com /peggyscove1.html (661 words)

	default (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		By the upper Devonian, the landscape was filled with tree club mosses, giant horsetails, ferns, and precursors to the conifers.
		Whatever the reason, the old Devonian world was lost forever as a new coal age world dawned.
		From the vastness of space to the earliest forms of life that left little evidence of their existence behind, to the living things that developed skeletons and shells, the literature of geology is largely an account of the fossils that put themselves on this record for examination.
	www.susqu.edu /satsci/97-05-17 (3805 words)

	Devonian Times - The Old Order
		Fossils of Carboniferous amphibians were relatively well known by the turn of the century, as were their probable piscine (fish-like) ancestors, the Devonian lobe-finned fishes.
		One conspicuous feature of Late Devonian geology was the prevalence of red sediments in Europe and North America (the "Old Red Sandstone Continent").
		Elaborations on the idea that Devonian droughts were the driving force for the evolution of tetrapods culminated in 1950s with a "drying pond" scenario proposed by Alfred Sherwood Romer.
	www.devoniantimes.org /Order/old-order.html (349 words)

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